developing a typology of impact pathways for social...
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Developingatypologyofimpactpathwaysforsocialsciencesand
thehumanitiesSTSMreport
STSMApplicant:Dr.ReettaMuhonenHomeInstitution:TheResearchCenterforKnowledge,Science,TechnologyandInnovationsStudies,TaSTI
FacultyofSocialSciences,UniversityofTampere,[email protected]+358-50-3186156
HostInstitution:TheCenterforHigherEducationPolicyStudiesattheUniversityofTwente,NetherlandsHost: Dr.PaulBenneworth,leaderoftheENRESSHWG2 STSMperiod: 3.1.-28.2.2017
AimoftheSTSM–creatingatypologyonSSHpathwaystosocietalimpactThemainaimoftheSTSMwastodevelopasystematictypologyofSSHpathwaysto
societalimpactbyanalyzingnarrativeimpactcasesinthefieldofsocialsciencesand
humanities(SSH).TheSTSMtookplaceintheCenterforHigherEducationPolicy
Studies(CHEPS)attheUniversityofTwente(TheNetherlands),3.1.-28.2.2017.Dr.
ReettaMuhonencarriedouttheSTSM.ThemainpersonresponsiblefortheSTSM
candidate’sstayatCHEPSwastheleaderoftheENRESSHWorkingGroup2,DrPaul
Benneworth.Inaddition,co-leaderoftheWG2,Dr.JuliaOlmosPenuela,tookpartby
commentingbyemailtheprogressoftheSTSM’swork.
TherewerealsootheraimsoutsidethesubstanceinconductingthisSTSMin
relationtotheapplicant’scareerprogressandstrengtheningandcreating
internationalnetworksandcollaborationbetweentworesearchcentersinvolvedin
theSTSM.Resultsoftheseaimsarereportedintheendpartofthereport.
PriortotheSTSMtherewere47completedimpactcasesfrom13countriesgathered
byENRESSHWG2members.ThetasksoftheSTSMaimingatproducingaSSH
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typologytosocietalimpactstartedwithcollectingmoreimpactcasesand
standardizingthedataset.TheSTSMcandidatemadethesecondroundwiththedata
gatheringbyaskingWG2memberswhohadnotyetcontributedondatagathering
todelivertheirs.Thisresultedwiththe18moreimpactcases,intotalof65cases
from17differentcountries.Theapplicantwasresponsibleforcoordinating,
archiving,synthetizingandanalyzingthedataaimingatproducingthetypologyof
SSHpathwaystoimpact.
AnalyzingthedataThecandidatestartedtheSTSMbyreadingallimpactcasesanddoingmeta-analysis
ofthem(tables1a&b).ThecasescoveredwiderangeofSSHfieldsfrommore
traditionaldisciplinebasedfields,likesociologyandphilosophy,tocaseson
documentarismandculturalstudies.Besidesfield-specificcases,thedataconsistsof
caseswithmultidisciplinaryorientationinsidetheSSHfields.Insomecases,there
wasalsocollaborationwithSTEMfields.Thedatacoverageonthevariationof
differentbeneficiarieswasalsogood.Besidesthesebackgroundfactors,information
wasgatheredontheorientationofresearchandthetypeofknowledgeplayingthe
mainroleinimpactcases.Basedontheresultsofmeta-analysisitwasconcluded
thatthedatacoverageinrelationtothemostimportantbackgroundfactorswas
goodandthedatawouldworkwellforthepurposesofbuildingatypologyofSSH
pathways.
Countries(17) SocialSciences ArtsandHumanities STEMFinland,Iceland,Norway
publicfinance,administrativelaw,humangeography
history,philosophy medicine,chemistry
Belgium,France,Germany,Netherlands,Switzerland,UK
sociology,criminology,religionstudies,politicalscience,educationalsciences,psychology
archeology,ethnology,culturalantrophology
industrialengineering,ICT,ergonomicscience
Croatia,Estonia,Sebia,Slovakia
journalism,communicationsciences,sciencestudies,
linguistics,philology,music,theatrestudies,
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genderstudies,culturalstudies
classicalstudies,documentarism
Cyprus,Italy,Spain,Portugal
multidisciplinaryresearch
Table1a.Meta-analysisofthenarrativeimpactcases(n=65)
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Pathways Beneficiaries Typeofknowledge
Orientationofresearch
scientificpublishing,publishingforwideraudience
citizens,NGOs content,product,concept
academic,appliedorboth
mediaengagement,publicengagement
professionals,practioners
method,technic
policy,legislation policymakers approach epistemictraining business,industry expertise culturalindustry theory Table1b.Meta-analysisofthenarrativeimpactcases(n=65)BuildingatypologyBuildingthetypologyofSSHpathwayswasstronglybasedonthephaseofthemeta-
analysiswherecandidatetrackedthemainchannelsofinteractionandknowledge
exchangeleadingtosocietalimpact(table1b).ImpactcreationinSSHcasestook
placethroughmediaandpublicengagement,scientificandpopularpublishing,
policy,legislationandepistemictraining.
Inthefirsttwomodels,akeywordisdissemination(table2&figure1).Model1.The
interactivedisseminationrepresenttheSSHcaseswherestakeholdersbecomeaware
oftheresultsofresearchthroughdifferentmodesofdisseminationordissemination
channels,likepublications,socialmedia,websites,databasesorbroadcasts.Whatis
noteworthyinthismodelisthatbesidesdissemination,noothermodesof
interactionsarereported.InthecaseofThemediadisseminationmodel,inaddition
toknowledgedissemination,publicityisanecessityfortheresearchprojecttomake
animpactonsociety.
Thenextthreemodelsinourtypologyconcerncocreation.WithThecocreation
modelwewanttodemonstratetheSSHcaseswhereregularcollaborationbetween
researchersandstakeholdersisakeyforresearchhavinganimpact.Thepublic
engagementmodelisrespectivelyaboutcocreationbutbesidesregularcollaboration
thereisaneedforpublic’sactiveparticipationincreatingimpact.Inawayresultsof
researcharetakenintoactionbyusingsocietyasalaboratory.Theexpertiseand
evaluationmodelisaclassicaldemonstrationofhowaresearcherplaysaroleofan
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expertinbothwidersocietalcontexts,likeasapublicintellectualandinspecific
projects,committeesandworkinggroupsaimingatsupportingpolicymakers,
professionalsorotherstakeholders.
Thefurtherwegoinourtypology,themorecomplicatedtherelationshipsbetween
researchers,societyandintermediatinginstitutionsbecome.Sometimesthecrucial
thingforresearchhavinganimpactcomesoutsideresearchers’scope.Ourtypology
includesthreemodelsinrelationtoideaofreactingtosocietalimpact.The
Anticipatinganniversariesmodelisbasedontheideaofresearchersbeingableto
recognizethewindowofopportunitycomingaheadinrelationtoactualityofthe
topicsoftheresearchtheyareinvolved.Anticipationcantakeplaceinrelationto
occasionslikehistoricalanniversaries,forthcomingelectionsorglobaltrends
steppingupattheagenda,likeageingpopulationorclimatechange.The“seizethe
day”modelisalsoabouttheactualityofthingscomingoutsideresearch,butwhere
theanticipatingmodelleavesresearcherstimetopreparethemselves,theseizethe
daymodelismoreaboutresearchers’abilitytotakeoverthesuddenlychanged
situation.Itcanbeaboutsomethinghappeningrangingfromongoingpoliciesand
hottopicsbroughtupinmediatocoincidenceslike,naturalcatastrophesand
terroristattacks,whichmakessuddenlysometopicsmorerelevantthanothers.The
socialinnovationmodelisalsoaboutreactingsocietalchange,butwhatisrelevant
hereisthatatthesametimebothsocietyandacademystartworkingonsome
spesificsocialproblemindependentlytounderstanditanddevelopsolutionstoit.
Thenatsomepointthosetwosidescomebacktogetherandcreateanetworkor
platformtosolvetheproblem,witheachoftheirrespectiveknowledgesand
legitimacycontributingtothestrengthofthenetwork.Thisnetworkthroughits
socialpowerthenconstitutesasolutiontotheproblemandthereforedrives
throughasocietalprogressandmakesadifference.Theimpactwouldnotexist
withoutcollaborationbetweenthesetwoparties.
Thethreelastmodelsofourtypologystresstheideaofdrivingthesocietalchange.
The“researchengagementastherapy”modelderivesfromtheideaoftheroleof
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researchasempoweringpeople.Throughtheresearchprocess,thetargetsofthe
studygetrecognitionandsenseofempowerment.Theimpactcanbeaboutthe
thingshappeningindifferentphasesofresearchprocess:choosinginbetween
differenttopicstostudyisalreadyafirststepformakinganimpact.Impactcanalso
beaboutinterviewprocessesorofferingpeopleachancetotellabouttheirpersonal
experiencesomsp,eptherway,likethroughwriting.itcanalsobeabouttaking
standsforsomeminoritygroupinthemedia.InThe“researchengagementas
therapy”model,momentsofactionsandactorsinvolvingmakinganimpactareto
someextenttraceable,andcomparedtoTheknowledge“creeps”intosocietymodel
thedifferenceinknowledgediffusionisveryclear.Inrelationtolatterone,itisnot
possibletosayfromwherethenewwayofthinkingoriginallyderives–insteadits
originisdispersedintonumerousdifferentsourcesandsequentialoccasions.There
isnoeurekamomentsintheresearchprocessinrelationtomakinganimpact–just
asopposite;itcantakeevenachangefromonegenerationtoanothertoreallyfeel
theimpact.Itislikearesearchresults“creep”intodailylifeandpoliticalarena.In
parallelorlateron,somechangestakeplaceoractionsoccurinrelationtomundane
practices,publicopinionorlegislation.Thelastmodelinourtypologyisthebuilding
“newepistemic”communitiesmodel.Thismodelisbasedontheideaofaresearcher
introducinganewwayofthinking,whichchangesacurriculumorinstitutional
practices.
SSHPATHWAYSTOSOCIETALIMPACTGeneralmodel
Model
Mechanism
Examplecase
dissemination Theclassicalpipelinemodel
→→
Theinteractivedisseminationmodel
Stakeholdersbecomeawareoftheresultsofresearchthroughpublications,socialmedia,websites,databases,broadcastsetc.
YoungdescendantsofAfricanimmigrants,Portugal
Themediadisseminationmodel
publicityisneededfortheimpact Qualitycontroloftouristdestinations,Croatia
cocreation Thecocreationmodel aresearchercollaboratesregularlywithstakeholders
Restorativejustice,Italy
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Thepublicengagementmodel
resultsofresearcharetakenintoactionbyusingsocietyasalaboratory
Allmalepanel,Finland
Theexpertise&evaluationmodel
aresearcherplaysaroleasanexpert,makespolicyrecommendationsetc.
Vetlesen,Norway
reactingtosocietalimpact
The“anticipatinganniversaries”model
researchersarepreparingthemselvestocomingissuesdiscussedinthemedia
Holenstein,Switzerland
The“seizetheday”model
somethinghappensrangingfromongoingpoliciesandhottopicsbroughtupinmediatocoincidenceslike,naturalcatastrophesandterroristattacks,whichmakessuddenlysometopicsmorerelevantthanothers
11Mourningarchive,Spain
Thesocialinnovationmodel
workstartsindependentlyandthenatsomepointtwosidescomebacktogether
Geolinguistics(VoicePassport),Spain
drivingsocietalchange
The“researchengagementastherapy”model
targetsofthestudygetrecognitionandsenseofempowermentthroughtheresearchprocess
Childabuse,Finland
Theknowledge“creeps”intosocietymodel
Researchresults“creep”intodailylifeandpoliticalarena.Inparallelorlateron,somechangestakeplace/actionsoccurinrelationtomundanepractices,publicopinionorlegislation.
NationState,Iceland
building“newepistemiccommunities”model
aresearcherintroducesanewwayofthinkingandthischangesacurriculum/institutionalpractices
Nunneryschool,Myanmar
Table2.SSHpathwaystosocietalimpact
Atypologyneedtohavealogic.ThestartingpointforthetypologyofSSHpathways
isa“classicalpipelinemodel”basedonapresumptionofresearchresults
transferringstraighttosociety.Theorderofthemodelsreferstothehierarchy
embeddedinthetypology.Itdemonstratesthedeviationfromthepipelinemodelin
relationtocomplexityofinteractions.Thefurthereachmodelgoesfromthepipeline
modelthemorecomplexthecouplingsbetweenresearch,societyand
intermediatinginstitutionsget(figure1).
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Figure1.ThepipelinemodelandSSHpathwaystosocietalimpact
pipelinemodel
disseminationinteractivedissemination
mediadissemination
cocreation
cocreation
publicengagement
expertise&evaluation
reactingtosocietalchange
anticipatinganniversaries
seizetheday
socialinnovationmodel
drivingsocietalchange
researchengagementastherapy
engagementactivities/"creep"
buildingnewepistemiccommunities
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DifficultiesDifficultiesmetbySTSMtookplaceinrelationtodatagatheringandthefactthat
producingimpactcaseswasbasedonvoluntaryparticipatingofthemembersofthe
ENRESSHWG2.SomeofthemembersofWG2didnotsubmittedthecasestheyhad
promisedtodeliver.Therewasalsoanissueoftimeliness:only47of65caseswere
deliveredintime.Thefactthatdatagatheringwascarriedoutby34WG2members
wasalsochallenginginrelationtodatareliability.However,noneofthese
difficultieswereinsurmountableandtheworkoftheSTSMcandidatewasdelivered
intime.
OutcomesoftheSTSMThemainoutcomeoftheSTSMwasthetypologyofSSHpathwaysreflecting17
countries(figure1).TheSTSMathandwassignificantforSTSM’scareer
development,bothsubstantiallyandinrelationtotheaspectsof
internationalisation.Thecandidate’sfocushasbeenonstudyingsciencepolicy
relatedissues,likethesocietalimpactofSSH,intheFinnishcontext.ThisSTSM
offeredanimportantinternationalstepforwardinherresearchcareer.Inaddition,
forthecandidatethiswasherfirstlongervisitasaroleofresearcherabroad.She
haspublishedmostofherworkinFinnish,thusthisSTSMmotivatesand
encourageshertointernationalpublishing.
WhatisworthtomentionisthatpersonsinvolvedinthisSTSM,didnotknoweach
otherbefore–STSMworkedasalaunchfortheycollaboration.AlthoughSTSM
periodisover,STSMcandidatecontinuesherworkonthisjointtopicofENRESSH
workinggroup2inclosecollaborationwiththeleaderandco-leaderofthegroup.
STSMcandidateisalsoconsideredtohostthecandidateofthenextSTSMroundof
ENRESSHWG2atherhomeinstitution,attheResearchCenterforKnowledge,
Science,TechnologyandInnovations,intheUniversityofTampere.Inrelationtothe
networking,responsibilityofthedatagatheringandanalysingit–thepositionit
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offered–wasforthecandidateagreatpossibilitytonetworkwiththeother
membersofworkinggroup2fromca.20countries.
TheSTSMwasastartforacollaborationbetweentworesearchcenters,TaSTIand
CHEPS,sharingpartlysameresearchinterests.Thecandidategettoknowalsoother
researchersworkingatthehostinstitution.Theydidn’tsharetheinterestsofthe
STSMtopic,butthroughcandidate’spreviousstudiesshewasabletohelpthejunior
colleaguesofthehostinstitution.Shegotalsoachancetoofferherhelpasanexpert
ofFinnishhighereducationsystemtoDutchcolleagues.Theyaregoingtomeetat
theCHERConferencetobeheldnextautumnincandidate’sprevioushometown
Jyväskylä,Finland.
ENRESSHandSTSMofferedalsoagendaforstrengtheningandupdatingformer
researchcollaborations.IntheendoftheSTSMperiod,NorwegianResearch
ProfessorGunnarSivertsen(alsomemberoftheCostActionENRESSH)visited
CHEPSandthehostandthecandidatehadameetingfordiscussingthedraftversion
oftheSSHpathwayswithhim.NowprofessorSivertsenisactivelyinvolvedwiththe
workofWG2.
IntheendoftheSTSMperiod,thecandidatepresentedalsotheresultstogether
withthehostatCHEPSseminar.
Collaborationbetweenthecandidate,thehostandco-leaderoftheWG2isplanned
tocontinuemostlythroughjointconferencepresentationsandco-authored
publications(tables3&4).Besidestheycontinuetheircollaborationunderthe
programandaimsoftheENRESSH-network.Threepresentationsarealreadyheld
(table3).DuringherstayatCHEPS,thecandidatemadeaproposalforanabstract
forAnnualSociologyConferenceinFinland.Itwasacceptedasapresentation.
FindingsoftheSTSMwillbepresentedatfivesubsequentconferencesin2017.
Presentations ForthcomingpresentationsReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela&Paul ReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela&Paul
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Benneworth(2017)StateoftheArt–SocietalimpactandrelevanceoftheSSHresearch.SSHEvaluation:Reconcilingneedsandmethods.CostActionENRESSHStakeholdermeeting19-20January2017,Prague,CzechRepublic.
Benneworth(2017)HowSSHresearchmakesitwaybeyondacademia?AnnualSociologyMeeting,23-24March2017,Tampere,Finland.(paperaccepted)
ReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela&PaulBenneworth(2017)Pathwaystoimpact–modesofSSHengagementwithsociety.CHEPSseminar,24February2017,UniversityofTwente,Netherlands.
ReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela&PaulBenneworth(2017)ModesofSSHengagement.ExperimentationandEvidence.AnnualsymposiumofScienceandTechnologyStudies,8–9June2017,Helsinki,Finland.
Muhonen,Reetta,OlmosPeñuelaJulia&BenneworthPaul(2017)SSHPathwaystosocietalimpact.ENRESSHmeeting7.-8.3.2017Sofia,Bulgary.
PaulBenneworth,JuliaOlmos-Peñuela&ReettaMuhonen(2017)TowardsacommonunderstandingonthesocietalimpactofSSHresearch.RESSHConference,6-7July2017,Antwerp,Belgium
ReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela&PaulBenneworth(2017)Fromproductstoprocess–SSHpathwaystosocietalimpact.CHERConference,28-30August2017,UniversityofJyväskylä,Finland.
ReettaMuhonen,PaulBenneworth&JuliaOlmosPeñuela(2017)Yhteiskunta-jahumanististieteellisentutkimuksenpolutyhteiskunnalliseenvaikuttavuuteen.(SSHPathwaystosocietalimpact).SymposiumforHigherEducationStudiesinFinland,31.8.-1.9.2017,UniversityofJyväskylä,Finland.
Table3.PresentationsinrelationtoSTSMin2017Publicationplanfor2017
ReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela&PaulBenneworth(2017)SSHpathwaystosocietalimpact.CHEPSWorkingpaperseries.UniversityofTwente,Netherlands.
PaulBenneworth,ReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela(2017)TowardsacommonunderstandingonthesocietalimpactofSSHresearchCHEPSWorkingpaperseries.UniversityofTwente,Netherlands.ReettaMuhonen(2017)SSHPathwaystosocietalimpact–metaphorsfrommusicworld.TheCHEPSblog.
ReettaMuhonen,JuliaOlmosPeñuela,PaulBenneworth&GunnarSivertsen(2018)(eds)SpecialIssue(e.g.PalgraveCommunications)onSSHImpactgenerationandconsequencesforevaluationTable4.Publicationplanfor2017&2018
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