Detonation nanodiamonds (DND)

Presentation 4.5.2011Perttu RintalaKe-31.5530 Nanoparticles

Contents

• Detonation synthesis

• Properties of detonation nanodiamond

• Applications

• Commercial business

• References

DNDs, particle size 5-10 nm. (HRTEM)

Reference: He, J. et al. Reinforcing copper matrix composites through molecular-level mixing of functionalized nanodiamond by co-deposition route. Materials Science and Engineering: A . 2008. Vol. 490:1-2. S. 293-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.046. ISSN 0921-5093.

Detonation synthesis 1/2

• demolition compound

• TNT + RDX (usually 40:60 or 70:30)

• detonation in cylindrical steel chamber

• size 1-4 m3 / 1 kg demolition compound

• inert gas, or water/ice shell around the detonation charge

• detonation circumstances are precise to get high

nanodiamond yield

Detonation synthesis 2/2

• rapid cooling must follow the detonation

• preventing phase transformation to graphite

• radical chemical purification is needed

• isolating nanodiamonds from detonation soot and impurities

• also the chemical properties of DND change radically

• an industrial detonation chamber can produce 2,5 kg DNDs in

8 hours

DND synthesis models

• no generally accepted model exists

• DNDs are generated most propably right after the detonation

with phase transformation from carbon because of the

detonation pressure

OR

• through the formation of liquid carbon nanodroplets which

crystallize to nanodiamonds

The properties of the detonation nanodiamond

•the diameter of a single particle is 4-5 nm (commercial)

•the shape is round, no sharp edges

•hardness, inside a conventional diamond structure

•chemically active surface

• hydroxyl-, ketone- and carboxyl groups

•cluster formation

• diameter hundreds of nanometers

Properties create the applications 1/2

Chemically active surface

• polishing

• additive in polymers

• biological and medical use

Properties create the applications 2/2

Round shape and hardness

• lubrication

Small size and clusters (uniformly dispersed)

• coatings

• additive in metals

Applications of DNDs

Processing material surfaces

Polishing Lubrication

Structural additive

CoatingsPolymer- and metal matrixes

Biological and medical use

Applications profit commercial business 1/3

Polishing

• smoother surface

• electronics and optics

Lubrication

• the reduction of friction and wear

• combustion engines

Applications profit commercial business 2/3

Coatings

• hardness and abrasion resistance improve

• tool coatings

Additive in polymer matrixes

• increasing strength

• film polymers, polymer fibres

Applications profit commercial business 3/3

Metal matrixes (copper)

• grain size decreases, hardness increases

• electrical conductivity decreases only slightly

Biological and medical use

• slowing cancer’s progression

• transportation of insoluble medicines in human body

Carbodeon – nanodiamonds commercially

• Finnish firm, which develops, studies and sells

nanodiamonds

• office and application laboratory in Vantaa

• 8 different grades of nanodiamond

• e.g. 20 g of nanodiamonds costs 280 €

• http://www.carbodeon.com/

References (some)Shenderova, O.A. et al. Ultrananocrystalline Diamond: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications.

William Andrew Publishing, 2006. 611 s. ISBN 978-0-8155-1942-3 (sähköinen), ISBN 978-0-8155-1524-1 (painettu).

Dolmatov, V.Y. Detonation-synthesis nanodiamonds: synthesis, structure, properties and applications. Russian Chemical Reviews, 2007. Vol. 76:4. S. 339-360. DOI: 10.1070/RC2007v076n04ABEH003643. ISSN 0036-021X.

Danilenko, V.V. Specific Features of Synthesis of Detonation Nanodiamonds. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2005. Vol. 41:5. S. 577-588. DOI: 10.1007/s10573-005-0072-5. ISSN 0010-5082.

Chu, H.Y. & Hsu, W.C. & Lin J.F. The anti-scuffing performance of diamond nano-particles as an oil additive. Wear [verkkolehti], 2010. Vol. 268:7-8. S. 960-967. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2009.12.023. ISSN 0043-1648.

Petrov, I. et al. Nickel galvanic coatings co-deposited with fractions of detonation nanodiamond. Diamond & Related Materials [verkkolehti], 2006. Vol. 15:11-12. S. 2035-2038. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2006.08.010. ISSN 0925-9635.

Maitra U. et al. Mechanical properties of nanodiamond-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Solid State Communications [verkkolehti], 2009. Vol. 149:39-40. S. 1693-1697. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssc.2009.06.017. ISSN 0038-1098