development of a formal framework for usable operations support in e-health based systems ph.d final...

DEVELOPMENT OF A FORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF A FORMAL FRAMEWORK FOR USABLE FRAMEWORK FOR USABLE

OPERATIONS SUPPORT IN E-OPERATIONS SUPPORT IN E-HEALTH BASED SYSTEMSHEALTH BASED SYSTEMS

Ph.D FINAL DEFENSEPh.D FINAL DEFENSE

BYBY

IKHU-OMOREGBE NICHOLAS IKHU-OMOREGBE NICHOLAS

(CU03GP0021)(CU03GP0021)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, AFRICASCIENCES, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, AFRICA

Apr 18, 2023 2PhD Defense - CIS

EXAMINERSEXAMINERS

Dr. Ayo C. K.Dr. Ayo C. K. - Chief Examiner- Chief Examiner Dr. Ehikioya S. A. Dr. Ehikioya S. A. - Supervisor- Supervisor Dr. Ayo C.K.Dr. Ayo C.K. - Co-Supervisor- Co-Supervisor Prof. Katende J. Prof. Katende J. - College - College

ExaminerExaminer Dr. Adebiyi E. F. Dr. Adebiyi E. F. - Departmental - Departmental

ExaminerExaminer Prof. Sofulowe A. BProf. Sofulowe A. B - External - External

ExaminerExaminer


CONTENTSCONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AIM/OBJECTIVESAIM/OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY RESULTS/DISCUSSIONSRESULTS/DISCUSSIONS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Information and Technologies have been Information and Technologies have been introduced in different dimensions of introduced in different dimensions of health carehealth care

(Intel 2003, infoDev & Alcatel 2005).(Intel 2003, infoDev & Alcatel 2005).

OSS solution for e-Health takes advantage OSS solution for e-Health takes advantage of the state-of-arts information technology of the state-of-arts information technology to address health care enterprise-wide to address health care enterprise-wide needs and requirements to reduce cost, needs and requirements to reduce cost, provide reliable, flexible, mobile timely provide reliable, flexible, mobile timely and secure health care delivery to and secure health care delivery to patients by care provider and centers.patients by care provider and centers.


STATEMENT OF THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMPROBLEM

Although the health care community is Although the health care community is embracing mobile technology and embracing mobile technology and realizing its benefits, mobile computing realizing its benefits, mobile computing usage is still being faced with significant usage is still being faced with significant number of obstacles such as (Gregg M., number of obstacles such as (Gregg M., 2005):2005):

Ease of use (usability)Ease of use (usability)Confidentiality of mobile data and Confidentiality of mobile data and the management of newly mobile health the management of newly mobile health care workers care workers


STATEMENT OF THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMPROBLEM

The level of an e-Health based system’s The level of an e-Health based system’s usability does not only influence the users usability does not only influence the users acceptance of the system but may also acceptance of the system but may also greatly influence the diagnosis and greatly influence the diagnosis and treatment processes in a health care centre. treatment processes in a health care centre.

The usability of OSS is vital since its issues The usability of OSS is vital since its issues in software products cannot be resolved in software products cannot be resolved without major changes to the software without major changes to the software architecture [Roger P., 2005]. This thesis architecture [Roger P., 2005]. This thesis provides answers to usability issues in provides answers to usability issues in mobile devices for e-Health based systems.mobile devices for e-Health based systems.


USABILITY OF MOBILE USABILITY OF MOBILE HEALTH CARE DEVICESHEALTH CARE DEVICES


AIM/OBJECTIVES OF THE AIM/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYSTUDY

Provide a formal framework for usable operations Provide a formal framework for usable operations support for e-Health based systemssupport for e-Health based systems . (. (AIM)AIM)

1.1. Provide a formal framework for e-Health based Provide a formal framework for e-Health based systemssystems

2.Provide a robust architecture which ensures that 2.Provide a robust architecture which ensures that best clinical practices are followed in a health care best clinical practices are followed in a health care centre in the administration of patient care.centre in the administration of patient care.

3.Provide a support system that distributes patient 3.Provide a support system that distributes patient medical information amongst medical practitioners medical information amongst medical practitioners in a healthcare environment across mobile devices. in a healthcare environment across mobile devices.

4.Implement some of the functionalities in an e-4.Implement some of the functionalities in an e-Health system to empirically validate the usability Health system to empirically validate the usability of the operations support system in the application of the operations support system in the application domain. domain.


METHODOLOGY- OBJECTIVE METHODOLOGY- OBJECTIVE 11

To assure the quality, acceptability, To assure the quality, acceptability, and usability of the system, we and usability of the system, we used OCL and the Unified used OCL and the Unified Modeling Language (OMG 2003, Modeling Language (OMG 2003, CMU/SEI 2004) for the CMU/SEI 2004) for the specification, analysis, design, and specification, analysis, design, and verification of the system’s verification of the system’s functionalities.functionalities.


Introduction-DefinitionIntroduction-Definition

The Encyclopedia of Software The Encyclopedia of Software Engineering defines Formal Engineering defines Formal methods as “ A mathematical methods as “ A mathematical based technique for describing based technique for describing system properties”system properties”


Definition Definition

Formal Methods "refers to Formal Methods "refers to mathematically rigorous mathematically rigorous techniques and tools for the techniques and tools for the specification, design and specification, design and verification of software and verification of software and hardware systems”. (Ricky W. hardware systems”. (Ricky W. Butler, 2001, NASA)Butler, 2001, NASA)


Importance of Formal MethodsImportance of Formal Methods

System specification may contain System specification may contain contradictions, ambiguities, contradictions, ambiguities, incomplete statements etc.incomplete statements etc.

When used well, a formal method When used well, a formal method should yields specifications that have should yields specifications that have significant advantages over natural significant advantages over natural language and variety of graphical language and variety of graphical notation.notation.


Importance (Cont.)Importance (Cont.)

A formally verified system can be A formally verified system can be used unto greater reliability.used unto greater reliability.

Thus the use of formal technique Thus the use of formal technique helps to achieve a high degree of helps to achieve a high degree of confidence that a system has confidence that a system has conformed to its specificationsconformed to its specifications

This is particularly significant in This is particularly significant in the health care domainthe health care domain

We modeled the system as follows:We modeled the system as follows:


+AddClinic()+DelClinic()+UpdateClinic()

-Name : char-Idno : int-Address : string

Hospital/Clinic

+Add()+Update()+View()

-StfId-Name-Address-ClinicID-Status-Tel

Medical Personnel-PatId-Name-Address1-Age-Status-Tel

Patients

In-Patient

-

Out-patient

+AddMed()+UpdateMed()+ViewMed()

Medications

+AddDgns()+UpdateDgns()+ViewDgns()

Diagnosis

+AddTest()+UpdateTest()+ViewTest()

Lab Test Surgery

+AddAppt()+FindAppt()+UpdateAppt()+ViewDgns()

Appointments

+viewAppt()+ViewLab()+ViewPatient()+ViewMed()+FindPatient()

-PatientID-Date-Diagnostic Info-Test Result-Encounter

Medical Record

1..1

0..1

0..1

Nurse1 Doctor1 Pharmacist1 Lab Technician1Specialist1

1

0..10..1 0..1

0..1

-RoomID-Charges

Rooms Rights


Use CasesUse CasesPatient Treatment Use Case

Patient

Retrieve patient'sinfo

Book appointment

Take clinicalmeasurements

Lab Technologist

Nurse

Doctor

Specialist

Pharmacist

«uses»

Diagnose and treat

Perform lab test

«extends»

medication

Refer case

«extends»

«extends»


Sequence DiagramSequence DiagramCareGiver WAP Gateway WebServer Servlet Engine Database Server

Authenticate()

Activate Servlet

ExecuteQuery()

Mobile Device

RequestInfo()

Connect through WAP

RetrieveInfo()

WMLContent

Response Info

Send through channel

DisplayInfo()


State ChartState Chart

Appointment

Clinical measurement(pre-treatment) Diagnosis

Medication

Pay billLab test

H

X

Visit clinic

Treat patient

Under treatment

Suspend treatmentContinue treatment


Collaboration DiagramCollaboration Diagram

Patient

Nurse

Doctors

Pharmacist Lab Technologist

Specialist

request test

performs test()

make diagnosis() prescribe drugs()

retrieve patient records ()take clinical measurements()schedule appointment()

dispense drug()

performs surgery

request treatment()

refer

request test


Deployment DiagramDeployment Diagram

WAP, SMS SERVER

MOBILE DEVICES

DBSERVERAPACHE WEB SERVER

-WIRELESS LAN

*

-802.11b

*

E-HEALTH APP.

-TCP/IP

* *

PATIENT DB

-ODBC-JDBC

*

*

Doctor’s Point of Access


WAP/UML ExtensionWAP/UML Extension

<application>EhealthDatabases

<<deck>>PatientRecord

<<card>>UpdatePatientPage

<<next>> <<previous>>

<<deliver>


An Overview of Object Constraints An Overview of Object Constraints Language (OCL)Language (OCL)

OCL was developed as a modeling OCL was developed as a modeling language within the IBM language within the IBM insurance division.insurance division.

OCL is a pure expression OCL is a pure expression language, an OCL expression is language, an OCL expression is guaranteed to be without side guaranteed to be without side effects. When an OCL expression effects. When an OCL expression is evaluated, it simply returns a is evaluated, it simply returns a value. It cannot change anything value. It cannot change anything in the model.in the model.


An Overview of OCL (Cont.)An Overview of OCL (Cont.)

Fully type languageFully type language

- Boolean, Integer, Real and String - Boolean, Integer, Real and String as basic typesas basic types

- Collection such as Sets, Sequences Collection such as Sets, Sequences and Bags are includedand Bags are included

-OCL expressions can be verified-OCL expressions can be verified


Where to Use OCLWhere to Use OCL

To specify invariant on classes and To specify invariant on classes and types in the class modeltypes in the class model

To describe pre and post condition To describe pre and post condition on operations and methodson operations and methods

To describe GuardsTo describe Guards As a navigation languageAs a navigation language To specify constraints on operationTo specify constraints on operation


NotationsNotations

All OCL statements, must take All OCL statements, must take placeplace

within a context. This might be a within a context. This might be a class orclass or

a use case. The statement a use case. The statement themselves canthemselves can

be invariant, pre condition or postbe invariant, pre condition or post

conditioncondition


Invariant , Pre-ConditionInvariant , Pre-Condition

An invariant is a property that must remain An invariant is a property that must remain truetrue

throughout the life of a model element, such throughout the life of a model element, such asas

an objectan object

A pre-condition is property that must be A pre-condition is property that must be truetrue

before a particular part of the system is before a particular part of the system is executed.executed.

This can be applied to operation during This can be applied to operation during designdesign

and implementation and to use cases duringand implementation and to use cases duringanalysis.analysis.


Post-Condition , ConstraintsPost-Condition , Constraints

A post condition is something that must be trueA post condition is something that must be trueafter particular part of the system is executed, ifafter particular part of the system is executed, ifthat execution was legalthat execution was legal A constraint is a rule that allows you to specifyA constraint is a rule that allows you to specifysome limits on a model (Warmer and Klepper,some limits on a model (Warmer and Klepper,1999) describe it as a restriction on one or more1999) describe it as a restriction on one or morevalues of (part of) an object-oriented model values of (part of) an object-oriented model system.system.


PatientPatient

Requirements Specification: Every Requirements Specification: Every patient is uniquepatient is unique

contextcontext clinic clinicinv:inv:Patient->forAll(p1,p2/p1<>p2 Patient->forAll(p1,p2/p1<>p2 implies p1.pid <> p2.pid)implies p1.pid <> p2.pid)


PatientPatient

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:To add a new patient the patient must not To add a new patient the patient must not

exist before.exist before.

context patient::regpat(p:patient)context patient::regpat(p:patient)pre:pre:not patient->include (p)not patient->include (p)post: patient->size=(patient@pre-post: patient->size=(patient@pre-

>size ) +1 and >size ) +1 and patient->include (p)patient->include (p)


DoctorDoctor

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:Each Staff has permissible operations to Each Staff has permissible operations to

performperform

context medicalpersonnel inv:context medicalpersonnel inv:Self.medicalpersonel.staffid.right->exist(p/ Self.medicalpersonel.staffid.right->exist(p/ p.diagnose() or p.addrecords () or p.diagnose() or p.addrecords () or p.updatepatientrecord() or p.updatepatientrecord() or

p.viewmedication() p.viewmedication() implies medicalpersonnel.asType(doctor))implies medicalpersonnel.asType(doctor))


PharmacistPharmacist

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:

Each Staff has permissible operations to Each Staff has permissible operations to performperform

context medicalpersonnel inv:context medicalpersonnel inv:

self.medicalpersonel.staffid.right-self.medicalpersonel.staffid.right->exist(p/ >exist(p/

p.viewmedication() or p.dispense ( ) ) p.viewmedication() or p.dispense ( ) ) impliesimplies

medicalpersonnel.asType(pharamacist)medicalpersonnel.asType(pharamacist)


Medication-AllergicMedication-Allergic

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:The systems keep track of drugs a patient is The systems keep track of drugs a patient is

allergic to:allergic to:

context medication::AllergicAdd(d:drug)context medication::AllergicAdd(d:drug)pre:pre:not allergic ->include (d)not allergic ->include (d)post:post:allergic ->include (d ) allergic ->include (d ) and allergic ->size =(allergic@pre ) + 1and allergic ->size =(allergic@pre ) + 1


AdministratorAdministrator

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:Each Staff has permissible operations to Each Staff has permissible operations to

performperform

contextcontext medicalrecords medicalrecords inv:inv:self.medicalpersonel.staffid.right->exist self.medicalpersonel.staffid.right->exist

(p/p.create( ) or p.delete()) implies(p/p.create( ) or p.delete()) implies medicalpersonnel.asType(administrator) medicalpersonnel.asType(administrator)


AppointmentAppointment

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:No two patients will be directed to the No two patients will be directed to the

same doctor at the same time on the same doctor at the same time on the same day.same day.

context context Appointment Appointment inv:inv:not(Self.appointment-> not(Self.appointment->

exist(x,y/(x.doctor=y.doctor) and exist(x,y/(x.doctor=y.doctor) and (x.time=y.time) and (x.time=y.time) and (x.date=y.date))(x.date=y.date))


AppointmentAppointment

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:

A request for an appointment to see a A request for an appointment to see a doctor must not be for a date earlier that doctor must not be for a date earlier that the date of registration of patient at the the date of registration of patient at the clinicclinic..

contextcontext appointment appointment inv:inv:Self.dateofrequest.after(registrationdateSelf.dateofrequest.after(registrationdate

))


Booking AppointmentBooking Appointment

contextcontext Appointment::addapt (patId, stafid, Appointment::addapt (patId, stafid, startTime, endTime, date)startTime, endTime, date)

pre:pre:startTime <endTimestartTime <endTimepost:post:duration=endTime – startTime >0duration=endTime – startTime >0startTime = preStart + durationstartTime = preStart + durationprevEnd = startTimeprevEnd = startTime


The UserThe User

Requirements Specification:Requirements Specification:The password and username of every user The password and username of every user

of the system must be unique.of the system must be unique.

context registeredUsers inv :context registeredUsers inv :

not(self.users->exists(a,b/a.username=not(self.users->exists(a,b/a.username=

b.username ) and (a.password b.username ) and (a.password =b.password))=b.password))


OCL CHECKEROCL CHECKER


ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE 2ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE 2

Provide a robust architecture which ensures Provide a robust architecture which ensures that best clinical practices are followed in a that best clinical practices are followed in a health care centre in the administration of health care centre in the administration of patient care.patient care.


SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE

USERS INTERFACE

View and Report ServiceSecurity and Authentication

Support Service

Smart Phone Cell Phone

Documentation Support Service

CARE SUPPORT SERVICES

Patient Medical Record Support Service

Laboratory Test Support ServiceDiagnostic Support ServicePharmacy and Billing Support

Service

Lab. Test DBLogon DB Medication DBPatient DB

Mid

dle

wa

re

Data Layer

Pre

sen

tatio

n L

aye

r

Data Access and Update Support Service

Web Server Apache ServerWAP Gateway SMS, MMS Server


SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURESOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE A 3-tiered C/S architecture consisting of client A 3-tiered C/S architecture consisting of client

interface, middle-tier, and database repositoryinterface, middle-tier, and database repository Components of the client =SASS, DSS, VRSComponents of the client =SASS, DSS, VRS Server-side processing carter for resources Server-side processing carter for resources

constraintsconstraints Middle-tier contains most of the application Middle-tier contains most of the application

logic and translate client request into database logic and translate client request into database queries =DAUSS, PMRSS, DSS, PBSS, LTSSqueries =DAUSS, PMRSS, DSS, PBSS, LTSS

The data layer is responsible for the storage, The data layer is responsible for the storage, retrieval, maintenance and integrity of dataretrieval, maintenance and integrity of data

Communication between the application server Communication between the application server and database is performed by the JDBC-ODBC and database is performed by the JDBC-ODBC bridgebridge


HARDWARE ARCHITECTUREHARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

Firewall

AP

SmartPhone

Database

Laptop

PDA

Terminal

E-Health ServerWeb server

E-Health Database Server

Firewall

A Medical Diagnostic Device


HARDWARE ARCHITECTUREHARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

Consist of complete range of robust Consist of complete range of robust high performance clients and servershigh performance clients and servers

Clients system include, PDAs, Cell Clients system include, PDAs, Cell Phones, other hand-held medical devicesPhones, other hand-held medical devices

The servers are used to maintain The servers are used to maintain connectivity to enterprise resourcesconnectivity to enterprise resources

Servers provide, real-time access to Servers provide, real-time access to point of care data basepoint of care data base

Firewalls are set to filter all network Firewalls are set to filter all network traffic moving in an out the e-Health traffic moving in an out the e-Health systemsystem


ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE 3ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE 3

Provide a support system that distributes Provide a support system that distributes patient medical information amongst medical patient medical information amongst medical practitioners in a healthcare environment practitioners in a healthcare environment across mobile devices. across mobile devices.


PATIENT’S SUPORTPATIENT’S SUPORT


WELCOME PAGEWELCOME PAGE


ADMINISTRATOR’S SUPPORTADMINISTRATOR’S SUPPORT


PHARMACIST’S SUPPORT PHARMACIST’S SUPPORT SERVICESERVICE


DOCTOR’S SUPPORT SERVICEDOCTOR’S SUPPORT SERVICE


MS ACCESS DATABASEMS ACCESS DATABASE


ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE 4:ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE 4:

Implement some of the functionalities in an Implement some of the functionalities in an e-Health system to empirically validate the e-Health system to empirically validate the usability of the operations support system in usability of the operations support system in the application domain. the application domain.


DISCUSSIONS/RESULTSDISCUSSIONS/RESULTS


USABILITY MEASUREMENTUSABILITY MEASUREMENT

ISO ( 9241) DefinitionISO ( 9241) Definition The “extent to which a product The “extent to which a product

can be used by specified users to can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context satisfaction in a specified context of use”of use”


USABILITY MEASUREMENTUSABILITY MEASUREMENT

Users – Medical PractitionersUsers – Medical Practitioners - Doctors- Doctors

- Nurses- Nurses- Lab Technologist- Lab Technologist- Pharmacist - Pharmacist

- IT Professional- IT Professional - Patient ( Students + Others )- Patient ( Students + Others )

- Goal – Improve Health Care Delivery- Goal – Improve Health Care Delivery - Context – Clinic (Health Care Setting)- Context – Clinic (Health Care Setting)


USABILITY ATTRIBUTESUSABILITY ATTRIBUTES

Effectiveness:Effectiveness:

-The accuracy and completeness with -The accuracy and completeness with which specified users can achieve which specified users can achieve specified goals in particular specified goals in particular environmentenvironment

Efficiency:Efficiency:

The resources expended in relation to The resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness of goals the accuracy and completeness of goals achievedachieved


USABILITY ATTRIBUTESUSABILITY ATTRIBUTES

Satisfaction:Satisfaction:

The “freedom of discomfort, and The “freedom of discomfort, and positive attitude to the use of the positive attitude to the use of the product” The comfort and product” The comfort and acceptability of the work system to acceptability of the work system to its users and other people affected its users and other people affected by its useby its use


Usability FrameworkUsability Framework

We used the following seven metrics to We used the following seven metrics to represent the usability dimensions of represent the usability dimensions of the application.the application.

Completion TimeCompletion TimeEasy to LearnEasy to LearnEffective SupportEffective SupportError Recovery Error Recovery ComfortableComfortableEasy to UseEasy to UseSatisfactionSatisfaction


USABILITY EVALUATIONUSABILITY EVALUATION

Data Collection Technique – Data Collection Technique – - Questionnaires were administered Questionnaires were administered

to users after interacting with the to users after interacting with the systemsystem

- 150 Responses were received and 150 Responses were received and analyzedanalyzed

- The response format used a five-The response format used a five-point, Likert-type scalepoint, Likert-type scale


DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSIS

Usability studies suggest that Usability studies suggest that system with “good usability” system with “good usability” typically have a mean rating of 4 typically have a mean rating of 4 on a 1-5 scale rating and 5.6 on a on a 1-5 scale rating and 5.6 on a 1-7 scale (Jeff Sauro et al, 2005)1-7 scale (Jeff Sauro et al, 2005)

The mean rating as follows: The mean rating as follows:


Values of Usability AttributesValues of Usability Attributes

Completion Time = 4.52Completion Time = 4.52 Easy to Learn = 4.53Easy to Learn = 4.53 Effective Support = 4.31Effective Support = 4.31 Error Recovery 4.55Error Recovery 4.55 Comfortable = 4.59Comfortable = 4.59 Easy to Use = 4.60Easy to Use = 4.60 Satisfaction = 4.39Satisfaction = 4.39


COMPARATIVE USABILITY COMPARATIVE USABILITY


Usability Test GraphUsability Test Graph

3.9

4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

CompletionTime

Easy to Learn EffectiveSupport

Error Recovery Comfortability Easy to Use Satisfaction

Medical Professional

IT Professsional

Patients


SUMMARYSUMMARY By this thesis we have been able to:By this thesis we have been able to: Practically demonstrate the feasibility Practically demonstrate the feasibility

of using mobile devices such as mobile of using mobile devices such as mobile phones and PDAs in enhancing the phones and PDAs in enhancing the effectiveness of health care effectiveness of health care professionals in the delivery of professionals in the delivery of services to patientsservices to patients

Identify the various support services Identify the various support services in an e-Health based systems which in an e-Health based systems which conform to the treatment process conform to the treatment process followed by medical professionals in followed by medical professionals in delivery health care delivery. delivery health care delivery.


SUMMARYSUMMARY

Further more, the support services Further more, the support services were adequately depicted in a were adequately depicted in a robust software and hardware robust software and hardware architecture for easy architecture for easy implementation.implementation.

Used Wireless Mark-up Language, Used Wireless Mark-up Language, Java server pages and other tools to Java server pages and other tools to provide the required functionalities provide the required functionalities for the system, while ensuring that for the system, while ensuring that the application is usable and the application is usable and deployable across various platforms.deployable across various platforms.


SUMMARYSUMMARY

Move from informal specifications to Move from informal specifications to formal specifications, thus ensuring formal specifications, thus ensuring that ambiguities and incorrectness in that ambiguities and incorrectness in specification were tactically handled to specification were tactically handled to guarantee a dependable system guarantee a dependable system adjudge as usable by the end users.adjudge as usable by the end users.

Provide a framework for measuring the Provide a framework for measuring the usability of mobile heath care usability of mobile heath care application by adapting the usability application by adapting the usability attributes specified by ITU, ISO and attributes specified by ITU, ISO and ANSI into a seven metrics ANSI into a seven metrics questionnaire based measurement.questionnaire based measurement.


SUMMARYSUMMARY

Finally though, mobile health care Finally though, mobile health care application are still at it very early application are still at it very early stage of implementation and stage of implementation and adoption in Nigeria, the work adoption in Nigeria, the work provide a good specification provide a good specification document that will aid software document that will aid software developers in realizing suitable developers in realizing suitable applications in this domain.applications in this domain.


CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

In this thesis, we were able to In this thesis, we were able to demonstrate the practicability of demonstrate the practicability of deploying usable operation deploying usable operation support services for care givers support services for care givers and other users in health care and other users in health care sector for the purpose of effective sector for the purpose of effective and productive health care and productive health care delivery in care centres.delivery in care centres.



The support services implemented The support services implemented were formally analyzed and designed were formally analyzed and designed to eliminate ambiguities and to eliminate ambiguities and incorrectness in the product. The incorrectness in the product. The application was measured with the application was measured with the usability dimensions suggested by ISO usability dimensions suggested by ISO / ANSI / ITU and extended to satisfy / ANSI / ITU and extended to satisfy to meet the context in a clinic setting to meet the context in a clinic setting and found to have a “good usability” by and found to have a “good usability” by the potential users of the final product.the potential users of the final product.



Finally, the adoption of the Finally, the adoption of the product of this research in care product of this research in care centres offers a good contribution centres offers a good contribution for countries to meet the for countries to meet the millennium development goals millennium development goals centred on health care by centred on health care by providing an effective IT-based providing an effective IT-based support for care givers.support for care givers.


PUBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONS[[1] Ikhu-Omoregbe N. A., Ehikioya S.A. and Ayo C. K., 1] Ikhu-Omoregbe N. A., Ehikioya S.A. and Ayo C. K.,

““Modelling, Design, and Deployment of Mobile Health Care Modelling, Design, and Deployment of Mobile Health Care Application” Application” International Journal of Computer Sciences and International Journal of Computer Sciences and its Application.its Application.

(To Appear).(To Appear).

[2[2] Ikhu-Omoregbe N. A., Ehikioya S.A. and Ayo C. K., “] Ikhu-Omoregbe N. A., Ehikioya S.A. and Ayo C. K., “A Formal A Formal Framework for Deployable Mobile HealthCare Applications”Framework for Deployable Mobile HealthCare Applications” , , MEDNET, 11th World MEDNET, 11th World Congress on Internet in Medicine, Congress on Internet in Medicine, Canada, October, 2006. Available at: {Canada, October, 2006. Available at: {www.mednetcongresss.com}}

[3] N.A Ikhu-Omoregbe, C. K. Ayo, S.A. Ehikioya, “A Deployable [3] N.A Ikhu-Omoregbe, C. K. Ayo, S.A. Ehikioya, “A Deployable Framework for Mobile Telemedicine Applications”, Framework for Mobile Telemedicine Applications”, Medical Medical and Care Compunetics 3, L. Bos et al (Eds.)and Care Compunetics 3, L. Bos et al (Eds.), IOS Press, The , IOS Press, The Netherlands, 2006, Netherlands, 2006,

pp. 36-41. Available at: pp. 36-41. Available at: www.booksonline.iospress.nl/Contents/SSSH2Book/Article.aspx ??

[4] Ikhu-Omoregbe, N.A, Atayero A.A., Ayo, C.K, Olugbara, O.O., [4] Ikhu-Omoregbe, N.A, Atayero A.A., Ayo, C.K, Olugbara, O.O., ““Design and Deployment of Hybrid Telemedicine Design and Deployment of Hybrid Telemedicine Applications”Applications”, SPIE conference proceedings, Internet Imaging , SPIE conference proceedings, Internet Imaging VI, San Jose, U.S.A., 2005, pp 191-196. Available at :VI, San Jose, U.S.A., 2005, pp 191-196. Available at :www.imaging.org/store/physpub.cfm?seriesid=24&pubid=700


PUBLICATION/AWARDPUBLICATION/AWARD

[5] Ikhu-Omoregbe N. A., Ehikioya S.A. and Ayo C. K., [5] Ikhu-Omoregbe N. A., Ehikioya S.A. and Ayo C. K., ““Implementing Operations Support Systems in E-Implementing Operations Support Systems in E-Health Based SystemsHealth Based Systems, Proceedings of The , Proceedings of The International Conference & Workshop on 3G GSM & International Conference & Workshop on 3G GSM & Mobile Computing: An Emerging Growth Engine for Mobile Computing: An Emerging Growth Engine for National Development, Covenant University, Nigeria, National Development, Covenant University, Nigeria, 29-31 January, 2007, pp. 191-19829-31 January, 2007, pp. 191-198

Microsoft Research Inspire Programme–PhD Microsoft Research Inspire Programme–PhD Proposal Award 2006 (One of six recipients in Proposal Award 2006 (One of six recipients in the world)the world)


APPRECIATIONAPPRECIATION

God – Gift of LifeGod – Gift of Life SupervisorsSupervisors ExaminersExaminers External ExaminerExternal Examiner University Management and All University Management and All

StaffStaff


THANK YOU FOR THANK YOU FOR LISTENINGLISTENING

&&

GOD BLESS YOUGOD BLESS YOU

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health care centre

mobile health care workers

secure health care delivery

care provider

mobile technology

ehealth based systems

mobile devices