developing an assessment scheme for sustainable neighborhoods...

Developing an assessment scheme for sustainable neighborhoods in Korea

2014. 8. Yu, Kwang Heum

01. Introduction

Necessity and Purpose

3

National strategy responding to Green race

- It is urgent to arrange national strategy and to make practical efforts like reconstructing related social system followed by designating new emission reduction targets.

Discussions in neighborhood

- There is a widespread feeling that a city is a cause of climate changer and also the biggest victim. - Half of the world’s population live in cities and citizens emit over 70% of world’s green house gases.

Urban development projects as an opportunity to ameliorate

- The total amount of 3,805 urban development projects’ area is 438,589,365㎡, which almost the two-thirds of Seoul’s area.(the end of 2007)

1

2

3


4

Support the environment-friendly neighborhood development

- Various assessment systems are developed and applied such as LEED-ND in U.S. and Canada, BREEAM- Communities in U.K., CASBEE-UD in Japan, etc.

Adoption of an assessment system in neighborhood scale

- Accelerate sustainable neighborhood development - The basis of various government policies

4

5


5

Purpose of study

Developing an assessment scheme for sustainable neighborhoods

• Review neighborhood development process

• Review assessment process of foreign assessment system

• Develop the neighborhood development assessment system

Enhancement of assessment scheme

• Evaluate and revise of the assessment scheme based on trial application.

• Check feasibility by application of domestic development

Application plan

• Suggestion of assessment scheme operation plan

02. Background

1. Concept of Environment-Friendly Neighborhood Development

2. Domestic and Foreign Environment-Friendly Assessment System

“Environment- friendly”

7

Outline

• Concepts of environment-friendly city started from a primary garden city have been developed into diverse

views such as ecological city and low-carbon green city. (Jaejun Lee, 2008)

• Sustainable development is the basis of the environment-friendly neighborhood development as well as the

environment certification system.

< Concept changes of environment- friendly>


1902 Late '70s Late '80s 1992 Present

Garden city Solution for city's problem after the

industrial revolution

Compact city Sustainable

Development (1987)

Smart growth (City growth management

technique)

New urbanism

Urban village

Compact city

Ecological city (UNCED)

Environment and Development

Low-carbon green city

(Climate change adaptation)

Smart growth New urbanism Urban village Compact city Low-carbon green city planning TOD, TND U-city


8

“Neighborhood Development”

Definition of ‘Neighborhood’

• The term ‘neighborhood’ is defined as social nature forming from various community interaction than physical and designing approaches.

• In this research, ‘neighborhood’ refers to the area which covers different characteristics of space composition including ranges of buildings or unit of a block.

<Various Definitions of Neighborhood>

Category Person’s Institution Definitions

Sociological approach

National Commission on Neighbourhood (1993)

Each neighbourhood is what its inhabitants think it is. The only genuinely accurate delineation of neighbourhood is done by the people who live there, work there, retire there, and take pride in themselves as well as their community.

Physical planning approach

Frey(1999) The urban neighbourhood is the smallest ‘building block’ or ‘unit’of which the city is made up.

Keller(1968) Neighbourhood refers to a delimited area and a population sharing basic facilities and serviced that are conveniently accessible, on foot, to individual households.

Multidimensional approach

Lachman, Downs(1978) Neighbourhoods are (a) use of the same space as a focal point for personal interaction, (b) a common relationship with nearby institutions, such as church or school, (c) a real estate entity, (d) a political entity, and (c) an instrument for exclusion.

Mcclaughry(1980) A neighbourhood is defined as a predominantly residential area of a city that is (a) characterised by its own economic, cultural, and social institutions(schools, churches, police and fire stations, shopping districts, community centres, and fraternal charitable organizations; (b)

Downs(1981) Neighbourhoods are geographic units within which certain social relationships exist, although the intensity of these relationships and their importance in the lives of individuals vary tremendously.

Hallman(1984) A residential area of limited territory where social interaction occurs.

Barton(2000) A residential or mixed use area around which people can conveniently walk. Its scale is geared to pedestrian access and it is essentially a spatial construct, a place. It may or may not have clear edges. It is not necessarily centred on local facilities, but it does have an identity which people recognise and value

※ Reference : Kyung-Bae Kim(2002), “Towards Sustainable Neighbourhood Design: General Principles, International Examples and Korean Applications”, p.50.

9

Green building certification

- Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs(MLTMA) introduced Green building certification system for multi-unit residential building(2002)

- GBCC is defined as a system which authorizes green building certification for buildings which contribute to saving operating energy, reducing environmental pollutants, maintaining environmental amenities and making harmony with surroundings across the life cycle of the building

- Ministry of Environment and MLTMA operate GBCC and Land and Housing Institute(LHI), Korea Institute of Energy Research(KIER), ©CREBIZQM and Korean Institute of Educational Environment(KIEE) evaluate and certify GBCC projects

- Revised rating system had been operated from July, 2010

- It was changed to G-SEED (2013.6)

Types of building

Multi-unit residential, Mixed-use Building (residential part, non-residential part), Office building, School, Retail and Accommodation, Existing Building

Domestic Environment-Friendly Assessment system

2. Domestic and Foreign Environment-Friendly Assessment system

10

Green building certification criteria

• Green building certification criteria is composed 9 detail fields.

G-SEED : 7 detail fields

Domestic Environment-Friendly Assessment system


No. Issue Certification Criteria Score Value

1 Land Utilization Ecological value, Land use, Impacts on the site 4 5

2 Transportation Traffic load reduction 4 5

3 Energy Energy use, Energy saving, Alternative energy 21 25

4 Material and resources Resource conservation and recycling 8 15

5 Water resource Water circulation, Water resource saving 13 10

6 Environmental pollutant Carbon dioxide emissions, Ozone layer 6 5

7 Maintenance Maintenance management, Efficient operating system, Flexible system operation 9 7

8 Ecological environment Green space and landscaping 12 10

9 Indoor environment Air quality, Thermal control, Sound control, Amenity, Universal design 21 18

11

Environment-friendly neighborhood assessment systems from various countries

Criteria LEED-ND BREEAM-Communities CASBEE-UD

Nation U.S. U.K. Japan

Development Organization

USGBC BRE Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,

Transport and Tourism

Developed Year

2007 2008 2006

Recent Version

LEED-ND v4 (2013) 2012 2007

Evaluation Categories

1. Smart Location and Linkage 2. Neighborhood pattern and Design 3. Green Infrastructure and Buildings 4. Innovation and Design Process

1. Governance 2. Local economy 3. Social well-being 4. Environmental conditions 5. Resource & Energy 6. Land use & Ecology 7. Transport & Movement

Q1. Natural Environment Q2. Neighborhood’s Service Quality Q3. Contribution to Local Society L1. Microclimate and the Impacts L2. Public Infrastructure L3. Local Environmental Management

Rating System

4 grade levels (Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum)

5 grade levels (PASS, GOOD, VERY GOOD, EXCEL

LENT, OUTSTANDING)

5 grade levels (Class S , Class A, Class B+,

Class B-, Class C )

Effective date 5years 5years 5years


Foreign Environment-Friendly Assessment system

12

U.S. LEED-ND

• Developed by the U.S Green Building Council, USGBC , the LEED is Green building rating system which was piloted in 1998 and launched in 2002.

• LEED credit weightings process will be reevaluated over time to incorporate changes in values.

• LEED evaluates 4R's (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Renewable) in the life cycle assessment point of view and award LEED grade by the scores.

• LEED-ND designed to certify exemplary development projects that perform well in terms of smart growth, urbanism, and green building.

• LEED addresses the different project development and delivery processes that exist in the U.S. building design and construction market, thorough rating systems for specific building typologies, sectors, and project scopes : New construction, Existing building, Commercial, Interiors, Core & Shell, Schools, Retail, Healthcare, Homes, Neighbourhood development.



13


U.S. LEED-ND

• LEED-ND rating systems have four categories : Smart

Location and Linkage, Neighborhood Pattern and Design,

Green Infrastructure and Buildings, Innovation and Design

Process

• LEED rating systems composed of Prerequisites and Credit

is developed to define and measure “Green building.”

• LEED projects are rated as Certified, Silver, Gold and

Platinum according to their degree of compliance within the

rating system.

Category Points

Smart Location and Linkage 28

Neighborhood Pattern and Design 41

Green Infrastructure and Buildings 31

Innovation and Design Process 10

No. Sections Topics

1 SLL Prerequisite 1 Smart Location

2 SLL Prerequisite 2 Imperiled Species and Ecological Communities Conservation

3 SLL Prerequisite 3 Wetland and Water Body Conservation

4 SLL Prerequisite 4 Agricultural Land Conservation

5 SLL Prerequisite 5 Floodplain Avoidance

6 NPD Prerequisite 1 Walkable Streets

7 NPD Prerequisite 2 Compact Development

8 NPD Prerequisite 3 Connected and Open Community

9 GIB Prerequisite 1 Certified Green Building

10 GIB Prerequisite 2 Minimum Building Energy Performance

11 GIB Prerequisite 3 Indoor Water Use Reduction

12 GIB Prerequisite 4 Construction Activity Pollution Prevention


14


U.K. BREEAM-Communities

• BREEM-Communities is an assessment tool developed by the Building Research Establishment(BRE) and

private company. It aims to quantify and reduce the environmental burdens of buildings by rewarding

designs that take positive steps to minimize their environmental impacts.

• BREEAM-Communities addresses sustainable land use and ecological enhancement, the reduction of

carbon emissions and sustainable modes of transport.


15

U.K. BREEAM-Communities

• In BREEAM-Communities there are many environmental impact assessment credit categories : Climate Change & Energy, Place shaping, Community, Ecology, Transport & Movement, Resources, Business, Buildings

• Calculations for Quantitative scale(Energy consumption and carbon emission etc.) be performed and items(non-smoking policy, landscape, quality of pedestrian environment) use qualitative analysis.

• For each individual category has a percentage weighting applied to it . Provided minimum standards are met for appropriate credits, the overall assessment score is classified as rating of pass, good, very good, Excellent and Outstanding,

Categories Sub-categories Credits Available Regional Weighting

Governance 4 8 9.3%

Local economy 2 5 14.8%

Social well-being 9 25 17.1%

Environmental conditions 6 17 10.8%

Resource & Energy 7 31 21.6%

Land use & Ecology 6 18 12.6%

Transport & Movement 6 15 13.8%

Innovation N/A

Assessment Rating Assessment Score(%)

UNCLASSIFIED <30

PASS ≧30

GOOD ≧45

VERY GOOD ≧55

EXCELLENT ≧70

OUTSTANDING ≧85



16

Japan CASBEE-UD

• After the increase in the consciousness of global environmental problems in the 1990's, Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) started to be considered to evaluate the environmental loads of a building throughout its life.

• CASBEE started from perception that current environmental performance assessments are not clear, so that a new system clearly based on the perspective of sustainability is required.

• CASBEE-UD evaluate 2-3 group buildings, building site in new town scale, non-building area such as road and park, and mixed-use area

http://www.ibec.or.jp/CASBEE/english/overviewE.htm



17

Japan CASBEE-UD

• CASBEE-UD assessment system evaluates value produced when building composing district (effect of environment

improvement which could not be reached with single building). They consider pros and cons of a district rather than a

building.

• CASBEE-UD has same evaluation factors with CASBEE (building) which evaluated separately; Q(quality) and L(load).

The assessment categories were classified as shown below into BEE-UD.

• QUD evaluates improvement in living amenity for the developed urban area users and the assessment fields are natural

environment (microclimate, ecology), quality of service (infrastructure, prevention of disasters, life convenience) and

contribution to local community (history, culture, landscape).

• LUD evaluates negative aspects of environmental impact and the assessment fields are microclimate· impacts on

outdoor environment (heat, ground, air pollution, noise pollution, daylight), social infrastructure (water supply, drainage,

sewage, waste, energy) and local environment management plan (construction, transportation)


Built Environment Efficiency in Urban Development (BEE-UD) = LUD (Built environment load in Urban Development)

QUD (Built environment quality in Urban Development)



18

Rating BEE and other rate Star rating

S Excellent 3.0 ≤ BEE , 50 ≤ Q ★★★★★★

A Very Good 1.5 ≤ BEE ＜ 3.0 ★★★★

B+ Good 1.0 ≤ BEE ＜ 1.5 ★★★

B- Fairly Poor 0.5≤ BEE ＜ 1.0 ★★

C Poor BEE＜0.5 ★

※ Reference : 건축환경․에너지절약기구(2009), 「CASBEE 마을만들기: 건축물 종합환경성능 평가시스템 평가메뉴얼」, 최정민 외1 공역, 건국대학교출판부. p.30.


03. Establishment

1. Review Present Urban Design Methods

2. Initial Application of the Assessment System

1. Review present urban design methods

20

Analysis of design process in development projects

Urban Development Project

• The items and standards in assessment system are comparative measures that could be used at the stage of design for neighborhood development.

• It must be done considering the procedure of present neighborhood development planning and reviewing applicable plan factor in each stage to establish items and standards of assessment system

• Urban development project are operated through enforcement plan after the area are

designated.

• At the stage of enforcement plan, District unit plan are established. After planning enforcement, determination of district unit plan are phased with approval of enforcement plan permit ∙ notice.

Outline

Residential Land Development Project

• After residential land development arranged district are designated, the project are operated through the enforcement planning phase and the project implementation phase

• It is a rule to establish district unit plan with development plan at the stage of enforcement plan after the procedures of arranged district has done.

21

Analysis of design process in urban development projects

Designation of district phase

Designation of Arranged district

Housing land supply scheme

Arranged district investigation The departments involved

pre-discussion

Minister involved announce the plan after the meeting

Arranged district proposal Hearing of resident comments

and notice

Central administration involved discussion

Designation of Arranged district and

implementer(Decision of district unit planning area)

Central urban planning commission deliberation

Enforcement plan phase

Establishment of development plan

Establishment of Residential Land Development plan

Mass Energy System discussion Environmental Impact

Assessment draft discussion Metropolitan transportation

enhancement measures plan

Approval Residential Land Development plan

Organization involved discussion

Residential Land Development Project enforcement planning

(District unit planning)

Environmental Impact Assessment discussion

Population impact assessment and Seoul Metropolitan Area

Readjustment committee deliberation

Traffic Impact Assessment deliberation

Energy usage plan discussion Disaster impact assessment

discussion Underground Utilities discussion

Establishment of enforcement plan

and district unit plan

Approval of residential land development project

enforcement plan

(Decision of district unit plan)

Land supply plan


Project implementation phase

Operation of construction

and Completion of construction

Operation of construction

Approval of land supply

Completion of construction and Inspection of completion

Land supply

Completion of project and report

Use of construction land

Construction district management

(District unit plan)

22

• 3 stages : from designation of location phase to enforcement plan phase.

• Overall procedure of the domestic system is equal with the foreign system ; Arranged district investigation → Designation of Arranged district → Development plan → District unit plan

Basic direction of assessment system development

• Lee, Kue-In(2009) proposed the quantifying method based on proven data and judgments of

experts in cause-and-effect relationship

• However, various approach would be needed if the items are hard to do cause-and-effect

analysis, quantifying, or variable cases due to a lot of variables.

• Fundamentally, Domestic assessment system shares overall context with foreign assessment

system and compose items and standards in view of the present domestic affairs.

Analysis of design process in urban development projects


23

Assessment System Planning and Score Distribution

• Utilize LEED-ND as basic system which is easy to compare the each contents and processes of neighborhood

design as well as gained international recognition.

• Community category would be included to consider the social sustainability.

• Assessment system plan would be analyzed and verified through professionals’ review and research team’s

conference. Standards for Score distribution would be developed by questionnaire of experts.

LEED-ND BREEAM-Communities CASBEE-UD

Smart Location and Linkage (28credit)

Governance (4 Categories) Natural Environment (17Categories)

Local economy (2 Categories) Neighborhood’s Service Quality (15 Categories)

Social well-being (9 Categories)

Neighborhood Pattern and Design (41 credit) Contribution to Local Society (7 Categories) Environmental conditions (6 Categories)

Resource & Energy (7 Categories)

Green Infrastructure and Buildings (31 credit) Microclimate and the Impacts (16 Categories) Land use & Ecology (6 Categories)

Public Infrastructure (14 Categories) Transport & Movement (6 Categories)

Innovation and Design Process (10 credit) Innovation Local Environmental Management (13 Categories)


Assessment System Planning

24

• For detailed assessment categories, firstly summarize other assessment categories from prior studies, contents

from current environment effects evaluation or prior environmental review system and categories from legislation

or law.

Related prior research

Planning Standards for Sustainable New City

Urban Planning Guideline for Green Growth

• Through comprehensive study of international assessment systems, committee developed 58 evaluation

sections.



25

Category (4) Division (13) Section (58)

Smart Location

Conservation Area Avoidance

- Major sites in ecological zoning map exclusion - Endangered species·ecological communities, wetland·water body, mountainous area·farmland conservation - Floodplain avoidance - Specific topography (value in ecology, landscape) exclusion

Conservation Management Plan - Biological habitat and wetland conservation plan - Biological habitat and wetland long-term conservation plan - Biological habitat and wetland restoration

Linkage to Surrounding Area

- Linkage to existing communities - Existing city redevelopment - Existing public transit infrastructure - Existing bicycle traffic network

Neighborhood Pattern and Design

Land Use

- Land use plan for minimum ground disturbance (minimum amount of cutting slope) - Compact development - Effective ventilation arrangement - Residence diversification (Social Mix) - Universal designed building

Green Space · Ecology

- Green & Blue Network - Eco-corridor construction - Use of pervious paving material - Maintain green spaces - Heat island reduction

Transportation Pedestrian

- Connected transportation system - Transit facilities - Transportation demand management - Reduced parking footprint

- Walkable streets - Tree-lined and shaded streets - Mixed-use neighborhood centers - Access to civic and public spaces - Access to recreation facilities - Neighborhood schools

Amenity - Quality views - Landscaping - Sound pollution reduction



26

Category (4) Division (13) Section (58)

Green Infrastructure and Buildings

Resources Circulation

- Water-efficient landscaping - Rainwater management - Existing building reuse - Historic resource preservation and adaptive use - Solid waste management infrastructure - Recycled content in infrastructure

New Renewable Energy

- On-site renewable energy sources - District heating and cooling - Infrastructure energy efficiency - Wastewater management

Energy Reduction Building

- Certified green buildings - Building energy efficiency - Building water efficiency - Solar orientation

Environmental Pollution Prevention - Construction activity pollution prevention - Minimized site disturbance in design and construction - Light pollution reduction

Community Design

Community Space - Local community space plan - Public energy facility use - Local food production

Local Residents' Participation - Connected community - Community involvement (Social Ecology) - Eco-friendly information share


04. Application Scheme

28

Connection with the existing system

• Introduction of enforcement through Law Enactment

- Legal basis for enforcement of the assessment system

- Target projects, Contents of regulation and Incentive Plans

• Reflection of related guideline : Guideline of Urban planning

- The U.S. (LEED-ND) : Nashville, Tennessee : Downtown Community Plan (regulatory

accompaniment), Cleveland, Ohio : Experimental Projects

• Application of Various Incentives

Application Scheme

29

Incentive Plan

• Financial Incentives

• Structural Incentives

Category Directions of plan

Financial Incentives

Planning and Design Grants

Low-Interest Financing

Matching Grants

Awards

Reduced Permit Fees or "feebates"

Structural Incentives

Density Bonuses

Expedited and Fast Track Permitting

Conditioning of the sale of publicly-owned land

Marketing for Sale

Logo Certification

Free Technical Assistance

Application Scheme

30

Cases for Financial Incentives

• Financial incentives such as tax credits or fee reductions are a highly successful means of encouraging developers to follow green building and neighborhood practices.

Methods States Contents

Tax reduction

Maryland Many municipalities and counties offer tax credits. These incentives can be extended for

construction companies which build structures fitted with environmental standards.

New York The environment-friendly tax credits is a reduction of income tax in cases of commercial d

evelopment projects fitted with environmental strategies written in LEED.

Reduced

Permit fees

Babylon, New York

Adoption of local laws including contents about requiring the certification of LEED when

all new building of commercial use, business use, industrial use, multi-unit residential and

silver housing are constructed.

Janesville, Florida Private developers who achieve LEED certificates can receive a 50% reduced permit fees

of buildings.

Grants

New York

The Governor of the state of New York signed “tA10684”, which created state-level

incentives of offering grants to Environmental residential buildings, for encouraging

developments to follow LEED standards.

King County,

Washington

Offering the grants from $15,000 to $25,000. Such grants are awarded to developers wh

o received LEED silver level or renovation project teams in county of Seattle.

Application Scheme

31

Cases for Structural Incentives

• Simple modifications in zoning permissions and review processes would lead developers and building owners to choose to follow green building and development standards.

Methods States Contents

Fast Track

Permitting

Hawaii county - Fast track in construction and development permission for every LEED silver or higher level

projects

San Francisco, California - Fast track in new-building and renovation permission for every LEED gold projects

Density Bonuses

Nashville, Tennessee - Different density standards would given depends on development site and LEED certification

Seattle, Washington - Additional density permission would given to LEED silver or higher level retail and residential

building projects

Free Technical

Assistance

Oakland, California - Free technical assistance

- Promote green building in private area by providing green building guideline and publicizing

Washington, D.C. - Free technical assistance and green building monitoring

- Enforce law of fundraising for green building to give incentives to educational institution

Marketing for Sale

Oakland, California - Free technical assistance for qualified project

San Diego, California - Local government support innovative green projects which are eco-friendly and energy-efficient

Application Scheme

Thank you.

developing an assessment scheme for sustainable neighborhoods...

Documents