development of a high-efficiency sampling pump for personal sampling of particulate matter

Development of a High-efficiency Sampling Pump for Personal Sampling of Particulate Matter

Peter M. Hall, Charles Krajewski,and Donald Smith

NUMBER 52005

ABOUT THE NUATRC

The Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center (NUATRC or the LelandCenter) was established in 1991 to develop and support research into potential humanhealth effects of exposure to air toxics in urban communities. Authorized under the CleanAir Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, the Center released its first Request for Applicationsin 1993. The aim of the Leland Center since its inception has been to build a researchprogram structured to investigate and assess the risks to public health that may beattributed to air toxics. Projects sponsored by the Leland Center are designed to providesound scientific data useful for researchers and for those charged with formulatingenvironmental regulations.

The Leland Center is a public-private partnership, in that it receives support fromgovernment sources and from the private sector. Thus, government funding is leveragedby funds contributed by organizations and businesses, enhancing the effectiveness of thefunding from both of these stakeholder groups. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) has provided the major portion of the Center’s government funding to date, and anumber of corporate sponsors, primarily in the chemical and petrochemical fields, havealso supported the program.

A nine-member Board of Directors oversees the management and activities of the LelandCenter. The Board also appoints the thirteen members of a Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP)who are drawn from the fields of government, academia and industry. These membersrepresent such scientific disciplines as epidemiology, biostatistics, toxicology and medicine.The SAP provides guidance in the formulation of the Center’s research program andconducts peer review of research results of the Center’s completed projects.

The Leland Center is named for the late United States Congressman George Thomas“Mickey” Leland from Texas who sponsored and supported legislation to reduce theproblems of pollution, hunger, and poor housing that unduly affect residents of low-incomeurban communities.

This project has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement R828678.The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention oftrade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Development of a High-efficiencySampling Pump for Personal

Sampling of Particulate Matter

Investigators: Peter M. Hall, Charles Krajewski,and Donald Smith

SKC, Inc.863 Valley View Road

Eighty Four, PA 15330, U.S.A

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NUATRC RESEARCH REPORT NO. 5

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PREFACE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PERSONAL IMPACTOR

SAMPLE PUMP

SPECIFIC AIMS

FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM

RUN TIME, BATTERY, AND CHARGER

AUTOMATION

ERGONOMICS

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN

PUMP STACK COMPONENT RELATIONSHIP

ASSEMBLY

PUMPING ACTION

KEY COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS

EXPERIMENTAL AND TEST METHODS

DESIGN THEORY

VALVE DESIGN

DIAPHRAGM/PISTON PLATE DESIGN

MOTOR/ECCENTRIC DESIGN

FLOW TUBE DESIGN

BATTERY PACK DESIGN

CONTROL BOARD AND ELECTRONIC DESIGN

FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

FLOW FAULT DESIGN

CALIBRATION SYSTEM DESIGN

SAMPLE AUTOMATION DESIGN

OPERATIONAL DESIGN

CASE DESIGN

QUALITY ASSURANCE

RESULTS

FLOW RANGE (STACK) TESTING AND RESULTS

RUN TIME (BATTERY AND POWER MANAGEMENT) TESTING AND RESULTS

NOISE REDUCTION TESTING AND RESULTS

COMPENSATION TESTING, RESULTS, AND ACCURACY

CONTROL BOARD TESTING

PUMP CASE RUGGEDNESS TESTING AND RESULTS

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS


TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

ABBREVIATIONS

APPENDICES

A. Leland Legacy® Operating Instructions

B. DataTrac® Software Operating Instructions

C. IP-10A Method Update

PREFACE

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 established acontrol program for sources of 188 “hazardous airpollutants, or air toxics,” which may pose a risk to publichealth. Also, with the passage of these Amendments,Congress established the Mickey Leland National Urban AirToxics Research Center (NUATRC) to develop and direct anenvironmental health research program that would promotea better understanding of the risks posed to human healthby the presence of these toxic chemicals in urban air.

Established as a public/private research organization, theCenter’s research program is developed with guidance anddirection from scientific experts from academia, industry,and government and seeks to fill gaps in scientific data.These research results are intended to assist policy makersin reaching sound environmental health decisions. TheNUATRC accomplishes its research mission by sponsoringresearch on human health effects of air toxics in universitiesand research institutions and by publishing the researchfindings in its “NUATRC Research Reports,” therebycontributing meaningful and relevant data to the peer-reviewed scientific literature.

It is known that exposures to ambient particulate matter(PM) have been associated with both acute and chronichuman health effects. Air toxics metals constitute animportant component of the fine PM (PM2.5 or particles 2.5mm in aerodynamic size) and are suspected to play a role inparticulate-associated human health effects. Severalstudies emphasized the need to better validate riskestimates from epidemiological studies with personalmonitoring studies. However, existing personal monitoringdevices have a number of limitations relative to thedetermination of the exact size of the PM, characterizationof chemical constituents, and convenience.

The NUATRC realized that it was necessary to develop anew personal monitoring system (sampler plus a pump),with innovative design criteria that would facilitate thedesign of future studies involving larger populations,including measurement of personal exposures of sensitivesub-populations (e.g., children, elderly, people withcardiopulmonary illnesses) to evaluate the associationbetween exposure to ambient PM, their toxic metalconstituents, and potential adverse health effects observedin epidemiological studies.

In 2000, the NUATRC developed and published Requestfor Proposals (RFP) 2000-01, “The Development of a High-Efficiency Air Pump for Particulate Matter (PM) PersonalSamplers.” The primary objective of this RFP was thedevelopment of a high-efficiency pump for personal PM

samplers that had improved air flow rates over traditionalpersonal air pumps, allowed simultaneous segregation anddetection of particles of different size fractions and theirconstituents with sufficient precision and operatedcontinuously for 24 hours without a change in battery. Thispump would be attached to a state-of-the-art, newgeneration personal PM sampler.

Mr. Peter Hall of SKC, Inc, was the recipient of a contractin response to this RFP. The goals of his study“Development of a High-efficiency Sampling Pump forPersonal Sampling of Particulate Matter,” was thedevelopment of a low-noise, long-running (24 hour), andhigh flow (15 L/min) sampling pump to collect personalsamples of PM using the personal cascade impactor samplerdeveloped by Dr. C. Sioutas of the University of SouthernCalifornia, also under a NUATRC contract. Dr. Sioutas’sresearch results are now published in NUATRC ResearchReport Number 2, 2004, “ Development of New GenerationPersonal Monitors for Fine Particulate Matter (PM) and itsMetal Content.” The current report describes the research todevelop the high-efficiency sampling pump now called theLeland Legacy® and its validation under laboratory settings.The report also describes the commercial production andtesting of the personal cascade impactor sampler now calledthe “Sioutas Impactor” developed by Dr. Sioutas.

When a NUATRC-funded study is completed, theInvestigators submit a draft final research report. Every draftfinal report resulting from NUATRC-funded researchundergoes an extensive evaluation procedure, whichassesses the strengths and limitations of the study,comments on clarity of the presentation, data quality,appropriateness of study design, data analysis, andinterpretation of the study findings. The objective of thereview process is to ensure that the investigator’s report iscomplete, accurate, and clear.

The evaluation first involves an external review of thereport by a team of three external reviewers, including abiostatistician. The reviewers’ comments are thenconsidered by members of the NUATRC Scientific AdvisoryPanel (SAP), and the comments of the external reviewersand the SAP are provided to the investigator. In itscommunication with the investigator, the SAP may suggestalternate interpretations for the results and also discuss newinsights that the study may offer to the scientific literature.The investigator has the opportunity to exchange commentswith the SAP and, if necessary, revise the draft report. Inaccordance with the NUATRC policy, the SAPrecommends, and the Board of Directors approves, thepublication of the revised final report. Because of thecommercial nature of the research and development of thispump, the report was reviewed only by the SAP. The

1NUATRC RESEARCH REPORT NO. 5

research presented in the NUATRC Research Reportsrepresents the work of its investigators and contractors.

The NUATRC appreciates hearing comments from itsreaders from industry, academic institutions, governmentagencies, and the public about the usefulness of theinformation contained in these reports, and about otherways that the NUATRC may effectively serve the needs ofthese groups. The NUATRC wishes to express its sincereappreciation to Mr. Peter Hall and his research team, theSAP, and external peer reviewers whose expertise,diligence, and patience have facilitated the successfulcompletion of this report.

ABSTRACT

To better assess health effects in epidemiological studies,meaningful exposure data for particulate matter (PM) in theindoor environment is needed. To meet this need, SKCproduced and tested a personal cascade impactor sampler(PCIS) and developed a low-noise, long-running (24 hr), andhigh flow (15 L/min) sampling pump to collect personalsamples of PM using the new personal impactor. This reportdescribes the research to develop the high-efficiency pump.

Components of the pump stack were carefully selected,studied, and tested to meet the requirements for flow range,accuracy, compensation, run time, and flow fault requiredby the Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics ResearchCenter (NUATRC). To markedly improve the amount of PMcollection, a 24-hr run time was specified. Other designfeatures included minimized size, weight, and backgroundnoise for personal sampling, enhanced accuracy of datacollection, and sampling automation. Results of testingindicated that the resulting pump design is highly suitablefor use with the new personal impactor, as well as for otherapplications that could be used to assess personal PMexposures.

INTRODUCTION

Several studies report that stationary monitors are poorestimators of personal exposure to PM. Differences inindividual activities taken together with the localizednature of certain particle types can result in largeinterpersonal sample variability. To better assess the effectof PM exposures on the health of individuals, it is necessaryto sample the indoor micro-environment. Personal indoormicro-environmental samples can better characterize themass, size, and chemical composition of individual PMexposure and further understanding of pollutant exposure

on health (Yip et al., 2003; Conner and Williams, 2003).Collection of meaningful sampling data in the indoor

micro-environment has been hampered by the lack ofavailable technology for PM size-selective personalsamplers and sampling pumps. In its development work,SKC (SKC, Inc., Eighty-four, PA) faced two challenges: (1) toproduce a personal cascade impactor that could collectsamples that provide complete information on the sizedistribution of PM pollutants; and (2) to design a low-noisesampler, small in size and weight, with a long-running, highflow pump to use with the new personal impactor forcollection of typical levels of PM that exist in the indoormicro-environment.

PERSONAL IMPACTOR

Size-selective personal sampling devices that measurePM have been limited to single-stage impactors such as thePersonal Environmental Monitor (PEM) with an impactorcut-point of either 2.5 or 10 microns (PEM Model 200, MSPCorporation, Minneapolis, MN). However, the PEM doesnot provide information on the complete size distribution ofPM pollutants. To address the need for completecharacterization of PM pollutants, a PCIS, now knowncommercially as the Sioutas Impactor, has been developed(Misra et al., 2002) and produced by SKC. This miniaturizedcascade impactor consists of four impaction stages,followed by an after-filter. Its Teflon® impaction substratespermit gravimetric analysis of PM mass or chemicalanalysis of PM constituents. Operating the PCIS requires asample pump that will run at 9.0 L/min and 13-in waterback pressure for 24 hrs.

SAMPLE PUMP

Sampling pump technology has been an obstacle topersonal sample collection of indoor PM. Typical indoorPM concentrations are relatively low. To collect enoughsample for analysis, sampling pumps must have high flowrates and long run times (Clayton et al., 1993; Morandi,Stock, and Contant, 1988; Spengler et al., 1985). However,if a pump is to be worn comfortably for an extended period,it must have a reasonable size and weight and must producea low noise level. The main objective of the SKC researchwas to develop a sampling pump that could be usedtogether with the Sioutas Impactor to meet these demands.SKC was able to balance the operational needs of theSioutas Impactor with sampling pump specifications andergonomic requirements set forth by NUATRC and todevelop a commercially available sampling pump, knownas the Leland Legacy®, for the effective collection of indoor

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PM. The specifications originally proposed for operationwith the personal impactor included a flow rate of 10 L/minat a 12-in water pressure drop for 24 hrs. Tests run on aproduction model Sioutas Impactor operating with theLeland Legacy® sample pump indicated that a flow rate of9.0 L/min at 13-in water pressure drop was required toachieve accurate cutpoints; the 24-hr run time remained thesame.

SPECIFIC AIMS

The main goal of this research was to develop a samplepump to use with the Sioutas Impactor for efficient personalsampling of PM in indoor environments. The proposedspecifications were:

FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM

• Flow range: 5.0 to 15 L/min

• Accuracy: ±3% of set point after calibration to desiredflow rate

• Compensation: 10 L/min at 12-in water back pressure

• Flow fault: If flow drops by more than 5%, the pump stops and makes 10 attempts to restart

RUN TIME, BATTERY, AND CHARGER

• Run time: 24 hrs at 10 L/min and 12-in water back pressure

• 7.2 volt (V), 10 ampere-hour (Ah) capacity lithium ion (Li-ion)

• Charger input: 100 to 240 V AC input voltage

• Recharge time: 15 hrs

• Continuous run from line voltage using the pump charger/adapter

AUTOMATION

• DataTrac® Software to provide a method for automating pump control and to maintain a sampling history for printing and recordkeeping

ERGONOMICS

• Noise level: 55 dB in noise-reducing pouch at 10 L/min, 12-in water back pressure, three ft (one m) distance

• Ruggedness: Impact- and water-resistant case• Minimized size and weight: 8 x 3.9 x 2.6 in (14.2 x 7.6

x 5.8 cm) and 37 oz (1 kg)

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN

PUMP STACK COMPONENT RELATIONSHIP

The Leland Legacy® pump stack is a dual piston pumpcomprised of many components (Figure 1). Because eachcomponent affects the function of other components, pumpdesign is a stepwise process that requires careful planningand optimization of one feature against the other to achievedesired performance. The following narrative is a briefdescription of how the Leland Legacy® pump stackcomponents relate.

ASSEMBLY

An eccentric is fixed to the motor shaft, and the motor isinstalled into the pump housing. The pump housingprovides airways between the two ends of the pump stackand provides seats for the two pump diaphragms.

A bearing and crank arm are forced onto the eccentric.The crank arm is attached to a yoke using a pivot pin. Apump diaphragm is placed on top of each yoke end. Pistonplates are placed on top of the diaphragms and secured withscrews. The purpose of this assembly is to convert therotational motion of the motor to the reciprocating motionof the diaphragms.

Valve plates containing an inlet and exhaust valve. Eachare installed into both ends of the housing on top of thediaphragms. A gasket and the inlet pulsation dampenerassembly are placed onto the inlet side valve plate. Asimilar design is used for the exhaust pulsation dampenerassembly and gasket on the exhaust side. The entireassembly is held together with two spring clips.

PUMPING ACTION

When voltage is applied to the pump motor, it causes theshaft and eccentric to rotate. Rotation of the eccentric causesthe crank arm to move up and down, changing rotarymotion into linear reciprocating motion.

The crank arm pushes and pulls the yoke tying the twodiaphragms/piston plates together. This configurationcauses one diaphragm/piston plate to draw air into thepump, while the other is pushing air out of the pump.

As one diaphragm/piston plate is pulled out of the pumpchamber, it begins to draw a vacuum. This causes the intakevalve to be drawn open, the exhaust valve to be drawntightly closed, and a volume of air to be drawn into thechamber. As a diaphragm/piston plate is pushed into thepump chamber, it begins to build pressure. This causes theintake valve to close tightly, the exhaust valve to open, and

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Peter M. Hall et al.


the air volume to be pushed out of the chamber. Thiscontinued motion is the mechanism for pumping the air.

Pulsation dampener assemblies, consisting of ahousing/manifold, an elastomer diaphragm, and adiaphragm retainer, smooth the airflow at the intake andexhaust ports of the pump. The dampener elastomerexpands to accept the force of the pulse of air delivered bythe pump diaphragms, and then contracts to continue theflow. In this way, the pulsation dampener works as a shockabsorber and keeps airflow steady. Without pulsationdampeners, two puffs of air would occur with each rotationof the motor.

The flow tube is the exhaust port of the pump stack andis located on the end of the exhaust pulsation dampener. Itis designed to build a specific pressure in the exhaustpulsation chamber at maximum pump flow. A pressuresensor, connected to another port in the exhaust pulsationdampener, detects this specified pressure. When a flow rateis set, the pressure sensor detects the exhaust pulsationchamber pressure. If the sensor detects a change in thispressure during operation of the pump, circuitry alters thevoltage delivered to the motor, so that the set pressure andflow rate are maintained.

This system is the subject of U.S. Patent No. 5,892,160.

KEY COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS

Flow Tube

The dimensions of the flow tube are 0.141 in (ID) by 0.75in length (L). The flow tube is machined in brass to facilitatethermal assembly into a mating plastic part. The tubedevelops 4.0 in of water pressure in the exhaust pulsationchamber when the pump is operating at 15 L/min. It alsofunctions as one of the four mounting points for the stack.The inside diameter and length of the flow tube werechosen through testing. The testing protocol includedrunning the pump at maximum flow without back pressureand measuring the pressure developed by the flow tube inthe exhaust pulsation chamber. Flow tubes of differentdiameters and lengths were introduced until the tube thatdeveloped the maximum pressure, within the pressuresensor’s 4.0-in range, was identified. The flow controlsystem relies upon the pressure sensor to detect a pressureinside the exhaust pulsation chamber for each flow. Theflow tube ensures that the exhaust pulsation chamberpressure remains within the operating range of the pressuresensor (0 to 4.0 in water).



Intake PulsationDampener Assembly

Intake PulsationDampener Housing

Pulsation DampenerDiaphragm

Pulsation DampenerDiaphragmDiaphragm Retainer

Diaphragm Retainer

Exhaust PulsationDampener Assembly

Exhaust PulsationDampener Assembly

ExhaustValve

Inlet Valve

Inlet Valve

ExhaustValve

Pivot Pin

Housing

Spring Clip

Yoke

Crank Arm

Crank ArmMotor

Motor

Eccentric

Eccentric

Valve Plate

Valve Plate

Flow Tube

Bearing

Bearing

Piston Plate

Piston Plate

Piston PlatePump Diaphragm

Pump Diaphragm

Pump Diaphragm

Valve Plate

Piston Plate

Pump Diaphragm

MountingGrommet

MountingGrommet

Figure 1. Leland Legacy® pump stack components

Side Section View End Section View


Eccentric*

The eccentric is molded in polycarbonate and designed tohave a press fit with a 2.0 mm motor shaft and a 1/4 in IDbearing. The motor shaft hole is located 0.0525 in off-centerto provide a total eccentricity of 0.105 in.

Pump Diaphragm

The diaphragm is molded in silicone and has an activearea of 1.711 in2. It was designed to allow free movementand to minimize power consumption.

Piston Plate*

The piston plate is molded in polyester and has an area of1.539 in2. The design was based on achieving maximumpump efficiency.

Motor*

The motor chosen for the Leland Legacy® stack is aMaxon A-max 22 #220121 (22 mm diameter x 31.9 mmlong), 5.0 watt, 12 V, maximum 593 mA continuous current,10,400 no-load RPM.

Battery Pack

The battery pack is comprised of ten 3.6-volt Li-ion 18650cells in series, each with a capacity of greater than or equalto 2.4 Ah. The battery pack cells and configuration werechosen because they provide adequate power for the unit tomaintain the specified flow rate (10 L/min) and backpressure (12 in water) for the specified run time (24 hrs).

EXPERIMENTAL AND TEST METHODS

Test Equipment

The following test equipment was used:

• Instek Laboratory Dual Tracking DC Power Supply Model PC-3030D (Tecpel Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan): Used to supply voltage to the pump motor, to measure current draw, and to power the pressure sensor test module used with an oscilloscope

*Eccentric size, piston plate area, and the motor were carefullychosen to create the balance that provides the required power draw(6 V, 400 mA [maximum]) for the target flow rate (10 L/min), backpressure (12 in water), and run time (24 hrs).

• Digital Storage Oscilloscope Model VC-6050 (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan): Used with a pressure sensor PCB to measure motor RPM and exhaust chamber pressure

• Sound Level Meter Model 2100 (Quest Technologies, Oconomowoc, WI): Used to measure noise levels. The sound level meter was placed approximately three feet (one meter) from the noise source during testing.

• Rotameter, VFB Series, 0 to 20 L/min (VFB-67) (Dwyer Instruments, Inc., Michigan City, IN): Used to measure the pump flow rate. This particular rotameter was selected because it introduced minimal back pressure into the testing system.

• Magnehelic® Pressure Gauge (Dwyer Instruments, Inc., Michigan City, IN): Used to measure back pressure

• Tubing Clamp: Used to develop back pressure for testing

DESIGN THEORY

The initial pump stack design was based on themathematical model below, which defined the internalphysical characteristics of the pump stack and gave atheoretical result. The theoretical result provided a solidstarting point for prototype development of the pump;however, it did not take into account losses caused by suchfactors as mechanical friction or valve closing time interval.Adjustments for losses were made during prototype testingand resulted in a pump that met the desired specifications.The following is the mathematical model upon which thepump stack design was based.

Flow = Piston Area x Stroke x RPM

Where:

Piston Area – Defined as the area of the piston plate. Thepiston plate and diaphragm in the Leland Legacy® stackwere designed to move freely while minimizing thediaphragm area open to the piston chamber andmaximizing the total piston area. This results in a moreefficient pump. Because of the elastomeric properties ofthe diaphragm, diaphragm flexing has minimal effect onthe volume of air pumped.

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Stroke – Defined as the linear distance that the yokemoves in one revolution of the eccentric. The LelandLegacy® eccentric offset is balanced with the piston areato reduce the increasing load on the motor.

RPM – The number of revolutions the motor shaft turnsin one minute. SKC selected a maximum flow RPM forthe Leland Legacy® pump that balances low powerconsumption and proper valve reaction.

Flow – The volume of air pumped per minute.

VALVE DESIGN

SKC testing indicated that valve design greatly impactedthe capability of the pump to meet desired specifications.Through evaluation of different designs (Table 1), SKCfound that the narrow rectangular silicone dual reed design(used in production models of the Leland Legacy® pump)performed better than all other designs for pump efficiencyand power consumption (shown in the last item in Table 1).

DIAPHRAGM/PISTON PLATE DESIGN

SKC tested several diaphragm/piston plate designs (Table2). The initial design was a convoluted diaphragm with amolded-in fabric reinforcement and a 1.3-in diameter pistonplate. Evaluation of the performance indicated that thisdesign required too much power for operation becauseadditional energy was needed to distort the convolution. Apan-shaped diaphragm with molded-in fabricreinforcement and a 1.4-in diameter piston plate was thentested. Power consumption was lower, but the noise levelwas too high because of noise during operation from thediaphragm popping as it was turned inside out. The samedesign without fabric reinforcement was tested. This wasfound to meet power consumption specifications, but wastoo noisy because of diaphragm popping (over-excursion).The final design combined the previous designs. Thediaphragm pan was made deeper to prevent over-excursion.A convolution was added to provide the diaphragm a placeto fold. This combination of features yielded the lowestpower consumption and greatly reduced perceived noise.This is indicated in the last entry in Table 2.

MOTOR/ECCENTRIC DESIGN

Table 3 presents data from tests of the motor/eccentric.This area of design was most difficult. It was necessary tobalance the available power with the load placed on themotor by the eccentric and piston. Moreover, it was

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ValveCharacteristics

Most desirableperformance overa 24-hour period

0.461 in dia. x 0.016 inthick silicone circular disk,retained by pin with 0.188in dia head, airway area0.024 sq in

0.350 in x 0.900 in x 0.015in thick rectangular siliconereed, retained by 0.0900 inlong bar across center ofreed, airway area 1.104sq in

0.350 in x 0.900 in x 0.001in thick rectangular poly-ester reed, retained by0.0900 in long bar acrosscenter of reed, airway area1.104 sq in

Leland Legacy ProductionModel Valve Design


Flow(L/min)

10

Back Pressure(inches water)

12

Voltage(V)

<6

Current(mA)

<400

10 12 4.44 823

10 12 6.5 588

10 12 6.8 583

10 12 4.8 350

Diaphragm/Piston Plate Characteristics


Convoluted fabric reinforceddiaphragm, 1.5 in cylinder dia.,1.3 in piston dia., 0.15 inconvolution height (Belloframclass C4 diaphragm part no.C4-150-CAJ)

Pan-shaped fabric reinforceddiaphragm, 1.5 in cylinder dia.,1.4 in piston dia., 0.087 in pandepth (molded in-house)

Leland Legacy ProductionModel Diaphragm/PistonPlate Design

Partial convoluted pan-shapeddiaphragm without fabric rein-forcement, 1.5 in cylinder dia.,1.4 in piston dia., 0.087 in pandepth (molded in-house)

Flow(L/min)

10


12

Voltage(V)

<6

Current(mA)

<400

10 10 3.4 755

10 10 6.0 566

10 10 4.5 320

Table 1. Valve design iterations with performance


ValveCharacteristics


0.461 in dia. x 0.016 inthick silicone circular disk,retained by pin with 0.188in dia head, airway area0.024 sq in


0.350 in x 0.900 in x 0.001in thick rectangular poly-ester reed, retained by0.0900 in long bar acrosscenter of reed, airway area1.104 sq in

Leland Legacy ProductionModel Valve Design


Flow(L/min)

10


12

Voltage(V)

<6

Current(mA)

<400

10 12 4.44 823

10 12 6.5 588

10 12 6.8 583

10 12 4.8 350

Diaphragm/Piston Plate Characteristics


Convoluted fabric reinforceddiaphragm, 1.5 in cylinder dia.,1.3 in piston dia., 0.15 inconvolution height (Belloframclass C4 diaphragm part no.C4-150-CAJ)

Pan-shaped fabric reinforceddiaphragm, 1.5 in cylinder dia.,1.4 in piston dia., 0.087 in pandepth (molded in-house)

Leland Legacy ProductionModel Diaphragm/PistonPlate Design

Partial convoluted pan-shapeddiaphragm without fabric rein-forcement, 1.5 in cylinder dia.,1.4 in piston dia., 0.087 in pandepth (molded in-house)

Flow(L/min)

10


12

Voltage(V)

<6

Current(mA)

<400

10 10 3.4 755

10 10 6.0 566

10 10 4.5 320


Table 2. Diaphragm/Piston plate design iterations and performance

Table 2. Diaphragm/piston plate design iterations and performance

necessary to balance the reaction time of the chosen valvewith motor RPM. To illustrate, at 4800 RPM a motor isrunning too fast for the valves to react. Table 3 provides asample of the tested combinations. The final entry is themotor and eccentric that SKC chose for the Leland Legacy®.

FLOW TUBE DESIGN

Flow tube design included the determination of theoptimal inside diameter and length of the tube needed todevelop 4-in water pressure in the exhaust pulsationchamber when the pump was operating at 15 L/min. Thedesign also included determination of the correct length forsupporting the stack in the case. Table 4 represents sometube dimensions that were tested. The final design used inproduction models of the Leland Legacy® appears in thelast entry.

BATTERY PACK DESIGN

Previous experience with nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd)batteries demonstrated their inherent limitations. For this

reason, SKC chose Li-ion technology. This technologyprovides the best power density currently available. Thecylindrical 18650 cell configuration was chosen because itis an industry standard (used in laptop computers). This isthe standard to which battery manufacturers are committedto develop to achieve higher power capacity. Applicationsfor the Leland Legacy® sample pump required a batterypack of 7.2 V with an Ah rating that would allow the pumpto run for 24 hrs at the target flow rate (10 L/min) and backpressure (12-in water). The data in Table 3 show that thepump draws 350 mA at 10 L/min and 12-in water backpressure, requiring a battery pack of 8.4 Ah capacity.Initially, the best 18650 battery cells available were 3.4 Vwith a 1.8 Ah capacity. Therefore, SKC chose a two series,five-parallel-battery combination that provided 7.2 V at 9.0Ah. The battery cells were arranged with a batterysupervisor board to manage power. SKC selected a batterycharger with an input range of 100 to 240 V to facilitateworldwide use. The charger also acts as an adapter toprovide for operation from line voltage.

Since the development of the Leland Legacy®, 2.4 Ahcapacity cells have become available. Production models ofthe Leland Legacy® pump contain these higher capacitycells. The availability of higher capacity cells has increasedbattery pack capacity to 12 Ah. Note that, over time,rechargeable cells of any type lose capacity and should bediscarded when they reach 80% of their initial capacity.The use of 2.4 Ah cells allows the Leland Legacy® toachieve the 24-hr run time, even with cells that are at theirnominal end of life.

CONTROL BOARD AND ELECTRONIC DESIGN

The electronic control board (ECB) chosen for use in theLeland Legacy® sample pump was a development ofcircuitry used in existing SKC products. The SKC-manufactured board controls all the electronic componentsof the pump (Figure 2). The board design was changed toaccommodate the increased battery voltage required for thehigh flow rate of the pump. Incorporation of intrinsic safetyrequirements into the pump design was also required.While intrinsic safety was not required for NUATRCapplications, it was considered an additional featurenecessary for increased versatility of the pump. For thisreason, the electronic circuitry was designed for low powerconsumption. The ECB features a flash-programmedmicroprocessor that can be reprogrammed with programupgrades at the factory rather than replaced.

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Motor/Eccentric Characteristics

Most desirableperformance

5 watt, 15 V Maxon A-max22 #110123/0.134 eccentric



Leland LegacyProduction ModelMotor/Eccentric Design


Flow(L/min)

10

10

10

10

10


12

12

12

12

12

Voltage(V)

<6

7.65

6.23

6.87

4.8

RPM

Approx.3000

2083

3191

3243

3076

Current(mA)

<400

512

520

364

350

Flow Tube Characteristics (Inches)


0.136 ID x 0.750 L

0.150 ID x 0.750 L

Leland Legacy ProductionModel Flow Tube Design

0.141 ID x 0.750 L

Flow(L/min)

15

15

15

15

Exhaust Chamber Pressure(inches water)

4

5+

3.56

4

Table 3. Motor/Eccentric Design Iterations and Performance

Table 4. Flow Tube Design Iterations and Performance

Table 4. Flow tube design iterations and performance

Motor/Eccentric Characteristics





Leland LegacyProduction ModelMotor/Eccentric Design


Flow(L/min)

10

10

10

10

10


12

12

12

12

12

Voltage(V)

<6

7.65

6.23

6.87

4.8

RPM

Approx.3000

2083

3191

3243

3076

Current(mA)

<400

512

520

364

350

Flow Tube Characteristics (Inches)


0.136 ID x 0.750 L

0.150 ID x 0.750 L

Leland Legacy ProductionModel Flow Tube Design

0.141 ID x 0.750 L

Flow(L/min)

15

15

15

15

Exhaust Chamber Pressure(inches water)

4

5+

3.56

4

Table 3. Motor/Eccentric Design Iterations and Performance

Table 4. Flow Tube Design Iterations and Performance

Table 3. Motor/eccentric design iterations and performance

FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

The Leland Legacy® incorporates the SKC-patentedisothermal closed-loop flow control system (U.S. Patent No.5,892,160). This system has been extensively market-testedand is used in other SKC pump products (Figure 3). Theprinciple of the system is that the flow tube, located on theend of the exhaust pulsation dampener, builds four in ofwater pressure in the exhaust pulsation chamber atmaximum pump flow. A pressure sensor, connected toanother port in the exhaust pulsation dampener, detects thispressure and sends an output signal to the microprocessorcontained in the control electronics. The microprocessorcontinuously monitors the output of the pressure sensorand compares that information to the required flowreference set by the user. The microprocessor calculates thepercentage of deviation from the reference, and circuitryalters the voltage delivered to the motor so that the set

pressure and flow rate are maintained within plus or minusthree percent. The control electronics also includetemperature and atmospheric pressure sensors to monitorambient conditions and send information to themicroprocessor. This information causes the pump tocompensate for changes in these parameters from those thatwere present at calibration.

FLOW FAULT DESIGN

During pump operation, the flow control systemdescribed above reacts when flow deviates more than fivepercent for longer than the preset fault time. The pumpliquid crystal display (LCD) will indicate a flow fault, andthe pump will shut down. The microprocessor isprogrammed to attempt to re-start the pump after aprogrammed time delay and to determine whether the flowdeviation is still present. If the flow is corrected, the pumpwill continue. If the flow is not corrected, the pump willfault and shut down again. This sequence can beprogrammed to repeat up to 10 times. Time-to-fault andfault delay may be programmed by the user with optionalDataTrac® Software.

CALIBRATION SYSTEM DESIGN

The Leland Legacy® calibration system is based on amarket-tested feature that exists in other SKC pumpproducts. Known commercially as the “CalChek calibrationsystem” (U.S. Patent Numbers. 6,227,031 and 6,363,769), itallows the Leland Legacy® Sample Pump to communicatedirectly with a DryCal® DC-Lite electronic calibrator (BiosInternational, Pompton Plains, NJ) for calibration to aprimary standard. The user connects the communicationports of the pump and the calibrator with a CalChekCommunicator adapter and the pump inlet to the calibratoroutlet with tubing. When the pump is placed in CalChekmode and the calibrator is powered, the pump andcalibrator communicate to provide a flow rate average.CalChek provides the user with the ability to perform asingle-point calibration when setting and verifying flowbefore and after sampling and multiple-point calibration,which is a maintenance mode that calibrates flow across theoperational range of pump flow settings (Appendix A,Leland Legacy® Operating Instructions). The LelandLegacy® pump flow rate may also be calibrated at a singlepoint with any primary standard flowmeter that has theappropriate flow range.

8



Figure 2. Leland Legacy® system block diagram

Figure 3. Leland Legacy® system block diagram

SAMPLE AUTOMATION DESIGN

SKC adapted its market-tested DataTrac® Softwareprogram to meet the higher flow range of the LelandLegacy®. Optional DataTrac® Software is installed onto apersonal computer, and the sample pump is connected tothe serial port on the computer using the supplied interfacebox and serial cable. Using DataTrac®, the Leland Legacy®

can be programmed for up to 50 sampling sequences withdifferent start and stop dates, times, and flow rates (Figure4). The pump can be programmed either in the office or on-site and sent to the sampling location, where it willautomatically cycle through the programmed sequences. AsLeland Legacy® operates, such data as start date and time,stop date and time, total sample time, flow rate, samplevolume, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and pumpmode transitions are stored in a 256 K non-volatile memory.The data, known as “history,” can be downloaded to apersonal computer using DataTrac® Software. Oncedownloaded, DataTrac® Software is used to document data,export data into spreadsheet programs, print data, or loaddata into a worker exposure profile for complete recordkeeping (see Appendix B, DataTrac® for Leland Legacy®

Operating Instructions).

OPERATIONAL DESIGN

The Leland Legacy® sample pump is designed to provideoperational choices. The pump can be operated directly andprogrammed for sampling time and delayed start by usingthe integral three-button keypad (Figure 5). Real-time datasuch as pump serial number, flow rate, volume,

temperature, atmospheric pressure, time of day, run time,pump status (that is, hold and run), and setup informationcan be viewed on the large LCD. A security code (buttonsequence is the same for all pumps) is required to changesampling parameters. The use of a security code preventsaccidental changes to these important settings. Users thatare comfortable with personal computers can operate andfully program the pump using a personal computer andoptional DataTrac® Software. Real-time data can be viewedon the pump LCD or in DataTrac® Software. For ultimatetamper resistance, a lockout option is available throughDataTrac® Software. The lockout option disables the three-button keypad on the pump and allows changes to be madeonly through a personal computer (see Appendix A, LelandLegacy® Operating Instructions).

CASE DESIGN

Material and Impact Resistance

The Leland Legacy® pump case is molded inacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer with alayer of Santoprene TM thermoplastic rubber molded overit (over-molding) (Figure 5). The ABS case material wasselected because it has an Izod impact resistance of 6.5 ft/lbper in-notch (impact rating based on ASTMD 256 or ISO 18)and a good chemical adhesion to the Santoprene over-molding. Santoprene has a hardness of 55 durometer ShoreA. Shore A is a common scale used for measuringthermoplastic elastomer resistance to indentation.Santoprene was selected for its shock absorption qualitiesand its chemical adhesion to ABS. The chemical adhesioneliminated the need for mechanical interlocks andadditional mold tool costs. ABS and Santoprene alsocontain an anti-static additive to guard against static charge

9



Figure 4. DataTrac® for Leland Legacy® software – pump scheduler

Figure 5. Leland Legacy® sample pump physical features

buildup on the plastic pump case. The combination of ABSand Santoprene provides a rugged, impact-resistant shell tohouse the pump and control components. The resilientpump mounts used to reduce noise from the pump stackalso protect the stack from impact damage.

Water Resistance

The Leland Legacy® pump case is designed with a tight-fitting lap joint that prevents water from entering the case ifit is subjected to splashing water or to rain. However, thecase is not submersion proof. Because the pump mustexhaust air, it would be difficult to house it in a completelyair- and water-tight case. The pump exhaust ports arelocated in the battery screw bosses that provide protectionfrom splashes. To avoid cracks that may allow liquid toenter the pump mechanism, the LCD window of the pumpis sonically welded into place.

Dust Resistance

A replaceable Remay® 2440 filter is placed just inside thepump inlet to prevent particles from entering the pumpstack.

Dimensions and Weight

The Leland Legacy® pump case is 8 x 3.9 x 2.6 in (14.2 x7.6 x 5.8 cm). The pump weighs 37 oz (1 kg). The pumpdimensions and weight were kept to a minimum to meetNUATRC specifications.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality assurance measures included the following:

• Quality assurance inspections on all incoming parts • In-house design testing during component selection

and prototype development • Field-testing of prototype pumps.

RESULTS

Following completion of the design phase, SKCperformed in-house testing for the following:

• Flow range • Run time • Noise reduction • Compensation • Operation • Case ruggedness

Whenever possible, SKC used production models. Thefollowing sections, tables, and figures illustrate test results.Production models of the Leland Legacy® Sample Pumpwere also field-tested.

The result of SKC’s research is a sample pump with a flowrange of 5.0 to 15 L/min and a flow accuracy of plus orminus 3.0 percent of the set point after calibration. Asrequired by NUATRC, the flow compensation systemprovides constant flow control when used with the SioutasImpactor at 9.0 L/min at a pressure drop of 13 in water backpressure for a run time of 24 hrs. A flow fault feature shutsoff the pump if flow drops by more than five percent, whilesampling data is retained in pump memory.

FLOW RANGE (STACK) TESTING AND RESULTS

Once a pump stack was designed that met the target flow(10 L/min), back pressure (12 in water), and run time (24hrs), SKC performed flow rate, back pressure, and powerconsumption tests to verify stack performance throughoutthe entire flow range (5.0 to 15 L/min) and back pressurerange (5.0 to 20 in water). The calculation of run times wasbased on motor power draw on a 2.0 Ah battery pack.Production models of Leland Legacy® contain an upgraded2.4 Ah battery pack. The run time data does not reflect thepower draw of pump circuitry, which is minimal incomparison to that required by the pump stack. Table 5,Figure 6, and Figure 7 illustrate a sample test.

10



Flow Rate(L/min)

5

5

5

5

10

10

10

10

10

15

15

BackPressure

(inches water)

5

10

15

20

5

10

12

15

20

5

10

Voltage(V)

2.2

2.9

3.6

4.2

3.6

4.5

4.8

5.4

6.2

5.4

6.5

Milliamperes(mA)

170

270

350

420

220

320

350

390

470

310

400

Wattage(W)

0.374

0.783

1.26

1.764

0.792

1.44

1.68

2.106

2.914

1.674

2.6

CalculatedRun Time(Hrs:Min)

58:82

37:04

28:57

23:81

45:45

31:25

28:57

25:64

21:28

32:26

25:00

Table 5. Example full range test of Leland Legacy Pump Stack (Production mod

Table 5. Example full range test of Leland Legacy® pump stack (productionmodel)

RUN TIME (BATTERY AND POWER MANAGEMENT) TESTING

AND RESULTS

Run time testing was performed on completed pumpassemblies to verify that they performed as expected. Thepumps were tested at 9.0 L/min with Sioutas Impactorsloaded with 37-mm 2.0-micron PTFE or Teflon filtersinline. Back pressure was measured using a pressure gaugeconnected between the impactor and the pump. Oncepressure was measured and recorded, the gauge wasremoved and pumps were run until they shut down (lowbattery fault). Run time in Table 6 reflects the value from therun time counter in the pump. Table 6 illustrates data takenfrom two pumps and impactors across three tests.

NOISE REDUCTION TESTING AND RESULTS

The pump stack was tested for noise output. Noise in apump stack is produced by the parts of the pump movingand the air being forced through the airways. SKC testsindicated that the motor RPM also played a role in stacknoise (that is, the faster the motor turns, the louder the noiseoutput). To keep power consumption to a minimum, SKC

had to use a motor with a relatively high RPM. The solutionin this case was to research other methods of dampening orcontaining stack noise.

Designing the pump diaphragms to prevent their over-excursion during operation reduced perceived noise.However, inherent noise from valves and mechanicallinkages could not be reduced. Tests indicated thatpulsation dampener diaphragms amplify noise made by therest of the stack. SKC removed the diaphragms and closedthe chamber with a solid panel. Although this decreasednoise, the exhaust chamber pressure waves were notsuitable for the flow control system. Several other designmodifications were examined. Included were baffles in thepressure chamber, different types of porous covers, and asolid cover with a tubular vent port. SKC discovered that thesolid cover with the correct size vent port (0.128 in ID x0.350 in L) provided the best compromise between pulsationdampening and effective noise reduction (Table 7).

The next noise reduction task was to contain and dampenthe noise within the pump case. The first step involvedmounting the pump stack inside the case with resilientmounts that would transfer less vibration to the case. The

11



Test Number

1

2

3

Pump Serial No.

20659

20683

20659

20683

20659

20683

Pressure Drop(inches water)

12.0

13.0

13.0

13.5

13.7

13.0

Run Time(Hrs:Min)

29:42

29:51

26:36

28:06

25:30

27:14

Table 6. Production Model Leland Legacy Run Time Data(Tested with Sioutas Impactors loaded with 37-mm, 2-micronPTFE or Teflon filters at a sampling rate of 9.0 L/min)

Table 6. Production Model Leland Legacy® run time data (tested withSioutas impactors loaded with 37-mm, 2-micron PTFE or Teflon® filters ata sampling rate of 9.0 L/min)

Pulsation Dampener Design forNoise Reduction

Most desirable performance

No covering over diaphragms

Solid cover, no diaphragms

10-20 micron porous plastic cover overdiaphragms

Leland Legacy Production ModelPulsation Dampener Design

Solid cover with 0.128 in ID x 0.350 inL port over diaphragms

Flow(L/min)

10

10

10

10

10


12

12

12

12

12

Sound Level(dB)

Approx. 55

77.6

66.8

74.6

70.2

Table 7. Pulsation Dampener Design Iterations and Noise Performance (pr

CaseDesign


Plastic case with thermoplastic rubberover-molding and resilient pump mounts

Flow(L/min)

10

10


12

12

Sound Level(dB)

Approx. 55

64.1

Table 7. Pulsation dampener design iterations and noise performance(production parts)

Watts

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

15” BP

20” BP

10” BP

5” BP

0

5

10

15

20

5.5

LPM

Figure 6. Leland Legacy® pump stack test (L/min versus watts)

mA

100 200 300 400 500

15” BP

20” BP

10” BP

5” BP

0

5

10

15

20

600

LPM

Figure 7. Leland Legacy® pump stack test (L/min versus milliamperes)

pump stack was exhausted into the cavity around thebattery pack, and large vents were provided in the batterypack screw bosses to allow the air to vent quietly. Toprevent it from resonating, an elastomer over-molding wasadded to the case exterior. SKC designed a protective nyloncarrying pouch that incorporates a barium mass-loadedvinyl sound barrier that lowered noise to the desiredspecification of approximately 55 dB. Table 8 representssome of the case design iterations for noise reduction.

COMPENSATION TESTING, RESULTS, AND ACCURACY

Once design work for all the components was completedand each was fully tested, units were assembled forcompensation testing. The pump was attached to aflowmeter, and a pressure gauge was connected to measureback pressure. Back pressure was generated using a tubingclamp to constrict the tubing between the flowmeter and thepressure gauge. Table 9 and Figure 8 illustrate an exampleof a compensation test performed on a production modelLeland Legacy® Sample Pump. Data shown are actualpump flow readings at each back pressure.

Using test data from these units and allowing fortolerances, the Leland Legacy® compensation range andaccuracy were set and published as follows:

Compensation 15 L/min at 5 in water back pressureRange: 10 L/min at 12 in water back pressure

5 L/min at 20 in water back pressure

Accuracy: ±3% of set point after calibration to desired flow

CONTROL BOARD TESTING

The microprocessor-based control board was designedusing circuitry similar to circuitry used in existingproducts. This design incorporated a larger LCD for easierviewing. The pump motor drive circuitry was designed tomatch the power requirements determined through testing.The control board, intrinsic to the operation of the LelandLegacy®, was tested in house during the operational testingof prototype and production model pumps. During testingof flow range, run time, and compensation, it wasconfirmed that the control board design properly regulatedthe circuitry functions. Control boards were visuallyinspected to verify that the design could be mass-produced.Fully assembled pumps were also field-tested.

PUMP CASE RUGGEDNESS TESTING AND RESULTS

SKC tested the ruggedness of the Leland Legacy® pumpby dropping three cased pumps several times so that theylanded on each face and on the edge of the pump case. Each

12



Pulsation Dampener Design forNoise Reduction


No covering over diaphragms

Solid cover, no diaphragms

10-20 micron porous plastic cover overdiaphragms

Leland Legacy Production ModelPulsation Dampener Design

Solid cover with 0.128 in ID x 0.350 inL port over diaphragms

Flow(L/min)

10

10

10

10

10


12

12

12

12

12

Sound Level(dB)

Approx. 55

77.6

66.8

74.6

70.2

le 7. Pulsation Dampener Design Iterations and Noise Performance (production parts)

CaseDesign


Plastic case with thermoplastic rubberover-molding and resilient pump mounts

Plastic case with thermoplastic rubberover-molding and resilient pump mountsenclosed in nylon pouch

Plastic case with thermoplastic rubberover-molding and resilient pump mountsenclosed in nylon/1/2-lb mass loadedvinyl pouch

Leland Legacy Production ModelCase Design

Plastic case with thermoplastic rubberover-molding and resilient pump mountsenclosed in nylon/ 1-lb mass loadedvinyl pouch

Flow(L/min)

10

10

10

10

10


12

12

12

12

12

Sound Level(dB)

Approx. 55

64.1

62.3

59.2

55.7

le 8. Leland Legacy pump case design iterations and noise reduction performance (production parts)

FlowSetting5 L/min

Actual FlowReading

5.00

5.05

5.14

5.16

5.11

4.94

4.67

BackPressure(in water)

1.50

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

24.00

25.50

le 9. Production Model Leland Legacy Pump compensation testing

FlowSetting

10 L/min

Actual FlowReading

10.00

10.05

10.03

10.00

9.96

9.81

9.04


3.00

6.00

9.00

12.00

15.00

18.00

21.00

FlowSetting

15 L/min

Actual FlowReading

15.00

14.90

14.90

14.75

13.90

-

-


2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

-

-

Table 8. Leland Legacy® pump case design iterations and noise reductionperformance (production parts)

Case Design

Plastic case with thermoplastic rubberover-molding and resilient pump mountsenclosed in nylon/ 1-lb mass loadedvinyl pouch

10 12 55.7

Table 8. Leland Legacy pump case design iterations and noise reduction per

FlowSetting5 L/min

Actual FlowReading

5.00

5.05

5.14

5.16

5.11

4.94

4.67


1.50

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

24.00

25.50

Table 9. Production Model Leland Legacy Pump compensation testing

FlowSetting

10 L/min

Actual FlowReading

10.00

10.05

10.03

10.00

9.96

9.81

9.04


3.00

6.00

9.00

12.00

15.00

18.00

21.00

FlowSetting

15 L/min

Actual FlowReading

15.00

14.90

14.90

14.75

13.90

-

-


2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

-

-

Table 9. Production Model Leland Legacy® Pump compensation testing

Back Pressure

0.00 10.00

15 LPM

10 LPM

5 LPM

20.000.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

30.00

Flo

w

Figure 8. Leland Legacy® pump compensation

pump was dropped from a distance of three ft (1 m) ontoconcrete. No major failures in pump operation occurred.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

A growing need exists for sampling equipment that canaccurately measure exposures to particulate matter inindoor micro-environments. This equipment must besuitable for sampling the personal exposure of individualsmost at risk for health effects from PM exposures such aschildren and the elderly. SKC has developed suchequipment in the form of a high-efficiency sample pump tobe paired to a miniaturized cascade impactor with fourimpaction stages and an after-filter.

Using established analytical techniques, the pump(marketed as the Leland Legacy®, Cat. No. 100-3000NUL,SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA) in combination with theminiaturized impactor (known as the Sioutas Impactor, Cat.No. 225-370, SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA) fitted with Teflonsubstrates, can be used to collect meaningful data on themass and chemical composition of PM in indoor micro-environments.

The commercially available Leland Legacy® samplepump meets all the specifications originally proposed anddescribed in this study. The original proposedspecifications for operation with the personal impactorincluded a flow rate of 10 L/min at a 12 in water pressuredrop for 24 hrs. Results of tests run on a production-modelSioutas Impactor operated with the Leland Legacy® samplepump revealed that a flow rate of 9.0 L/min at 13 in waterpressure drop was required to achieve accurate cut-points;the 24-hr run time remained the same. The Leland Legacy®

pump offers the unique benefit of high flow rates with 24-hr run times in a relatively small, battery-operated unit.Other sampling pumps with similar flow rates and runtimes are larger, heavier, noisier, and require either linevoltage or extra battery packs for 24-hr use. In addition, theautomation available for the Leland Legacy® throughDataTrac® Software provides users with scheduling andrecordkeeping options not available in other pumps.

Application of the Leland Legacy® sample pump is notlimited to the Sioutas Impactor. The Leland Legacy® can bepartnered with any sampling device that requires flowsfrom 5.0 to 15 L/min, provided the back pressure of thedevice is within the operating specifications of the pump.For example, Leland Legacy® can be used with the PEM at10 L/min to collect PM10 or PM2.5. For more information,see Appendix C for an SKC update to EPA CompendiumMethod IP-10A, Determination of Fine Particulate Matter inIndoor Air Using Size-specific Impaction and the Leland

Legacy® Pump.The Leland Legacy® sample pump cannot provide high

flow rates and long run times with sampling devices thatcreate high back pressures such as the 25 mm, 0.8 micron,mixed-cellulose ester (MCE) filters used for asbestossampling. For example, at 10 L/min the pump can handle amaximum pressure drop of 12 in water. The 25-mmasbestos filter, however, has a typical back pressure of 65 inwater at 10 L/min. This limits the use of the pump forroutine sampling of air contaminants in the workplace.Workplace sampling is further limited by the fact thatintrinsic safety approvals required in many industries aredifficult to obtain for lithium-ion battery packs. At the timeof this publication, intrinsic safety approvals are stillpending on the Leland Legacy®.

IMPLICATION OF FINDINGS

The Leland Legacy® sample pump and the SioutasPersonal Cascade Impactor have now been developed andcommercially produced. The next logical step is evaluationand testing of these devices together under field conditions.A field evaluation of the Sioutas Impactor (formerly knownas PCIS) was presented at a technical conference in 2003(Singh, Misra, and Sioutas, 2003). Unfortunately, the LelandLegacy® sample pump was not available at the time of thisevaluation.

Interest in comprehensive chemical characterizations ofenvironmental filter samples, including trace element andelemental/organic carbon, is growing. Characterization ofsuch samples will help to identify major contributors to PMand sources of exposure. Future research of this nature canbe done using the Leland Legacy® sample pump and theSioutas Impactor. The resulting data will assistenvironmental professionals in assessing the role of PM inasthma and other diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Mickey Leland NationalUrban Air Toxics Center through a contract awarded inSeptember 2000 to SKC Inc. The authors wish to thank SKCpersonnel who participated in the field-testing of the LelandLegacy® sample pump and Debbie Dietrich and KarinGalligan who prepared this manuscript.

13



REFERENCES

Clayton D, Perritt R, Pellizzari E, Thomas K, Whitmore R,Wallace L, Ozkaynak H, Spengler J, 1993. Particle TotalExposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) Study:Distributions of Aerosol and Elemental Concentration inPersonal, Indoor, and Outdoor Samples in a SouthernCalifornia Community. Journal of Exposure Analysis andEnvironmental Epidemiology, 3 (2): 227-250.

Connor T, Williams R, 2003. Individual Particle Analysis ofPersonal Samples from the 1998 Baltimore ParticulateMatter Study. In: Proceedings of the American Associationfor Aerosol Research Particulate Matter Meeting. March 31-April 4, 2003. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Misra C, Singh M, Shen S, Sioutas C, Hall P, 2002.Development and Evaluation of a Personal CascadeImpactor Sampler (PCIS). Journal of Aerosol Science,33:1027-1047.

Morandi M, Stock T, Contant C, 1988. A Comparative Studyof Respirable Particulate MicroenvironmentalConcentrations and Personal Exposures. EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment, 10 (2): 105-122.

Singh M, Misra C, Sioutas C, 2003. Field Evaluation of aPersonal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS). In: Proceedingof the American Association for Aerosol ResearchParticulate Matter Meeting. March 31-April 4, 2003.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Spengler J, Treitman R, Tosteson T, Mage D, Soczek M,1985. Personal Exposures to Respirable Particulates andImplications for Air-pollution Epidemiology.Environmental Science and Technology, 19: 700-707.

Yip F, Keeler G, Dvonch J, Robins T, Parker E, Brakefield-Caldwell W, 2003. Personal Exposures to Particulate Matterand Its Components among Children with Asthma. In:Proceedings of the American Association for AerosolResearch Particulate Matter Meeting. March 31-April 4,2003. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

ABBREVIATIONS

ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneAC alternating currentAh ampere-hourdB decibelDC direct currentECB electronic control boardID inner diameterL lengthLCD liquid crystal displayLi-ion lithium-ionL/min liter(s) per minuteMa milliampereMCE mixed cellulose esterNi-Cd nickel-cadmiumNUATRC Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics

Research CenterPCIS personal cascade impactor samplerPEM personal environmental monitorPM particulate matterRPM revolutions per minuteV volt

14



15



APPENDIX A

Leland Legacy® Operating Instructions

16



Appendix A. Leland Legacy® operating instructions

Leland Legacy®

Operating Instructions

SKC, Inc.863 Valley View RoadEighty Four, PA 15330

17



Leland Legacy Quick GuideTerms »Star button• Scrolls through run time data and Setup optionsUp and down arrow buttons • Toggle between display choices and increase or decrease sampling parameters in SetupButton sequence

= press buttons individually[ ] = press simultaneously

= security code, always press in sequenceSecurity code • Prevents unauthorized changes to the pump’s sampling program.

Programming Sequences »• To activate pump (e.g., to change pump from Sleep to Hold):

Press any button.• To change pump from Hold to Run or Run to Hold:

Press [ ].• To reset accumulated data:

Press [ ] then . Press until CLr displays then press [ ]; press until End displays then press[ ].

• To set pump flow rate:Press [ ], then . Flow rate and SET flash. Press or to change flow rate. Press until Endappears then press [ ] to save setting and place pump in Hold.

• To calibrate flow rate with standard calibrator:Press [ ], then . Flow rate and SET flash. Press or to change flow rate. Press once. ADJdisplays. Press or until desired flow rate is indicated on calibrator. When finished, press until Enddisplays, then press [ ] to save new setting and place pump in Hold. For CalChek Calibration, see operatinginstructions.

• To change temperature scale from F to C or C to F:Press [ ] then . Press until temperature displays. Press or to switch units; press until Enddisplays then press [ ] to save new setting.

• To change atmospheric pressure scale (mm, mb, In):Press [ ] then . Press until pressure displays then press or to switch units; press until Enddisplays then press [ ] to save new setting.

• To change time scale (12 Hr/24 Hr/Dela):Press [ ] then . Press until 12 Hr, 24 Hr, or Dela displays then press or to switch units; press

until End displays then press [ ] to save new setting. To set delayed start (Dela), see operating instructions.• To change clock:

Press [ ] then . Press until clock displays then press or to change flashing hour; press tomove to minutes and or to change setting. Press until End displays then press [ ] to save newsetting.

• To change the sampling time function:Press [ ] then . Press until ST L/min displays then press to change flashing digit; press untilEnd displays then press [ ] to save new setting. To delete, follow above steps and press until 0 appears.Exit Setup.

Note: When in Setup, choosing Esc instead of End will exit Setup without saving new settings.

SKC Inc., 863 Valley View Road, Eighty Four, PA 15330 • www.skcinc.com

Appendix A. (continued)

18



Table of ContentsDescription ............................................................................................... 1Performance Profile ................................................................................. 2Pump Setup ............................................................................................. 4

Keypad Basics ............................................................................................................. 4Turning the Pump On/Off ............................................................................................ 4Entering and Navigating Setup ................................................................................... 4Setup Options .............................................................................................................. 4Resetting Run Time Data ............................................................................................ 6Setting a Sampling Time ............................................................................................. 6Setting a DataTrac Program ....................................................................................... 6Setting a Delayed Start ............................................................................................... 7

Calibration ................................................................................................ 8Resetting Run Time Data ............................................................................................ 8Setting Pump Flow Rate ............................................................................................. 8Verifying Flow Rate Using a Primary Standard Calibrator ......................................... 8Verifying Flow Rate Using CalChek Automatic Calibration Feature .......................... 9

Sampling ................................................................................................ 15Scrolling Through Data ............................................................................................. 15Resetting Run Time Data .......................................................................................... 15Deleting a DataTrac Program or Delayed Start ........................................................ 16Deleting a Sampling Time ......................................................................................... 16Flow Fault .................................................................................................................. 16

Battery Operation ................................................................................... 17Battery Status ............................................................................................................ 17Low Battery Fault ...................................................................................................... 17Charging the Battery................................................................................................17Removing and Replacing the Battery Pack .............................................................. 18

Programming the Pump Using a PC ..................................................... 19Optional Accessories ............................................................................. 20Service Policy ........................................................................................ 21Warranty ................................................................................................ 22

Indicates a reminder or note.

Indicates a warning or caution.

Notice: This operating instruction may not address all safety concerns (if any) associatedwith this product and its use. The user is responsible for determining and following theappropriate safety and health practices and regulatory limitations (if any) before using theproduct. The information contained in this document should not be construed as legaladvice, opinion, or as a final authority on legal or regulatory procedures.


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1

Inlet Portwith protective filter

Soft RubberOver-moldingprotects againstdamage

LiquidCrystalDisplay(LCD)

Keypadwith largeoperatingbuttons

Flashing LEDRun Indicator

Li-IonBatteryPackfor 24-hourrun times(included)

BatteryStatusIcon

Not shown:Beltclip (back)

Battery ChargingJack (top)

Computer InterfacePort (top)

The Leland Legacy dual diaphragm sample pump is designed specifically toprovide constant airflows from 5 to 15 L/min with minimum power require-ments and low noise. Diaphragm and valve design minimizes power require-ments and reduces noise. Incoming and outgoing airflow is pulsation damp-ened. The lightweight Leland Legacy is housed in a thermoplastic material forstrength and features an over-molding of soft rubber that protects against dam-age and reduces noise. Powered by a rechargeable battery pack containing 10Li-Ion cells, the Leland Legacy provides 24-hour run times for 10 L/min at 12inches water back pressure. The pump’s patented internal flow sensor mea-sures flow directly and acts as a secondary standard, constantly maintainingthe set flow rate. Built-in sensors automatically correct flow for variations intemperature and atmospheric pressure. Advanced programming features areavailable when used with a PC and DataTrac Software.

Leland Legacy Sample Pump

Description


20




2

FlowFlow Range: 5 to 15 L/min

Flow Control System: Closed loop with patented* internal flow sensor

Compensation Range: 15 L/min at 5 inches water back pressure10 L/min at 12 inches water back pressure5 L/min at 20 inches water back pressure

Accuracy: ± 3% of set-point after calibration to desired flow

Flow Fault: If flow drops by more than 5%, pump stops andholds historical data. Auto-restart up to 10 times.

OperationDisplay: LCD, displays pump serial number, pump software

revision level, flow rate, volume, temperature, atmo-spheric pressure, time of day, run time, and pump status,i.e., hold and run as well as Setup information.

Time Display: Time of day in hours and minutes (12- or 24-hour clock)with AM and PM indicators

Timer Display Range: 1 to 99999 minutes (69 days). If the run time exceeds 69days, the timer display rolls over.

Timing Accuracy: 1 min/month @ 25 C

Atmospheric PressureAccuracy: ± 0.3 inches Hg

Operating Temp. Range: 32 to 113 F (0 to 45 C)

Typical Run Time†: Sioutas Impactor (13 in water bp): 24 hrs at 9 L/minPEM with 37-mm, 2.0 µm PTFE filter: 24 hrs at 10 L/minLow Volume PUF Tube: 24 hrs at 5 L/min

Noise Level: 64.1 dBA - pump without case55.7 dBA - pump housed in noise-reducing case(optional accessory Cat. No. 224-89, see p. 20)

Measured 3 ft (1m) distance from pump operating at10 L/min and 12 inches water back pressure

User-adjustable Values: Sample run time, calibration, clock display, flow rate,time of day, delayed start, and temperature andatmospheric pressure display

Recorded Values: Start date and time, stop date and time, total sampletime, flow rate, sample volume, temperature, atmo-spheric pressure, and pump mode transitions

Adjustable Logging: Records pump history from 3 seconds (15.4 min. of data)

Interval: up to 8 hours (over 102 days of data) depending onsetting. Option available when using DataTrac Software.

Performance Profile

21




3

PowerPower Supply: Removable, rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery

pack, 7.2 V x 10 AhCharger/AC adapter: input voltage 100 to 240 V AC

Battery Recharge Time: 15 hours

Charging Temp. Range: 32 to 113 F (0 to 45 C)

Storage Temp. Range: -4 to 113 F (-20 to 45 C)

PhysicalSize: 8 x 3.9 x 2.6 inches (14.2 x 7.6 x 5.8 cm)

Weight: 37 oz (1 kg)

Case: Thermoplastic with soft rubber over-molding

Approvals CE marked, UL and cUL (pending),ATEX (pending)

* Patent No. 5,892,160† Results when tested with a new pump and new fully charged battery. Pump performance may vary.

Intrinsic safety and other approvals are void if SKC pumps are notrepaired by SKC or authorized SKC repair centers. Use only SKC-approved parts to ensure reliable performance and intrinsic safety andto maintain the SKC warranty.

Performance Profile

22



4

Keypad BasicsScrolls through run time dataand Setup options.

Increases values such as flowrate.

Decreases values such asflow rate.

[ ] When pressed simulta-neously, displayed item isselected or entered.

Security code that must bepressed in sequence to enterSetup.

Turning the Pump On/Off• Press any button to turn on the power.• Press [ ] to run the pump or to place a running pump in Hold.• Manual Off: from Hold, press and hold .• Auto Off turns off the pump after 5 minutes in Hold.

Entering and Navigating SetupEntering: Press [ ], then press the security code in

sequence . Setup should appearbriefly on the LCD.

Navigating: Press to scroll through parameters. Oncethe LCD shows End, parameters will repeatuntil the user exits Setup.

Exiting: Press until End appears on the LCD. Press[ ]. The pump is now in Hold.

Setup OptionsAfter entering Setup, go to:1. Flow Set: Press or to increase or decrease pump

flow rate. Pump will start running. Press to move tonext parameter.

2. ADJ: Used during calibration with primary standardcalibrator (not for use with CalChek feature). Press or

to increase or decrease flow adjustment until desiredflow is indicated on calibrator. Press until Endappears. Press [ ] to save new flow and adjustmentsettings and exit Setup.

DownarrowbuttonButton

Uparrowbutton

Pump Setup


23




5

If changing other parameters, continue pressing after Endappears and the remainder of the menu items will appear. Once allchanges are entered, press until End appears, then press [ ] tosave new settings and exit Setup. Pressing [ ] when Esc appearswill exit Setup without saving new settings.

3. CALCh: Use for CalChek calibration feature only.Pressing [ ] initiates single-point calibration.Pressing seven times initiates a full calibration. SeeCalChek Calibration instructions on pp. 9 to 14.

4. 12 Hr/24 Hr Clock and Delayed Start (factorydefault is 12 Hr clock): Press or to movebetween standard (12 hour), military (24 hour), andDela (delayed start). Press to select. If Dela (delayedstart) is selected, follow instructions on p. 7.

5. Time of day: Press or to increase or decreaseflashing hour. Press to move from hours tominutes. Press or to increase or decreaseflashing minutes. Press to move to next parameter.

6. ST (Sampling Time): Allows the user to program aspecific run time. Press or to increase ordecrease the time in minutes (up to 99999 minutes).Press to move to next parameter. See pp. 6 and 16 forSetting and Deleting a Sampling Time.

7. Temperature (factory default is Celsius): Press or to toggle between Fahrenheit (F) and Celsius(C). Press to move to next parameter.

8. Atmospheric Pressure (factory default is mm): Press or to toggle between inches of mercury (In),

millibars (mb), and millimeters of mercury (mm).Press to move to next parameter.

9. CLr: Press [ ] to clear accumulated run time andvolume data to zero (see Resetting Run Time Data onp. 6).

Pump Setup

24



6

10. ESC: Press [ ] to exit Setup without saving newsettings.

11. End: Press [ ] to save new settings and exit Setup.

PrOFF: Appears only when a program is loaded into pump memory. SeeDataTrac Software Operating Instructions (Form #40085) for setting aprogram. See p. 16 for Deleting a DataTrac Program or Delayed Start.

Resetting Run Time DataTo reset accumulated volume and run time data to zero:1. Press [ ], then press the security code in sequence . Setup

will display briefly.2. Press until Clr appears, then press [ ].3. Press until End appears, then press [ ] to exit Setup. The pump is

now in Hold.

CLr does not clear previously set sampling time (ST). See Deleting aSampling Time on p. 16.

Setting a Sampling Time (ST)Program the Leland Legacy from the integral keypad or a PC using DataTracsoftware to sample from 1 to 99999 minutes.

1. Press [ ], then press the security code in sequence. Setup will display briefly.

2. Repeatedly press until ST L/min and a flashing timeand Set appear on the display.

3. Set the sampling time by pressing or to increaseor decrease it to the desired time in minutes.

4. Press repeatedly until End appears.5. Press [ ] to save the new sampling time and exit

Setup.6. Press [ ] to begin sampling. The time display will

count down in seconds and the pump will go to Hold.The total sampling time will display.

7. To delete a set sampling time, see Deleting a SamplingTime on p. 16.

Setting a DataTrac ProgramSee DataTrac for Leland Legacy Software Operating Instructions (included onsoftware CD).

Pump Setup


25




Timothy J. Buckley

26



8

Resetting Run Time Data1. Pr ess [ ], then press the security code in sequence

. Setup will display briefly.2. Press until Clr appears, then press [ ].3. Press until End appears, then press [ ] to exit

Setup. The accumulated data is cleared and the pumpis now in Hold.

CLr does not clear previously set sampling time (ST). See Deleting aSampling Time (ST) on p. 16.

Setting Pump Flow Rate1. Press [ ], then press the security code in sequence .2. The flow rate and Set will flash on the LCD. Press to increase flow

rate. Press to decrease flow rate. The pump will run while flow is set.3. Once the desired flow rate is displayed, press until End appears on

the display. The pump will stop running.4. Press [ ] to save the new flow rate and exit Setup.

Verifying Flow Rate Using a Primary Standard Calibrator1. Connect the pump inlet to a calibrator with representative media in-line

(see photo below).2. Press [ ], then press the security code in sequence . The flow

rate and Set will flash.3. Set the flow on the pump display by pressing or

to increase or decrease flow to the desired rate.4. Press . Adj will appear.5. If the calibrator reads a higher flow rate than the pump

is set for, press until they are inagreement (within10 ml). If the cali-brator reads a lowerflow rate, press until they agree(within 10 ml).When pressing or

, the pump dis-play will indicatethe adjustment (orcorrection) made inL/min.

6. Press until End appears.

Calibration train with samplemedium in-line

Calibration


27



9

7. Press [ ] to save new flow rate and Adj and exit Setup. Reset run timedata (see p. 6).

If the pump has been programmed with DataTrac Software andswitched to manual operation, a program may remain in pumpmemory. Prog will display in the upper left corner of the pumpdisplay. See p. 16 for Deleting a DataTrac Program or Delayed Start.

Verifying Flow Rate UsingCalChek AutomaticCalibration FeatureThe CalChek automatic calibrationfeature is available when calibrat-ing a Leland Legacy with DC-LiteCalibrator model 717-03. ACalChek Communicator SmartAdapter is required for communi-cation between the pump and thecalibrator. Optional DataTracSoftware can be used to expandthe documentation capabilities ofthis system. The CalChek feature provides two calibration options: single-point calibration allows you to set and verify flow at a single point beforeand after sampling; full (multiple-point) calibration calibrates the flow to aprimary standard at multiple flow rates. Both bring the flow to within 5%.

To achieve optimum accuracy, do not attempt single-point or fullcalibration until pump has remained at ambient temperature forseveral hours.

Single-point Calibration Using CalChekThe CalChek feature provides correction at a single flow setting and usuallytakes less than one minute to complete. Use it to set the desired flow ratebefore sampling and to verify flow after sampling.

The CalChek Communicator adapter contains a 25-pin D-typeconnector. Do not plug it into an RS232 serial computer port.

Remember to calibrate with representative sampling media in-line.

1. Run the Leland Legacy for a minimum of two minutes before startingthe calibration procedure. Leave pump on.

2. Using tubing, connect the outlet of the representative samplingmedium to the inlet of the pump.

3. Connect the outlet of the calibrator to the inlet of the sample medium.

Calibration train with CalChek

Calibration


28



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4. Connect the 25-pin plug on the CalChek Communicator Smart Adapterto the data port on the back of the calibrator and the connector on theflying lead to the pump data port on top of the pump.

5. Press [ ], then press the security code in sequence. Setupwill display briefly.

6. Set the pump to the desired flow rate.7. Press on the pump keypad until Cal appears on

the pump display.8. Turn on the calibrator. Press the Print button on the

calibrator until ALL appears next to the printer iconon the calibrator display. Hold down the Readbutton on the calibrator until the calibrator cycles continuously.

9. Press [ ] on the pump keypad to initiate single-point calibration.

10. 1Cal will appear on the pump display. Duringcalibration, the pump will briefly display the flowrates that it is reading from the calibrator.

11. When calibration is complete, the pump display willeither show End indicating that the calibration wassuccessful, or it will show an error code of E4[x] (seeCalChek Error Chart, p. 14).

12. Press [ ] to place the pump in Hold. Disconnectthe pump from the representative sampling mediumand the calibrator. Place a fresh sample medium in-line. Sample when ready.

Successful single-point calibration will provide an entry in thepump history that can be viewed using DataTrac Software.

Control panel of DC-Lite Calibrator

Number ofreadings

Printer icon

ALL display

Read/autobutton

Stop/resetbutton

Printbutton

On button

Power LED

Flow ratedisplay

Flowaveragedisplay

Calibration


29



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To reset the DC-Lite Calibrator, press and hold the stop/resetbutton.

Full (Multiple-point) Calibration Using CalChekThis type of calibration provides flow correction across the whole operatingrange of Leland Legacy flow rates (5 to 15 L/min) in approximately fourminutes. The operation calibrates each flow to a primary standard. It can alsoprovide a record of calibration for maintenance and quality purposes ifoptional DataTrac Software is used. It is recommended that you only perform afull calibration during routine maintenance times or if there is an apparentneed for it.


Do NOT place sampling media in-line for full calibration.

Ensure battery pack is fully charged (see Charging the Batteryon p. 17).

1. Run the Leland Legacy for a minimum of two minutes before startingthe calibration procedure. Leave pump on.

2. Connect the calibrator outlet to the pump inlet with the tubingsupplied with the calibrator. Do NOT place sampling medium in-line.

3. Connect the 25-pin plug on the CalChek CommunicatorSmart Adapter to the data port on the back of thecalibrator and the connector on the flying lead to thepump data port on top of the pump.

4. Press [ ], then press the security code insequence.

5. Press on the pump keypad until Cal appears onthe pump display.

6. Turn on the calibrator. Press the Print button on thecalibrator until ALL appears on the display next tothe printer icon on the calibrator. Hold down theRead button on the calibrator until the calibratorcycles.

7. Verify that the battery icon on the pump displayshows at least two bars. If it does not, charge thebattery before proceeding (see p. 17).

8. Press on the pump keypad seven times to indicateto the pump and the calibrator that you want a fullcalibration.

Calibration


30



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9. The pump will display Fcal, Cs1, and a brief flow rate. The pump willcontinue to display Cs2, then a flow rate, Cs3, then a flow rate . . . untilcalibration is completed at all flow rates between5 and 15 L/min. Cal will display during Calibration Check (CCAL)and will count down to 1.

10. When calibration is completed, the Leland Legacy will go to Hold. Ifthe full calibration is successful, the pump LCD will revert todisplaying the pump run time as 0.0. If there was failure during thecalibration process, an error code of E4[x] will appear (see CalChek ErrorChart, p. 14).

CalChek Full Calibration can be aborted by pressing [ ].

CalChek Full Calibration DataRequires DataTrac SoftwareFull calibration completely clears pump history, run time parameters, andthe DataTrac Scheduler. Full calibration data can be viewed and printed bygoing to the DataTrac Pump Manager window in DataTrac Software andclicking on the View menu. Choose Calibration Info. This will displaycalibration results, pump serial number, and date of the last full calibration.A button allows this data to be printed. The printed report contains pumpversion, date printed, and a validation code to perform data verification.

CalChek Full Calibration Data VerificationRequires DataTrac SoftwareTo ensure that printed calibration data has not been tampered with, pulldown the Tools menu in the Calibration Info window and choose ConfirmValidation Code. Enter the data from the printed report, including thevalidation code. DataTrac Software will indicate whether the information iscompletely valid or if a parameter has been changed.

When entering data to confirm the validation number, enter thedate in the following format: mmm, dd, yyyy (e.g., Aug 18 2003).

Calibration


31



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Checking CalChek Communicator Battery StatusAfter two or three movements of the calibrator piston, the LED on theCalChek Communicator adapter should light. Observe the LED for anindication of battery status.

LED BatteryBlinks with each calibrator piston movement Battery fully charged

Blinks rapidly for five seconds after the first Replace battery ascalibrator piston movement, then proceeds soon as possiblewith calibrations

Blinks rapidly, won’t proceed with Replace batterycalibration, and switches off. immediately

The CalChek Communicator adapter shuts off within two seconds after theDC-Lite Calibrator switches off.


Disconnect the CalChek Communicator Adapter from the DC-LiteCalibrator after calibration is completed. Maintaining the connec-tion can drain the CalChek Communicator adapter battery.

Calibration


32



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Single-point Calibration Errors

Error Problem Troubleshooting

E41 Correction required too large. A Perform a full calibration. If this failsgross mismatch between the flow call SKC Technical Support atsetting on the pump and the reading 800-752-8472.generated by the DC-Lite Calibratorhas occurred.

E48 Could not get a successful single point Try the calibration again. If problemcalibration within five flow readings. persists, perform a full calibration.

Full (Multiple-point) Calibration Errors


E44 First flow reading greater than 5 Check tubing between pump’s upperL/min. The pump is flowing faster pressure sensor and the top valvethan it should, even though the assembly diaphragm to make sure thatcalibration routine delivered only a it is not pinched or blocked, or call SKCvery small voltage to the pump. Technical Support at 800-752-8472.

E45 Pump unable to achieve flow rate of Check pump’s flow tube to ensure15 L/min possibly due to a blocked that it is not blocked, or call SKCflow tube or an air leak inside the pump. Technical Support at 800-752-8472.

E46 Analysis error in the data (rare). Try full calibration again. If problemor E49 persists, call SKC Technical Support at

800-752-8472.

E47 Less than two bars appear in the battery Recharge the battery.icon on the pump display indicating thatthe battery is too low. There must be atleast two bars to begin a full calibration.

—— At conclusion of full calibration, pump Pump not at ambient conditions for atdoes not verify to within 5%. least 2 hours. Retry calibration after

pump has been at ambient conditionsfor 2 hours.

Pump not running for 2 minutesprior to calibration. Run pump fortwo minutes and retry calibration.

Errors That Can Occur During Both Calibration Modes


E42 Unstable average. There is too Try the calibration again. If problemmuch variation in the flow readings. persists, contact SKC Technical

Support at 800-752-8472.

E43 Serial time out. The calibrator is • Check adapter connection. If loosenot communicating with the pump. or disconnected, connect properly.

• Check the battery in the adapter. Ifnear expiration or expired, replace it.

• Check that ALL is displayed besidethe printer icon on the calibrator. Ifnot, press the print button until ALLis displayed.

CalChek Error Chart


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1. Following setup (p. 4) and calibration (p. 8), replace represen-tative sampling medium with a new unexposed samplingmedium.

2. To begin sampling, press [ ] to run the pump. Recordthe start time.

3. Sample for the time specified in the method used.4. To stop sampling, press [ ] to place the pump in Hold.

Record the stop time.5. When sampling is complete, pump data is retained in

memory for recovery. Data can be viewed on the LCD byusing the button to scroll through it.

When using impingers, place an in-line trapbetween the pump and the impinger to protect thepump from harmful liquids or vapors. Failure touse the impinger trap voids the pump warranty.

If the pump has been programmed with a PC, Progwill display in the upper left corner of the pumpdisplay. The pump will not operate manually. Torestore manual operation, delete the program. SeeDeleting a DataTrac Program or Delayed Start on p. 16.

Scrolling Through DataRepeatedly press to view run time or sample time (ST)*, sample volume,flow rate, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and time-of-day.

* If the pump is started and stopped manually, the pump LCDwill count up run time and display cumulative run time at theend of sampling. If a sampling time (ST) has been programmed,the pump will count down from the set time to zero, thendisplay completed sampling time (ST).

Resetting Run Time DataTo reset accumulated volume and run time data to zero:1. Press [ ], then press the security code in sequence . Setup

will display briefly.2. Press until Clr appears, then press [ ].4. Press until End appears, then press [ ] to exit Setup. The pump is

now in Hold.

CLr does not clear previously set sampling time (ST). See Deletinga Sampling Time on p. 16.

Leland Legacypump with filter

cassette inholder

Sampling


34



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Deleting a DataTrac Program or a Delayed Start1. Press [ ], then press the security code in sequence

. Setup will display briefly.2. Pressing , scroll to the flashing PrOFF and press

[ ].3. Press until End displays.4. Press [ ] to exit Setup. The Prog icon will

disappear.

Deleting a Sampling Time (ST)To delete a sampling time (ST), enter Setup and use the button to scroll toST L/min. Press until 0 displays. Press until End appears. Press [ ]to exit Setup.

A time still appears on the display after deleting a sample time.This value is cumulative run time since data was last cleared. Toclear this display, see Resetting Run Time Data on p. 15.

Sampling

Flow FaultIf flow drops by more than 5%, the pump goes into Holdand retains historical data. The flow fault icon flashesduring flow fault. The pump will restart in 20 seconds andtry to continue sampling. If the flow remains restricted,the pump returns to flow fault. Auto-restart is attemptedevery 20 seconds up to 10 times. Flow fault time is notadded to the displayed run time or cumulative volumedisplay. The amount of time the pump will remain in flowfault before going to Hold and the number of auto-restartattempts can be adjusted in DataTrac Software. SeeDataTrac for Leland Legacy Software Operating Instructions(included on software CD).


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Battery StatusThree bars indicate a full charge (normally appears after charging),approximately 75% to 100%.

Two bars indicate that the battery is charged enough to operate thepump, approximately 25% to 75%.

One bar indicates battery charge is low (charge battery), approxi-mately 1% to 25%.

Low Battery FaultNo bars and a flashing outline indicate a Low Battery Fault mode(pump will go into Hold).

When the pump stops due to a low battery and is left to stand for aperiod of time, one battery bar may appear. This “false recovery”will fall quickly if the pump is operated without recharging it.Recharge the battery before sampling.

Charging the BatteryThe Leland Legacy Sample Pump operates from a rechargeable Lithium-Ionbattery.

Use of a non-approved charger voids the SKC warranty.

1. Insert the plug on the Charging Unit into the battery charging jack ontop of the pump (underneath theprotective cover).

2. Insert the plug on the Power Supplyinto the jack on the Charging Unit.

3. Slide the appropriate wall plug intothe Power Supply* and plug thePower Supply into a wall outlet.

The battery will recharge in approxi-mately 15 hours.

* Wall plugs fit tightly. Removal andinsertion may require some force.

Leland Legacy charging train

Powercharging jack

Powersupply

ChargingunitJack

Battery Operation

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Removing and Replacing the Battery Pack

Turn off pump before removing battery. Removing the battery packwhile the pump is on or running may corrupt pump history.

1. Position pump with belt clip facing upward.

2. Use a Phillips head screwdriver to remove three screws on bottom half ofpump.

3. Grasp and remove battery pack by pulling it up and away from pumpbody.

4. Align connector of new battery pack with connector in pump body.

5. Gently press new battery pack into pump body until it is flush with thepump case and replace the three screws.

Ensure that the long screw is replaced in the top screw hole. Do notovertighten screws.

Belt clip

Batterypack

Batteryconnector

Battery Operation

Screws(top screw islonger than

bottomscrews)


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Programming the Pump Using a PCThe Leland Legacy can be programmed manually, with its integral keypad,or by using a personal computer and DataTrac Software for full programma-bility.

Install DataTrac Software onto a PC and connect the PC to the Leland Legacypump data port with the provided cable adapter. With DataTrac, you can:

• Create and save a Leland Legacy run schedule in pump memory for usein the field at a later time.

• Program a sampling strategy of up to 10 sampling sequences and flowrates.

• Program a delayed start, timed shutdown, or perform STEL andreplicate samples.

• Create a sample and analysis sheet for all critical information.• Print or save to a PC file a complete history of run time data.• Create a worker exposure profile containing sample and analysis

information along with the pump’s history. Then, import this into a textdocument.

• Document CalChek pump calibration.

For complete information on programming the Leland Legacy Pump usingDataTrac for Leland Legacy Software, consult the DataTrac OperatingInstructions (included on software CD).

Programming


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Optional AccessoriesDescription Catalog No.

DC-Lite Calibrator, 20 ml/min to 20 L/min flow range,includes charger and tubing. 717-03

CalChek Communicator adapter 210-501

ChargerSingle Leland Legacy Charging Kit, 100-240 VAC,50/60 Hz. Includes charging unit, power supply,and interchangeable wall plugs. 223-241

Protective Nylon CaseLined for maximum sound reduction.Includes waist belt and shoulder strap. 224-89

DataTrac for Leland Legacy Software PackageIncludes software CD, adapter, and cable 877-92

Replacement PartsBattery pack P75692NULFilter/O-ring Set, 5 filters and O-rings P40021BInlet Filters, pk/50 P40021A

Use of a repaired or rebuilt battery pack voids the SKC warrantyand the UL Intrinsic Safety Listing.


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Service PolicyTo return products to SKC for servicing:

1. Call 800-752-8472 (724-941-9701 for international customers) to obtain aReturn Materials Authorization (RMA) number and Product Decontamina-tion Form.

2. Carefully package the product. Mark the RMA number on any correspon-dence relating to the return and on the outside of the package.

3. Ship to SKC, freight prepaid, to the following address:

SKC Inc.National Service Center863 Valley View RoadEighty Four, PA 15330

Package product carefully to prevent damage during transit. Include acontact name, phone number, shipping address, RMA number, and a briefdescription of the problem. For nonwarranty repairs, a purchase ordernumber and billing address are also required. The Service Department willcontact nonwarranty customers with an estimate before proceeding withrepairs.

SKC Inc. will accept for repair any SKC product that is not contami-nated with hazardous materials. Products determined to becontaminated will be returned unserviced.

Intrinsic safety and other approvals are void if SKC pumps arenot repaired by SKC or authorized SKC repair centers. Use onlySKC-approved parts to ensure reliable performance andintrinsic safety and to maintain the SKC warranty.


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SKC INC.LIMITED ONE YEAR WARRANTY

1. SKC warrants that its instruments provided for industrial hygiene, environ-mental, gas analysis, and safety and health applications are free from defects in work-manship and materials under normal and proper use in accordance with operating in-structions provided with said instruments. The term of this warranty begins on the datethe instrument is delivered to the buyer and continues for a period of one (1) year.

This warranty does not cover claims due to abuse, misuse, neglect, altera-tion, accident, or use in application for which the instrument was neither designed norapproved by SKC Inc. This warranty does not cover the buyer’s failure to provide fornormal maintenance, or improper selection or misapplication. This warranty shall fur-ther be void if changes or adjustments to the instrument are made by other than anemployee of the seller, or if the operating instructions furnished at the time of installa-tion are not complied with.

2. SKC Inc. hereby disclaims all warranties either expressed or implied, in-cluding any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose,and neither assumes nor authorizes any other person to assume for it any liability inconnection with the sale of these instruments. No description of the goods being soldhas been made a part of the basis of the bargain or has created or amounted to anexpress warranty that the goods will conform to any such description. Buyer shall notbe entitled to recover from SKC Inc. any consequential damages, damages to property,damages for loss of use, loss of time, loss of profits, loss of income, or other incidentaldamages. Nor shall buyer be entitled to recover from SKC Inc. any consequential dam-ages resulting from defect of the instrument including, but not limited to, any recoveryunder section 402A of the Restatement, Second of Torts.

3. This warranty extends only to the original purchaser of the warranted instru-ment during the term of the warranty. The buyer may be required to present proof ofpurchase in the form of a paid receipt for the instrument.

4. This warranty covers the instrument purchased and each of its componentparts.

5. In the event of a defect, malfunction, or other failure of the instrument notcaused by any misuse or damage to the instrument while in possession of the buyer,SKC Inc. will remedy the failure or defect without charge to the buyer. The remedywill consist of service or replacement of the instrument. SKC Inc. may elect refund ofthe purchase price if unable to provide replacement and repair is not commerciallypracticable.

6. (a) To obtain performance of any obligation under this warranty, the buyershall return the instrument, freight prepaid, to SKC Inc., at the following address:

SKC Inc., National Service Center863 Valley View RoadEighty Four, PA 15330 USA

(b) To obtain return authorization information or for further information on thewarranty performance you may telephone 724-941-9701 at the above address. SeeService Policy section in operating manual (if applicable).

7. This warranty shall be construed under the laws of the Commonwealth ofPennsylvania which shall be deemed to be the situs of the contract for purchase ofSKC Inc. instruments.

8. No other warranty is given by SKC Inc. in conjunction with this sale.

Form #3755 Rev 0207


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APPENDIX B

DataTrac® Software Operating Instructions

42



DataTrac Software

Operating Instructions

SKC, Inc.863 Valley View Road

Eighty Four, PA 15330 USATel: 724-941-9701

e-mail: [email protected]

Appendix B. DataTrac® software operating instructions

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41

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................... 1

DataTrac Setup ............................................................................. 2

SKC DataTrac Pump Manager ....................................................... 4

SKC Real-time Monitor ................................................................. 5

STEL/Timed Run ........................................................................ 13

SKC Pump Scheduler ................................................................. 14

Example Scheduler Program ...................................................... 25

SKC Pump History ...................................................................... 29

Archive History ............................................................................ 32

Reports........................................................................................ 32

Index ........................................................................................... 38

Indicates a premier feature of DataTrac software.

Indicates a reminder.

Indicates a warning.

Appendix B. (continued)

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1

IntroductionDataTrac Software for Leland Legacy

Features• Program a sampling operation from a PC• Calibrate pump flow to a primary standard• Display the operating state including flow rate, temperature, atmospheric

pressure, run-time, and battery status of the connected pump• Create and save a sampling program without a pump connected to the PC• Program a sampling operation of up to ten sampling sequences, each

capable of different flow rates• Download pump run time data and history to your PC• Document sampling history using the sample setup feature• Print a history file containing pump run time data• Print a worker exposure profile containing run time data and pump history• Document date of pump calibration

DataTrac System Requirements• Any IBM-compatible PC with a 80486 processor or higher• SVGA display system or better• CD-ROM drive• An available serial port (i.e., a port not used by a mouse, modem, personal

digital assistant (PDA), or other device)• A mouse• Microsoft® Windows® 98 or higher

DataTrac Components• DataTrac CD-ROM• Interface box• 9-pin (male to female) serial cable• 9-pin male to 25-pin female serial adapter• Operating instructions on CD

Introduction


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2

DataTrac Setup

Installing DataTrac Software1. Close all applications

2. Put the DataTrac CD in the drive. It should autorun the CD when you closethe drive. If it does not autorun the CD, then go to:

- Start- Run- Browse for setup.exe on the CD drive

Note: If an existing version of DataTrac is already installed you may be required toremove that version before you can install the new one. If this is the case, follow theinstructions in the Install Shield to remove DataTrac. Then resume from Step 1 toinstall.

3. Connect the DataTrac adapter to your PC serial port. The serial port isusually a 9-pin male connector. If it is a 25-pin male connector, use the 25-pinfemale adapter included in the DataTrac package. Connect the other end ofthe adapter cable to the pump’s interface port (Figure 1).

DataTrac has limited use without an active pump connected to the PC, however,a program can be set up and saved to a PC without a pump connected to the PC.

4. Activate the pump LCD by pressing any of the three buttons on the pumpkeypad.

Figure 1. Hardware Setup

WOLF

L / mins

alternative 9-pin male to 25-pinfemale adapter

Interface cable

DataTracadapter

DataTrac Setup

Pumpinterface port


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3

5. Launch DataTrac by double-clicking on the DataTracicon. The program will display the QuickComm window(Figure 2).

6. Select a communication port. Port selection will depend upon your computertype; most computers use Port 1 or 2. Click on the Open Port Button. Anincorrect selection displays an error message. A correct selection will displaya shaking-hands icon in the QuickComm window (Figure 2A).

DataTrac will “remember” the communication port the first time the programis launched and will automatically select the proper port during subsequentlaunches.

7. If the date and time settingson the PC and pump differby more than 5 minutes, aTime Discrepancy Alert win-dow will display (Figure 2B).Reconcile the date and timeand click OK.

8. DataTrac will load and dis-play the SKC DataTrac PumpManager window (see Fig-ure 3, p. 4).

Recommended for first time users: Connect a Leland Legacy pump to yourPC and explore the features of DataTrac through the Real-time Monitor (p. 6).

Figure 2. QuickComm Window

DataTrac Setup

Figure 2A. SuccessfulCommunication

Figure 2B. Time Discrepancy Alert Window


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4

SKC DataTrac Pump ManagerThe SKC DataTrac Pump Manager window (Figure 3) is the first window thatopens in DataTrac. All windows are accessible from this main window.

Figure 3. SKC DataTrac Pump Manager Window

SKC DataTrac Pump Manager MenusFile Menu

Exit ............................... exits the program and returns to Windows

View MenuPump Scheduler......... opens the SKC Pump Scheduler windowSTEL/Timed Run ...... opens the STEL/Timed Run windowSample Sheet .............. opens the Sample Sheet Setup windowReport .......................... loads a report file previously saved to a PCPump History ............ opens the SKC Pump History windowArchive History ......... loads a history file previously saved to a PCCalibration Info ........... opens Calibration Info windowReal-time Monitor ..... opens the SKC Real-time Monitor window

Tools MenuSet Date/Time............ opens the Set Date/Time for Pump windowTemperature and PressureCalibration .................. opens Temperature and Barometric Calibra-

tion

Help MenuAbout ........................... displays the PC and pump software version

numbers, pump serial number, date of lastfull calibration, language, and information aboutdownloading the latest version of DataTrac.

Online Manual ............ displays DataTrac Software Operating Instruc-tions (Form #40085) in PDF format

SKC DataTrac Pump Manager


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5

SKC Real-time MonitorThe SKC Real-time Monitor window (Figure 4) directly controls the pump, allowscalibration of flow rate, displays a real-time readout of pump operations, anddisplays the connected pump‘s serial number.

Real-time Monitor MenusFile Menu

Exit ............................... returns to the previous screen

Tools MenuClear Schedule ........... clears the programmed pump schedule from

the pumpClear STEL/Timed Run .................. clears programmed timed run from the pumpClear History .............. clears the pump history

A. Real-time Monitor Display (p. 6)B. Flow Calibrate Buttons (p. 7)C. Temperature Display (p. 9)D. Pressure Display (p. 10)E. Pump Controls Buttons (p. 10)F. Units Selection Buttons (p. 11)G. Fault Options (p. 11)

Figure 4. Real-time Monitor Window

A DC

B

SKC Real-time Monitor

F

EG


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6

Real-time Monitor DisplayThe Real-time Monitor display (Figure 5) shows the operating status of the connectedpump.

Pump StatusCell Readout Operating State of the PumpRun: pump in run modeHold: pump in hold modeFault (Run): pump in flow fault status while runningFault (Hold): pump in flow fault status and hold modeProg (Hold): pump in hold mode while running a

programProg (Run): pump in flow mode while running a

programProg (Sleep): pump in sleep mode while running a

programReset: run time data has been zeroedSleep: pump in sleep modeUser setup: pump user interface accessed and user

adjusting pumpPre-Cal Flow: single-point calibration mode; first

calibration average, date, and timePost-Cal Flow: single-point calibration mode; final

calibration average, date, and time

Figure 5. Real-timeMonitor Display



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7

Figure 6. Flow Calibrate

Timed Run: pump running a preset sampling time (ST)Low Bat: battery depletedFlow adjust: pump flow rate or flow correction being

adjusted by user

Flow Cell ............ current pump flow rate in L/min

Volume Cell ....... total volume of air pumped since reset

Run time Cell ...... total run time of pump since reset

Total Time Cell ... total run time of pump since factory calibration

Battery Cell .......... graphically displays battery life. The battery life is indicatedby a colored bar with low (-) charge indicated on the left sideand full (+) charge indicated on the right side. A longcolored bar (closer to the + end) represents a battery near afull charge. A short colored bar (closer to the - end) repre-sents a battery near depletion.

Data in the Real-time Monitor display cells is updated every 5 seconds.

Flow Calibrate ButtonsThe Flow Calibrate buttons (Figure 6) are usedto apply a correction to the pump flow rateduring calibration to a primary standard

Controls Function.............................. increases correction of

pump flow rate.............................. decreases correction of

pump flow rateReset ........................ zeroes the value in the Approx. Correction cellComm Checking ... turns the communication checking function on or off. This

feature allows the user to unplug a pump and plug inanother pump without causing a communication error.

Adjusting the Approximate Flow CorrectionThe Leland Legacy pump should be calibrated before each sample run.

1. Click the Reset button to reset the correction value to 0.00 L/min.

Changing the pump flow setting will also reset the correction value to0.00 L/min.



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8

2. Turn on the pump and connect the inlet port of the pump to primarystandard calibrator. Read the flow displayed on the calibrator.

3. Click on the or buttons in the Flow Calibrate window until thecalibrator displays the desired flow rate.

When adjusting the correction, the flow rate displayed on the calibratorchanges, the flow rate displayed on the pump does not change. The range offlow correction is ± 2.5 L/min.

4. Repeat calibration after sampling to verify flow.

Example: The desired flow rate is 10 L/min.Set the pump to 10 L/min. If the calibrator displays 9.7 L/min, click thebutton in Flow Calibrate until the calibrator displays 10 L/min. If the calibratordisplays 10.5 L/min, click the button in Flow Calibrate until the calibratordisplays 10 L/min. Repeat calibration after sampling to verify flow.

Comm Checking ButtonsThe Comm Checking buttons (Figure 7) turn the communication checking func-tion on or off. Comm Checking monitors the interface cable connection betweenthe PC and the pump. The default value is On. If the interface cable becomesdetached, an error message displays (Figure 8). Reconnect the pump and click onRetry. If Comm Checking is in the “off” position, the pump’s real-time informa-tion will not be updated.

If programming more than one pump, turn Comm Checking off by clicking theOff Button. Turning Comm Checking off when programming multiple pumpswill eliminate the error message that displays each time the pump is discon-nected.

When Comm Checking is turned off, the pump will enter Sleep mode fiveminutes after the last interaction between the computer and the pump.


Figure 7.Comm Checking Button Figure 8.

Error Message


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9


Figure 9. Temperature Display

Figure 9A. Reset Volume,Temp, Run Time, and

Pressure Button

Temperature DisplayThe Temperature Display (Figure 9) shows the temperature of the air entering theconnected pump.

Cell ReadoutMin ...................................................... minimum air temperature during the

program runMax ...................................................... maximum air temperature during the

program runTWA .................................................... Time-Weighted Average (TWA) of all air

temperaturesAmbient .............................................. current air temperature Note: The Tempera-

ture Display is not ambient air temperature.It reflects the temperature of the air withinthe pump.

The Min, Max, and TWA are calculated fromthe temperatures measured during the totalrun time of the pump. Unless reset, the tem-perature data will remain in memory and willbe included in future Min, Max, and TWAcalculations. Reset by clicking on the ResetVolume, Temp, Run Time, and Pressure but-ton in the Pump Controls section of the Real-time Monitor (Figure 9A).


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10

Pressure DisplayThe Pressure Display (Figure 10) shows the atmospheric pressure of the airentering the connected pump.

Cell ReadoutMin ...................................................... minimum atmospheric pressure during the

program runMax ...................................................... maximum atmospheric pressure during the

program runTWA .................................................... Time-Weighted Average of all atmospheric

pressureAmbient .............................................. current atmospheric pressure

The Min, Max, and TWA are calculated fromthe atmospheric pressure measured during thetotal run time of the pump. Unless reset, thepressure data will remain in memory and willbe included in future Min, Max, and TWAcalculations. Reset by clicking on the ResetVolume, Temp, Run Time, and Pressure but-ton in the Pump Controls section of the Real-Time Monitor (Figure 9A).

Pump Controls ButtonsThe Pump Controls buttons (Figure 11) directly control the connected pump.

Control FunctionRun .......................................... places the pump in RUN

Hold ......................................... places the pump in HOLD

Set Flow .................................. opens the Monitor SetFlow window (similar toFigure 23, p. 18)

Reset Volume,Temp, Run Time,and Pressure ........................... clears the accumulated data: volume, temperature

(Min, Max, and TWA), time, and pressure (Min,Max, and TWA)

Figure 10. Pressure Display

Figure 11. PumpControls Buttons


Figure 9A. Reset Volume,Temp, Run Time, and

Pressure Button


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11

Units Selection ButtonsThe Units Selection buttons (Figure 12) allow the user to select the temperatureand pressure units of the connected pump.

Control FunctionFahrenheit .................................. selects the Fahrenheit temperature scale

Celsius ........................................ selects the Celsius temperature scale

in-Hg ........................................... selects the atmospheric pressure display in unitsof inches of mercury

millibar ....................................... selects the the atmospheric pressure display inunits of millibar

mm-Hg ........................................ selects the the atmospheric pressure display inunits of millimeters of mercury

Fault Options

The Fault Options (Figure 13) allows the user to select the time the pump spendsin flow fault mode and the number of times the pump attempts to restart.

Cell/Control Readout/FunctionTime to Fault (sec) .................... Click on the box and enter a number from 5 to 30.

This value is the number of seconds the pumpspends in Flow mode before going into Flow FaultHold mode.

Number of Retries .................... Click on the box and enter a number from 0 to 25.This value is the number of times the pumpattempts to restart once it goes into Flow FaultHold mode.

SKC Real-tIme Monitor

Figure 12. Units Selection Buttons

Figure 13. Fault Options


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12

SKC Real-tIme Monitor

Time to Retry (sec) ................... click on box and enter a number from 5 to 600. Thisvalue is the number of seconds between when thepump goes into Hold after a flow fault and whenit restarts.

Set Fault Options ...................... saves the chosen options

Fault On/Fault Off ................... enables/disables Fault mode. When set to “off,”no flow fault will occur.


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13

STEL/Timed RunThe STEL/Timed Run window (Figure 14) allows the user to set a pump run fora predetermined length of time, eg., 15 minutes. Once the STEL/Timed Run is set,the user presses the keys on the pump simultaneously to start the run. Afterthe timed run is completed, the pump will stop automatically.

STEL/Timed Run MenusFile Menu

Exit ........................... exits the STEL/Timed Run window

Tools MenuClear STELin Pump ................... cancels the programmed sampling time

Change DefaultFlow Buttons .......... displays a text box reminder on how to change the

default flow rates displayed on the Flow Selectionbuttons in the STEL/Timed Run window

STEL/Timed Run ButtonsControl FunctionFlow Selection (L/min) ............ permits selection of pump flow rateRun Time ................................... permits pump run time to be set in hours and

minutesTo Pump ..................................... sends settings to pumpReset Volume, RunTime, Temps, Pressures .......... resets min, max, and TWA values in Real-time

Monitor

To program a sampling time, use the flow selection buttons and scroll bar to selecta flow rate. Enter the duration of the sample run by clicking on the run time boxand entering the run time. The sampling time can be set up to 99999 minutes.

Once the flow rate and sampling time have been set, click the To Pump button toprogram the connected pump.

STEL/Timed Run

Figure 14. STEL/Timed Run Window


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14

SKC Pump SchedulerThe SKC Pump Scheduler window (Figure 15) is the DataTrac programmingwindow. Programs can be created, sent to a pump, saved to a PC, loaded from adisk or a pump, and printed.

A. Program Edit Bar (p. 15)B. Pump Schedule (p. 16)C. Programming Buttons (pp. 16-17)D. Set Flow Button (p. 18)E. Calendar (p. 19)F. Clock (p. 19)G. Time Bump All Dates Buttons (p. 20)H. Repeat Scheduler (p. 24)I. Digital Time Display (p. 20)

B

A

C

E

F

G

Figure 15. Pump Scheduler WindowD

H

I

SKC Pump Scheduler


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15

Pump Scheduler MenusFile Menu

Open .................... opens a pump program previously stored on diskSave ...................... saves a pump program to a PCPrint ........................ prints the pump program schedule displayed on the screenExit ....................... exits the Pump Scheduler window

View MenuCycle Scheduler ......... opens Cycle Scheduler window.Preview RepeatScheduler .................... opens Repeat Scheduler windowScheduler Presets ...... opens Scheduler Options windowClock Resolution ....... sets the clock resolution

Tools MenuClear Schedule ........... clears the programmed pump scheduleClear History .............. clears the pump historyCompare Pump Clock/PC Clock ..................... opens the time display window and allows the

pump and PC times to be synchronized (see Figure2B on p. 3)

Comm Checking ......... Enables/disables communication checking.Indicated by on menu.

Program Edit Bar

The Program Edit Bar (Figure 16) is where the user sets up a pump program. Aprogram is set up by entering the Flow Rate, Start Date/Time, Stop Date/Time,and Duration to the cells of the Program Edit Bar.

A pump program contains these sampling parameters:

Parameter ValueRate flow rate in L/min

Start Date start date of the program

Start Time start time of the program

Stop Date stop date of the program

Stop Time stop time of the program

Duration total run time of the program in days: hours:minutes: seconds

To program the above parameters into the cells of the Program Edit Bar, click onthe Programming buttons (p. 16) that select the value of the parameters, then clickon the appropriate cell.

SKC Pump Scheduler

Figure 16. Program Edit Bar


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16

Pump ScheduleThe Pump Schedule (Figure 17) contains pump programs (or Pump Schedules)set by the Program Edit Bar. The pump is programmed for a sampling operationby sending this list of programs to the pump‘s memory. The Pump Schedule isbuilt by using the Programming buttons described in the next section.

Before entering a program into the Pump Schedule, go to the Scheduler Optionswindow (Figure 33, p. 22) to reset data and pump history.

Programming ButtonsThe Programming buttons (Figure 18) select the program parameters, insertprograms into the Pump Schedule, write programs to the pump, and read pro-grams from the pump.

Button FunctionClr ........................ erases the program in the Program Edit Bar

+Day .................... adds one day to the program in the Program Edit Bar, which isuseful for programming same start and stop times on consecu-tive days or use Repeat Scheduler (see p. 24).

Insert .................... places the program displayed in the Program Edit Bar into thePump Schedule

Cut ....................... clears the selected (highlighted) program in the Pump Scheduleand places it into the Program Edit Bar where it can be edited

FromPump .......... reads the program stored in the pump and displays it in thePump Schedule

ToPump .............. writes the program displayed in the Pump Schedule to thepump

Figure 17. Pump Schedule Containing Programs

Figure 18. Programming Buttons

SKC Pump Scheduler


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17

Insert ButtonTo insert the completed program from the Program Edit Bar into the PumpSchedule (Figure 17, p. 16), click on the Insert button (Figure 18). The PumpSchedule can hold over 50 programs. However, if a large number of programs areto be stored, consider using the Cycle Scheduler (see p. 23) or the Repeat Scheduler(see p. 24).

Cut ButtonTo clear the selected (highlighted) program from the Pump Schedule and place itinto the Program Edit Bar, click on the Cut Button (Figure 18, p. 16). A programcan also be cut by double-clicking the program number or the line numberto the left of the rate column of the Pump Schedule (Figure 17, p. 16).

Clear the history either in the Scheduler Presets menu or in the Tools menu andset Scheduler Presets in the View menu before sending a program to the pumpby clicking the ToPump Button.

ToPump ButtonTo write the Pump Schedule to the pump, click the ToPump button (Figure 18,p. 16). A dialog box will appear (Figure 19).

Click OK in the dialog box to send the program tothe pump. A “Program Loaded” dialog box (Figure20) will appear on screen to verify the operation.

An overwrite dialog box will appear if a pro-gram has already been sent to the pump. ClickYes if you wish to overwrite the program in thepump.

Writing a program to the pump will cause thePROG icon to appear on the pump LCD (Figure21), which will remain active until all programshave run. The pump cannot be controlled manu-ally until all programmed schedules have run.

Edit a ProgramTo edit a program displayed in the Pump Schedule,double-click on it. This will remove it from the PumpSchedule and place it in the Program Edit Bar. Anyprogram already in the Program Edit Bar will beerased. Click insert once the program is edited tomove it back to the Pump Schedule.

Figure 20. Program LoadedDialog Box

Figure 19. ConfirmationDialog Box

SKC Pump Scheduler

Figure 21. Leland Legacywith Program


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18

FromPump ButtonTo display a Pump Schedule from a previously programmed pump, click on theFromPump button (Figure 18, p. 16).

Time Bump ButtonsTo increase or decrease all program start and stop times in the Pump Schedule,click on the Time Bump buttons (Figure 30, p. 20).

Save a Program (File Menu)To save information from the Pump Schedule to a PC as a program file, select theSave command from the File menu.

The default extension “.pgm” is used to indicate Pump Schedule files.

Open Program (File Menu)To open a previously stored program, select Open from the File menu.

Print Program (File Menu)To print the Pump Schedule information displayed on the screen, select Printfrom the File menu.

Set Flow ButtonThe Set Flow button (Figure 22) opens the Scheduler Set Flowwindow (Figure 23) to allow the user to set the pump flow rate.

Scheduler Set Flow WindowThe Scheduler Set Flow window (Figure 23) allows the user toselect the pump flow rate using the numbered flow buttonsand the scroll bar.

Select Flow RateTo set the flow rate, click on the desiredflow rate button. The new flow rate ap-pears in the display cell.

Scroll BarTo increase or decrease the displayed rate,use the scroll bar.

Enter Flow RateTo enter the displayed flow rate into theRate cell of the Program Edit Bar, click onOK.

Previous ButtonTo reset the displayed flow rate to thepreviously set pump flow rate, click on the Previous button in theScheduler Set Flow window.

SKC Pump Scheduler

Figure 23.Scheduler Set Flow Window

Figure 22.Set FlowButton


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19

CalendarThe Calendar (Figure 24) shows the time intervalover which the pump can be programmed. Usethe Calendar to select the start and stop dates forthe scheduled sample run.

Selecting a DateTo select a date, click on it then click on the StartDate/Time or Stop Date/Time cell in the Pro-gram Edit Bar to enter the date into that cell. Usethe right and left arrows to select a different month.

ClockThe Clock (Figure 25) consists of a clock face, a digitaldisplay corresponding to the time on the clock face, AMand PM Buttons, and the current date and time. The clockface perimeter is divided into 10-, 15-, and 30-minute and 1-hour intervals depending on the selected clock resolution(Figure 26).

Clock ResolutionTo change the Clock Resolution or time in-tervals to 10, 15, or 30 minutes or 1 hour,select the Clock Resolution command fromthe View menu (Figure 26). Clock Resolu-tion can also be selected by clicking on theclock face perimeter between the digits.

Selecting Time Using the Clock FaceTo select the start or stop times, select the clockresolution (Figure 26), click on the clock face pe-rimeter, the AM or PM button, and then click onthe Start Date/Time or Stop Date/Time cell of theProgram Edit Bar.

Example: To set the time to 4:15 PM, select “15minutes” from the Clock Resolution menu (Figure 26),click on the clock perimeter at 4:15 (Figure 27), andclick on the PM button.

Figure 25. Clock

Figure 27.Select 4:15

SKC Pump Scheduler

Figure 26. Clock Resolution

Click here

Figure 24. Calendar


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20

Selecting a Time Using the Digital Time DisplayThe Digital Time display (Figure 28) can also be used to select thetime, especially outside the clock resolution settings. Double-clickon the time display to highlight it (Figure 29), thenkey in the desired time (including the colon). One ormore numbers can be individually selected by click-ing and dragging across the digit to be changed.Click on the appropriate time cell in the ProgramEdit Bar to enter the time into that cell.

Time Bump all Dates ButtonsThe Time Bump all Dates buttons (Figure 30) add or subtract theselected time interval to all program Start Time and Stop Timein the Pump Schedule.

Time IntervalClick on the desired time interval.

Minus (-) ButtonTo subtract the selected time interval from all pro-gramming steps, click on the - button.

Plus (+) ButtonTo add the selected time interval to all programmingsteps, click on the + button.

Figure 30.Time Bump AllDates Buttons

SKC Pump Scheduler

Figure 28.DigitalTime

Display

Figure 29.Select Time

Display


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21

Date/Time DisplayTo access the Date/Time Display window (Figure 31), go to the Tools menu andselect Compare Pump Clock/PC Clock. This feature allows the time and date ofthe PC and the connected pump to be synchronized.

Resetting the pump time will issue a Clear History Message (Figure 32). Thepump history must be cleared before the pump time can be reset.

Figure 31. Date/Time Display Window

SKC Pump Scheduler

Figure 32. Clear History Message


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22

Scheduler OptionsTo access the Scheduler Options window (Figure 33) in the SKC Pump Scheduler,go to the View menu and select Scheduler Presets. The Scheduler Options win-dow includes User Lock Out, Clear History, and Reset Volume, Time, Tempera-tures, and Pressures. The Scheduler Options take effect when the Pump Scheduleis sent to the pump’s memory from the SKC Pump Scheduler window (see p. 14).

Button F unctionUser Lock Out .................... Click on the box to activate (a checkmark will appear)

or click again to remove checkmark and deactivate;User Lock Out will prevent anyone from altering thepump operating parameters once a schedule has beensent to the pump. However, the operator will still beable to scroll through the data display. Select “UnlockPump After Schedule has Completed” for automaticdeactivation or choose “Keep Pump Locked...” forcontinued security (unlock in DataTrac).

Reset Volume, Time,Temps, Pressures ............... Click on Yes to activate or No to deactivate; Yes will

reset the accumulated volume pumped, time dura-tion, minimum and maximum temperatures, and pres-sure data to zero (0).

Clear History ...................... Click on Yes to activate or No to deactivate

To set the values and return to the previous window, click the OK Button.

All activated options will take effect when the ToPump button (Figure 18, p. 16)is clicked. The ToPump button sends the information in the Pump Schedule(Figure 17, p. 16) to the connected pump.

Figure 33. Scheduler Options

SKC Pump Scheduler


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23

SKC Pump Scheduler

Cycle SchedulerTo access the Cycle Scheduler window (Figure 34) in the Pump Scheduler, go tothe View menu and select Cycle Scheduler. The Cycle Scheduler windowallows the user to program intermittent (repeated start/stop) sampling cyclesthat will run over several days in a minimal number of steps. See pp. 25 to 28 foran example schedule.

Cell/Button Readout/FunctionCycle Setup Run cell ....... enter time that each cycle is to runCycle Setup Hold cell ...... enter time between each cycleSeconds, Minutes,Hours buttons ................... select time increment for Run and HoldFlow Rate cell .................... enter pump flow rate in L/minStart Date, Time cell ........ enter starting date and time of first cycleNumber of Cycles cell ..... enter total number of cycles to runCycle-SchedulerTimes ................................... DataTrac automatically compiles the cycle schedule

based on the user input and summarizes it in thiscell. Total Run Time and Total Volume are alsocalculated and displayed

Duty-Cycle Visualizer ..... bar graph indicates how much of the time the pumpwill be running

Send Schedule toPump button ...................... sends the cycle program to the attached pump

Figure 34. Cycle Scheduler


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24

Repeat SchedulerTo activate the Repeat Scheduler (Figure 35), go to the Repeat Schedule cell inthe Pump Scheduler window and click in the box until a check mark appears.Click on the desired time frame (daily or weekly) and enter the desired numberof cycles in the Execute Count cell. Enter the desired flow rate in the Set Flowcell or click the Set Flow button. Click the ToPump button. Go to the Viewmenu and select Preview Repeat Scheduler. A summary including total runtime and volume will appear. The Repeat Scheduler allows the user to repeat apump schedule over many weeks. The schedule can vary from day-to-day. Seepp. 25 to 28 for an example schedule.

There must be a Pump Schedule in place to take advantage of this feature.

Cell/Button Readout/FunctionRepeat Schedule cell ......... click to activate the Repeat Schedule (checkmark)Daily/Weekly buttons ....... click desired repeat intervalExecute Count cell .............. enter number of intervals schedule is to repeatSet Flow cell and button ... enter or select pump flow rate in L/min

Figure 35. Repeat Scheduler

SKC Pump Scheduler


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25

Example Scheduler ProgramThis example program demonstrates step-by-step how to use the SKC PumpScheduler window (p. 14) to set a program.

A sampling operation requires the Leland Legacy to sample at a constant flowof 10 L/min from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM daily for one work week. Enter theparameters as follows.

To Reset Volume, Time, Temperature, and Pump History

To set the flow rate:Click on the Set Flow button. The SchedulerSet Flow window opens. Click on the 10.0Button then click on OK. “10.0” now appearsin the Rate cell of the Program Edit Bar.

To set the start/stop date:Click on any Monday in the Calendar (do not select a datealready past). The date is now highlighted. Click on theStart Date/Time cell in the Program Edit Bar. The datenow appears in the cell. Click on the Stop Date/Time cellto enter the same date into the Stop Date cell.

To set the start time:Click on the Clock at 8. The clock hands will now pointto 8:00 and it also appears in the digital display next tothe Clock. Click on the AM button, then click on theStart Date Time cell of the Program Edit Bar; 8:00 AMnow appears in the cell.

To set the stop time:Click on the Clock at 4. The clock hands will now pointat 4:00 and it also appears in the digital display next tothe Clock. Click on the PM Button, then click on the StopTime cell of the Program Edit Bar; 4:00 PM now appearsin the cell. The Duration cell now displays 8 hours,which is the length of the programmed operation.

Example Scheduler Program

Click here

Click here


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26

To insert the program into the Pump Scheduler:Click on the Insert button. The program appears in the Pump Sched-ule. Note that the program is still displayed in the Program Edit Bar.The Pump Schedule now has a program that tells the pump to run ata constant flow of 10 L/min from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM on Monday. Thesame operating parameters must be entered for each day of the week.

To add extra days to the program schedule:Click on the +Day button. This will add one day to the Start Date andStop Date in the Program Edit Bar. Click on Insert to place theprogram into the Pump Schedule.

Repeat the procedure to add an additional day to the Pump Scheduleuntil Friday has been entered.



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27

The Repeat SchedulerIf the user wishes to repeat the example schedule for the next 10 weeks, theRepeat Scheduler could be used to save entry time (refer to Figure 35, p. 24).

1. In the Pump Scheduler, set up a regular program (see pages 14 to 22).

2. At the bottom of the window, click on the Repeat Schedule box (acheckmark should appear).

3. Click on the Weekly button.

4. Click in the Execute Count box and enter the number 10.

5. Click on the ToPump Button to send the program to the pump.

The Cycle SchedulerTo set up the same scenario in the Cycle Scheduler, follow this procedure (referto Figure 34, p. 23):

1. In the SKC Pump Scheduler, go to the View menu. Select Cycle Scheduler.

2. Go to the Start Date, Time section and select the start date of Nov. 24. Clickin the Time box. Use the keys to select 8:00 a.m. or highlight the digitto be changed, and type in the desired number.

3. Move to the Number of Cycles box, highlight the current entry, and typein 5.

4. Go to the Cycle Setup section. Click in the Run box and highlight thecurrent entry. Type in 8. Click in the Hold box, highlight the current entry,and type in 16 (time between runs). Choose hours as the unit of time.

5. Go to the Flow Rate section and click on the Change Flow button. Select aflow rate of 10 L/min and click OK.

6. Verify that the schedule is correct by reviewing the Cycle-Scheduler Timeswindow. The horizontal Duty-Cycle Visualizer bar graph at the bottom ofthe window can be used as a visual cue as to how much of the time thepump will be running.

7. Once the schedule is verified, click on the Send Schedule to Pump button.



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28

To set the desired Scheduler Options:Select Scheduler Presets from the View menu and click on the desiredScheduler Options (p. 22).

To write the program to the Pump:Click on the ToPump button. DataTrac will now write all steps con-tained in the Pump Schedule to the pump.

To save a pump program to a PC:Select the Save command from the File menu. The program displayedin the Pump Schedule will be saved as a program file (.pgm). Pro-grams can be saved for future use or editing.

To print the pump program:Select the Print command from the File menu; this prints the contents of the PumpSchedule.

To erase the contents of the Pump Schedule:Select Clear Schedule from the Tools menu; this will erase the contents of thePump Schedule displayed on screen and in the connected pump‘s memory.



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29

SKC Pump HistoryThe SKC Pump History window (Figure 36) displays a record of all operations thepump has performed. Approximately 300 histories can be stored in the pump‘smemory. This window can also be saved to a PC or printed.

SKC Pump History Menus

File MenuPrint History .............. prints the current historySave History ............... saves a history file to a PC. Can be viewed

using Archive History (p. 32)Save as Comma-separated Text ............ saves history file as a text file (.txt)Exit ............................... exits the SKC Pump History window and

returns to the previous screenTools Menu

Clear History ............... clears the pump history displayed on-screenand in pump memory

Options ........................ provides history display and sample intervaloptions

Reload History ........... reloads existing history

SKC Pump History

Figure 36. SKC Pump History Window


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30

Clear Pump HistoryTo clear the pump history, select Clear History from the Tools menu.

Change Options*To change display and sample interval pump history options, select Options fromthe Tools menu.

* Changes to these parameters will also be reflected on the pump LCD.

Reload HistoryTo reload existing pump history, select Reload History from the Tools menu.

Print Pump HistoryTo print the pump history file displayed on-screen, select Print from the Filemenu (p. 29).

Save Pump HistoryTo save a pump history to a PC, select Save from the File menu. The pump history issaved to a PC as a history file (.hst).

Save Pump History as Comma-separated TextTo save a history file as a text file (.txt), select Save as Comma-separated Text from theFile menu.

Pump History DisplayData displayed in the Pump History window (Figure 36) shows the record orhistory of all operations performed by the pump. A history will remain on-screenand in pump memory until it is cleared. If more than 300 history operations haveoccurred since history was cleared, they will roll over in memory so that the 300most recent operations will be displayed. A history includes the following data:

Pump Status Mode ...Readout Operating State of the PumpRun: pump in run modeHold: pump in hold modeFault (Run): pump in flow fault status while runningFault (Hold): pump in flow fault status and hold modeProg (Hold): pump in hold mode while running a programProg (Run): pump in flow mode while running a programProg (Sleep): pump in sleep mode while running a programReset: run time data has been zeroedSleep: pump in sleep mode

SKC Pump History


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31

User setup: pump user interface accessed and user adjustingpump

Pre-Cal Flow: single-point calibration mode; first calibrationaverage, date, and time

Post-Cal Flow: single-point calibration mode; final calibrationaverage, date, and time

Timed Run: pump running a preset sampling time (ST)Low Bat: battery depletedFullCal: full (multiple-point) calibration modeFlow adjust: pump flow rate or flow correction being adjusted by

user

Flow ..................................... flow rate in L/min

Start Date ............................ start date of the program

Start Time ........................... start time of the program

Volume (Liters) .................. flow rate multiplied by the duration

Accum. Volume ................. sum of all previous volumes (Liters) on the historypage

Duration .............................. total running time of the program

SKC Pump History


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32

Archive HistoryThe Archive History window loads and displays a pump history file that wassaved to a PC. This window is empty until a history file is opened.

Archive History MenusFile MenuOpen .................................... opens a saved history filePrint ..................................... prints the displayed history fileExit ....................................... returns to the previous window

Open a HistoryTo open a history file, select Open from the File menu. Browse to and select thedesired .hst file.

Print a History FileTo print a history file, select Print from the File menu.

Archive History


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33

ReportsDataTrac allows reports or worker exposure profiles to be printed or saved as textand imported into word processing software or a text editor. These files combinethe setup data (information denoting sampling media, methods, location, etc.)from the Sample Sheet Set-up window (Figure 37) and a pump history (p. 27).

File menuOpen .................... opens a saved report fileSave as Text ........ saves report as text (.txt) that any word processor or

text editor can readPrint ..................... prints the displayed worker exposure profileExit ....................... exits the worker exposure profile

Sample Sheet SetupThe Sample Sheet Setup window (Figure 37) saves setup data pertaining to thesample run. All data displayed on the screen can be printed or saved as a setup file(.stp), or user-selected data can be saved as a template file (.tpl).

Sample Setup MenusFile menu

New ..................... clears all data cells in the Sample Sheet Setup windowLoad Setup .......... loads a setup fileSave Setup .......... saves a setup file

Reports

Figure 37. Sample Sheet Setup Window


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34

Load Template ... loads a template fileSave Template .... saves a template filePrint ..................... prints the current sample sheet data displayed on

screenExit ....................... exits the Sample Sheet Setup window and returns to the.............................. previous window

Option MenuMerge Pump ....... writes the pump history from the connected pump

memory to the displayed sample sheet setup and cre-ates a worker exposure profile

Merge File ........... writes the pump history from a previously storedhistory file to the displayed sample sheet setup, andcreates a worker exposure profile

Clear SampleSheet .................... clears all entered data from cells

Setup FilesThe Sample Sheet Setup window (Figure 37, p. 33) contains a list of information (indata cells) that will be printed in a report. The displayed sample sheet setup can besaved to a PC as a setup file (.stp). A setup file consists of all the informationcontained in all data cells.

Enter Data into Sample SheetTo enter the information into the data cells, click on the cell then type the datausing a keyboard. The Tab key can be used to move from one cell to the next.

Save SetupTo save all entered data, select the Save Setup command from the File menu.The Save Setup command saves all data as a setup file (.stp).

Template FilesThe displayed sample sheet setup can also be saved to a PC as a template file(.tpl). A template file reduces the need to repeatedly type data that rarely changes.A template file contains only the information included in the data cells that havean active check-box (the small square button before the data cell as shown inFigure 38). To activate a check-box, click on it until a checkmark appears.

Reports

Figure 38. Close-up of the Sample SheetSetup Window Showing Active Check-boxes


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35

Save TemplateTo save only the information contained in data cells with active check-boxes, selectSave Template from the File Menu. The Save Template command saves thechecked data as a template file (.tpl).

PrintTo print the displayed sample setup or template, select Print from the File menu.

Worker Exposure ProfileA worker exposure profile contains a sample sheet setup file and a pump history.A worker exposure profile can be created using the connected pump’s history ora history file (.hst) saved to a PC.

Worker Exposure Profile created with Pump HistoryTo create a worker exposure profile containing the sample sheet displayed on-screen and the history of the connected pump, select Merge Pump from theOptions menu of the sample sheet. The worker exposure profile will be saved to aPC as an “.rpt” file and will also appear on-screen.

Worker Exposure Profile created with History FileTo create a worker exposure profile containing the sample sheet displayed on-screen and a history file saved to a PC, select Merge File from the Options menu.The worker exposure profile will be saved to a PC as an “.rpt” file and will appearon-screen.

Print Worker Exposure ProfileTo print the worker exposure profile displayed on-screen, select Print from theFile menu.

Reports


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36

Reports

CalChek Full Calibration Data Display and Verification

Viewing CalChek Full Calibration Data

Caution: Full calibration completely clears DataTrac, run time parameters, andthe Pump Schedule.

Full calibration data can be viewed and printed by going to the DataTrac PumpManager window and clicking on the View menu. Choose Calibration Info (Figure39). This window will display calibration results, pump serial number, and date ofthe last full calibration.

Calibration Info WindowThe Calibration Info window displays the results of a full calibration after usingCalChek, allows data to be printed, and provides a means of validating printeddata.

File MenuPrint ..................... prints the current calibration dataExit ....................... exits the Calibration Info window and returns to the

Pump Manager window

Tools MenuConfirm ValidationCode ..................... allows the user to enter calibration data from a printed

report to determine if printed information has beentampered with

Figure 39.Calibration Info Window


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37

Validating CalChek Full Calibration DataTo confirm printed calibration data, open the DataTrac Pump Manager windowand click on the View menu. Choose Calibration Info (Figure 39, p. 36). Click thePrint Report button. Go to the Tools menu and choose Confirm Validation Code(Figure 40). Enter the calibration date shown on the printed report, enter eachactual flow, and then enter the validation code. Click on the Check Validation Codebutton. The box to the right of the button will display red and “invalid” if the datahas been entered incorrectly or tampered with. A green bar with the word “valid”will display if data entered is valid.

Clearing the history will not clear full calibration data. This data can only becleared by performing another full calibration.

Caution: When entering data to confirm the validation number, enter the datein the following format: mmm dd, yyyy (e.g., Aug 18, 2003).

Reports

Figure 40.Calibration Info Window with Confirm Validation Code


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38

- Button ............................................. 20+ Button ............................................ 20+Day Button ...................................... 16About Menu ........................................ 4Adapter ............................................... 2Leland Legacy

Serial Number .................................. 4Software Version Number ............... 4Time and Date (PC) ........................ 3Time and Date (pump) .................. 12

Approx. Correction ............................. 7Archive History

Opening ...................................... 4,32Battery Life ......................................... 7CalChek Full Calibration Data ....... 4,36Calendar ........................................... 19Calibration ........................................... 7Cancel STEL .................................... 13Celsius Button .................................. 11Change Default Flow Button ............ 13Clear History ........................5,15,21,22Clear History Button ......................... 22Clear Schedule .............................. 5,15Clock ............................................ 19,25Clock Resolution ............................... 19Clr Button .......................................... 16Comm Checking ................................. 8Comm Checking Buttons .................... 8Compare Pump Clock/PC Clock ... 3,21Computer Interface ............................. 2Connecting a Leland Legacy .............. 2Cycle Scheduler .......................... 23,27Flow

Decreasing .................................... 18Entering into Program ................... 18Increasing ...................................... 18Scheduler Set Flow Window ......... 18Selecting ........................................ 18

Cut Button ......................................... 17DataTrac

Components .................................... 1Installing .......................................... 2Setup ............................................... 2System Requirements ..................... 1Version Number .............................. 4

Dates, selecting ................................ 19Digital Time Display .......................... 20Duration ............................................ 15Edit a Program .................................. 17

Entering Data intoPrograms ....................... 15-20,25-28Reports .......................................... 33Templates ...................................... 34

Example Program ....................... 25-28Fahrenheit Button ............................. 11Fault Options .................................... 11Features .............................................. 1Flow Calibrate ..................................... 7Flow, Changing Default .................... 13Flow Fault ......................................... 30Files

History ”.hst” .................................. 30Program “.pgm” ............................. 18Report “.rpt” ................................... 35Set-Up “.stp” .................................. 34Template “.tpl” ............................... 34

FromPump Button ...................... 16-18History ......................................... 29-32

Archive ........................................... 32Clear .................................5,15,21,22Display ........................................... 30Files ............................................... 30

Flow Fault ...................................... 30Opening ......................................... 32Print ............................................... 32Save ............................................... 30

Hold Button ....................................... 10Hold Mode ..................................... 6,30in Hg Button ...................................... 11Insert Button ..................................... 16Installation .......................................... 2Interface .............................................. 2Introduction ......................................... 1Low Battery .................................... 7,31Merge File ......................................... 33Merge Pump ..................................... 33millibar Button ................................... 11mm-Hg Button .................................. 11Number of Retries Button ................. 11Opening a Program .......................... 18Open Port Button ................................ 3Port Select Button .............................. 3Pressure

Ambient .......................................... 10max ................................................ 10min ................................................. 10TWA ............................................... 10

Pressure Display .............................. 10

Index


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39

PrintingPrograms ....................................... 18Reports .......................................... 35Sample Sheet Set-up .................... 33

Pressure Units Button ...................... 11PROG Icon ....................................... 17Program Edit Bar .............................. 15Programs .................................... 15-28

Edit ................................................. 17Example ................................... 25-28Files ............................................... 18Opening ......................................... 18Printing .......................................... 18Saving ............................................ 18

Pump Archive History ....................... 32Pump Controls Buttons .................... 10Pump History .................................... 29Pump Manager ................................... 4Pump Schedule ................................ 16Pump Real-time Monitor ..................... 5Pump Scheduler ............................... 14QuickComm Window .......................... 3Real-time Monitor ............................... 5

Opening ........................................... 4Repeat Scheduler ........................ 24,27Reports ....................................... 33-35Reset Button ....................................... 7Reset Volume, Time, Temps,

Pressure Button ........................ 10,22Run Button ........................................ 10Sample Sheet Setup ........................ 33

Opening ........................................... 4Save

History ............................................ 30Programs ....................................... 18Setup ............................................. 34Template ........................................ 34

Scheduler Options ............................ 22Scheduler Set Flow Window ............ 18

Set Date/Time for Pump ................ 3,21Set Flow Button ................................ 10Setup Files ........................................ 34SKC DataTracPump Manager .................................. 4

SKC Pump History Window ............. 29Scheduler .......................................... 14SKC Real-time Monitor ....................... 5Sleep Mode .................................... 8,30Start Date ..................................... 15,19Start Time .................................... 15,19STEL/Timed Run .............................. 13Stop Date ..................................... 15,19Stop Time .................................... 15,19Temperature .................................. 9,22

Ambient ............................................ 9Display ............................................. 9Min ................................................... 9Max .................................................. 9TWA ................................................. 9

Temp Units Button ............................ 11Template Files .................................. 34Time ............................................. 19,25

Display ........................................... 21Intervals ......................................... 19Selection ........................................ 19

Time Bump Button ....................... 14,20Time Display Window ....................... 21ToPump Button ............................ 16,17Units Selection Buttons .................... 11UserLockOut ..................................... 22UserLockOut Buttons ....................... 22View History ...................................... 30Volume (Liters) ................................. 31Worker Exposure Profile .................. 35

Printing .......................................... 35with Pump History ......................... 35

with History File ............................. 35

Trademarks:

Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation

Index


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APPENDIX B

IP-10A Method Update

84



IP-10A Method Update

Year 2004www.skcinc.com

This method update has been written by SKC as a guideline for users. The sampling apparatusspecified in this SKC update reflects new technology that may not have been available at thetime of the original publication. This method update by SKC has not been officially endorsed

or approved by U.S. EPA.

DETERMINATION OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER IN INDOOR AIR

USING SIZE-SPECIFIC IMPACTION

• Personal Environmental Monitor (PEM)

with Leland Legacy Pump

• Sioutas Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS)

with Leland Legacy Pump

Appendix C. IP-10A Method Update

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1. SCOPE

1.1 The term fine particulate matter (PM) is typically used to describe airborne solid particles and liquid droplets less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter. Fine PM results from a variety of sources including fuel combustion from power plants, industrial facilities, and motor exhaust. Fineparticles can also be formed in the atmosphere when combustion gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are chemically transformed into particles.

1.2 Since the Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air was first published in April 1990, the focus on particulate matter has grown in the research and regulatorycommunities (1). Specifically, fine particulate matter has become a national concern because it can penetrate deep into the lung causing significanthealth effects. Health effects include an increase in respiratory symptoms and related hospital visits, aggravated asthma, chronic bronchitis, and premature death. Those most at risk include the elderly, individuals with preexisting heart or lung disease, and children, particularly those with asthma.

1.3 Several studies have reported that stationarymonitors are poor estimators of personal exposure to PM. Differences in one’s activities combined with the localized nature of certain particle types can cause large interpersonal sample variability. Therefore, to better assess the effect of PM exposures on the health of individuals it is necessary to sample the indoor microenvironment. Indoor microenvironmental (personal) samples can be used to better characterize the mass, size, and chemical composition of PM pollutants along with their impact on health. (2-3)

1.4 The collection of meaningful sampling data in the indoor microenvironment has been hampered by the available technology. Size-selective personal

sampling devices that measure PM have been limited to single-stage impactors such as the Personal Environmental Monitor (PEM) with an impactor cut-point of either 2.5 or 10 microns. As such, the PEM does not provide information on thecomplete size distribution of PM pollutants. Similarly, the status of sampling pump technology has created obstacles to personal sample collection of indoor PM. Typical indoor PM concentrations dictate the need for high flow rates and long run times to collect enough sample for analysis. (4-6). However, to be worn comfortably by a person for an extended period, the pump has to be of a reasonable size and weight and produce a low noise level.

1.5 To address the need for complete characterization of PM pollutants indoors, the Sioutas Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS) has been developed. (7)This miniaturized cascade impactor, hereafter referred to as the Sioutas Impactor, consists of four impaction stages, followed by an after-filter. Its Teflon® impaction substrates permit gravimetric analysis of PM mass or chemical analysis of PM constituents. The Sioutas Impactor can be connected to the participant’s lapel and used with a new high-efficiency pump, the Leland Legacy®, which provides the required 9 L/min flow rate for 24 hours.

1.6 If, however, a single-stage impactor is sufficient for the study, the Leland Legacy pump can be used at 10L/min with the PEM (fully described in the 1990version of Method IP-10A). The Leland Legacy pump provides for improved analytical sensitivity because24-hour sampling is possible using the PEM for size-specific sample collection.

1.7 This method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This method does not purport to address all the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever usesthis method to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

IP-10A METHOD UPDATE

BY SKC INC. YEAR 2004 WWW.SKCINC.COM

DETERMINATION OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER IN INDOOR AIR USING SIZE-SPECIFIC IMPACTION

Appendix C. (continued)

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2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 ASTM STANDARDS

D1356 Definitions of Terms Relating to Atmospheric Sampling and Analysis

D1605 Sampling Atmospheres for Analysis of Gases andVapors

D1357 Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere

2.2 OTHER DOCUMENTS

Compendium of Methods for the Determination of AirPollutants in Indoor Air

Compendium of Methods for the Determination ofInorganic Compounds in Ambient Air

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency TechnicalAssistance Documents Laboratory Studies for MonitoringDevelopment and Evaluation

3. SUMMARY OF METHOD

3.1 For determining fine particulate matter in indoor air,two sampling devices will be described along with a new high-efficiency pump that allows 24-hoursampling with either device. The two sampling devices are the Personal Environmental Monitor (PEM™) and the Sioutas Personal Cascade Impactor.Both sampling devices operate on the principal of impaction. The PEM is a single-stage impactor with an after-filter; the Sioutas Impactor is a 4-stage impactor with an after-filter.

3.2 With the PEM, particle-laden air is accelerated through a number of nozzles and the exiting jets impinge upona ring. The particles larger than the designated cut-size impact onto the ring due to inertia. The smaller particles are carried along in the airstream and are collected on the 37-mm Teflon after-filter. Six versions of the PEM are available to collect either fine (PM2.5)or coarse (PM10) particulates at one of three different flow rates: 2, 4, or 10 L/min. This method will focus on the PEM designed for fine particulates (PM2.5) at 10 L/min using the Leland Legacy pump for 24-hour sampling.

3.3 The Sioutas Impactor is a miniaturized cascade impactor consisting of four impaction stages and an after-filter. Particles are separated in the following aerodynamic particle diameter ranges: <0.25, 0.25-0.5,0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.5, and 2.5-10 µm. The Sioutas Impactoroperates at a flow rate of 9 L/min.

3.4 A known volume of air is drawn for a measured period of time through either impaction device to a tared filter or filters.

3.5 Size-specific PM levels are calculated from the weightgain of the filter in each stage and the total volume of air sampled. The Sioutas Impactor does not require the coating of filters to minimize particle bounce.Therefore, with this sampler, chemical species analysis can also be performed on the filter-collected PM following Chapter IO-3 in the Compendium ofMethods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air.

4. SIGNIFICANCE

4.1 There is a need to obtain meaningful exposure data for PM in the indoor environment to better assess health effects in epidemiological studies. Indoor PM levelsare affected by a number of indoor and outdoorsources and there is high interpersonal variability in exposures. To meet this need, sampling pumps must be suitable for sampling in the microenvironment and must provide extended run times up to 24 hours to increase the amount of PM collected.

4.2 Particle size and particle components such as sulfate and acidity are important factors when studying the adverse health effects and increased mortality from PM exposures. Therefore, sample collection devices should allow for the calculation of particulate mass as well as for the identification of particle size and chemical species.

4.3 For these reasons, it is imperative that a sampling protocol addressing the sampling and analysis of speciated particulate matter in indoor air be developed.


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5. DEFINITIONS

Note: Definitions used in this document and any user-prepared Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be consistent with ASTM Method D1356. All pertinent abbreviations and symbols are defined within this document at point of use.

5.1 Particulate matter - a generic classification in which no distinction is made on the basis of origin, physical state, and range of particle size. (The term “particulate” is an adjective, but it is commonly used as a noun.)

5.2 Dust - dispersion aerosols with solid particles formed by comminution or disintegration without regard to size. Typical examples include: (1) natural minerals suspended by the action of wind; and (2) solid particles suspended during industrial grinding,crushing, or blasting.

5.3 Smokes - dispersion aerosols containing both liquid and solid particles formed by condensation from supersaturated vapors. Generally, the particle size is in the range of 0.1 to 10 µm. A typical example is theformation of particles due to incomplete combustionof fuels.

5.4 Fumes - dispersion aerosols containing liquid or solidparticles formed by condensation of vapors producedby chemical reaction of gases or sublimation. Generally, the particle size is in the range of 0.01 µm to 1 µm.

5.5 Mists - suspension of liquid droplets formed by condensation of vapor or atomization; the droplet diameters exceed 10 µm and, in general, the particulate concentration is not high enough to obscure visibility.

5.6 Primary particles (or primary aerosols)-dispersion aerosols formed from particles that are emitted directly into the air and that do not change form in theatmosphere. Examples include windblown dust and ocean salt spray.

5.7 Secondary particles (or secondary aerosols)-dispersion aerosols that form in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions. A typical example is sulfate ions produced by photochemical oxidation of SO2.

5.8 Particle - any object having definite physical boundaries in all directions, without any limit with respect to size. In practice, the particle size range ofinterest is used to define “particle.” In atmospheric sciences, “particle” usually means a solid or liquid subdivision of matter that has dimensions greater thanmolecular radii (~10 nm); there is also not a firm upper limit, but in practice, it rarely exceeds 1 mm.

5.9 Coarse and fine particles-these two fractions are usually defined in terms of the separation diameter of a sampler. Coarse particles are those with diameters of2.5 µm to 10 µm and the fine particles are those with diameters less than 2.5 µm.

Note: Separation diameters other than 2.5 µm have beenused.

6. METHOD LIMITATIONS AND LIMITS OF DETECTION

6.1 PEM

6.1.1 The PEM’s limit of detection (LOD) is a function of the weighing room environment and the precision of the microbalance used to perform mass measurements.

6.1.2 The 1990 version of this method suggested a minimum weight of 20 micrograms (µg) of particleson the filter using the PEM and a maximum loading of 600 micrograms/cm2.

6.2 SIOUTAS IMPACTOR

6.2.1 Particle loading tests indicated that each Sioutas Impactor stage could retain its collection efficiency for particle loadings up to 3.16 mg for fine PM and 700 µg for coarse PM. The Sioutas Impactor also showed the ability to preserve labile species during sampling, which is highly desirable as a significant fraction of fine particles is associated with such species.

7. APPARATUS DESCRIPTION

7.1 PERSONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOR (PEM™)

7.1.1 A schematic diagram of the PEM is shown in Figure 1. The sampler weighs 48 grams (1.7 oz) and consists


88



of three basic sections: an inlet nozzle cap, impaction ring assembly, and base.

7.1.2 Inlet nozzle cap - The PEM designed for PM2.5collection at 10 L/min has 10 nozzles located in a circle along the outer edge of the nozzle cap through which the aerosol enters the sampler.

7.1.3 Impaction ring assembly - This section serves as both

an impaction surface and a clamping ring for the after-filter. Aerosol passing through the inlet nozzles impacts onto an annular disk of porous material cemented onto the ring that clamps the after-filter to the base. To reduce particle bounce, oil is applied to the impaction ring. The airstream containing the remaining smaller particles flows through the circularopening in the center of the impaction plate.

Spanner Machine Screws

Nozzle Cap

Nozzle Cap Gasket

Porous Stainless Steel Impaction Ring

Impaction Ring Support

2.5 µm, 10 L/min PEM, assembled

Stainless SteelSupport Screen

Base

Outlet Tube

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Personal Environmental Monitor (PEM™)


89



7.1.4 Base - The base houses a stainless steel support screen used to support the after-filter. The force applied by attaching the nozzle cap clamps the after-filter to thesupport screen to form an airtight seal between the filter and base. The base also has an exit plenum and outlet tube that connects by tubing to the pump.

7.1.5 Filter - A 37-mm, 2.0 µm pore size PTFE (Teflon®)filter with PMP support ring is used as the filtration medium. It is supported by a stainless steel screen that is supplied with the PEM.

7.1.6 Flow Calibration Attachment - A special attachment known as the Flow Calibration Cap provides for a single inlet to the PEM to which a flowmeter can be attached. The Flow Calibration Cap is pressed ontothe inlet nozzle cap of the PEM. A flowmeter is attached to the 1/2-inch diameter inlet tube on the topof the calibration cap. An optional fitting is attached to the side of the Flow Calibration Cap for purposes of attaching a pressure gauge if there is a large pressure drop across the flowmeter. Under normal operation,however, the pressure need not be measured and the pressure tap can be closed off.

7.2 SIOUTAS PERSONAL CASCADE IMPACTOR

7.2.1 The Sioutas Impactor is constructed of aluminum and weighs 159 grams (5.6 oz). An exploded view of thesampler is shown in Figure 2. It consists of an inlet plate, 4 accelerator plates that have slits that perform the size selection, 4 collector plates that hold the impaction substrates, and an outlet plate that holds the after-filter. The device is held together by two thumbnuts on threaded studs.

7.2.2 The outlet plate houses the 37-mm after-filter, which is supported by a screen and secured in place by a compression ring and O-ring all supplied with theSioutas Impactor.

7.2.3 A collector plate rests on top of the outlet plate such that the indicated marks are in alignment. A 25-mmfilter that serves as the impaction substrate is then placed in the collector plate and it is held in place with a filter retainer ring.

7.2.4 The appropriate accelerator plate is then placed on top of the collector plate in the proper alignment.These steps are repeated until all collector plates with substrates and accelerator plates are in place. Finally,

the inlet plate is put in place on top of the sampler and the thumbnuts are tightened to secure the device.

7.2.5 Filters and Substrates - A 37-mm, 2.0 µm pore sizePTFE (Teflon®) filter with PMP support ring is used as the after-filter in the outlet plate. The recommended impaction substrates on the collector plates are either 25-mm, 0.5 µm PTFE filters with PTFE support or 25-mm, 3.0 µm PTFE filters with PMP support ring.

7.2.6 Flow Calibration - The inlet and outlet plates have 3/8-inch OD, 1/4-inch ID fittings to which flexible tubing can be attached. The outlet fitting is connectedto the sampling pump. The inlet fitting is connectedto the flowmeter for flow calibration.

7.3 LELAND LEGACY SAMPLING PUMP

7.3.1 Pump - This method is written for use with the PEMdesigned to collect PM2.5 at 10 L/min or with the Sioutas Impactor at 9 L/min. The Leland Legacy pump will provide constant flow (±3%) with either sampling device for 24 hours or more (see Figure 3). If during sampling the pump flow rate drops by morethan 5%, the pump will stop but retain in memory all valid sampling data prior to the flow fault. In addition, upon fault shutdown, the pump will automatically make up to 10 attempts to restart itselfand run at the flow rate originally set.

7.3.2 Electronics - The pump electronics feature an internalflow sensor that measures flow directly and acts as a secondary standard, crystal-controlled real- time clock, sensors that automatically maintain flowcalibration by compensating for differences in temperature and atmospheric pressure duringsampling, a liquid crystal display (LCD), battery status indicator, and low battery switch-off.

7.3.3 The three-button controls can be used to program the pump and to scroll through the recorded data.Recorded values include start date and time; stop

date and time; total sample time; flow rate; sample volume; temperature; and atmospheric pressure. Programming options include a security/tamper-resistance feature. To change any sampling parameter,the user must enter a security code (button sequenceis the same for all the pumps). For ultimate tamper resistance, the user can set a lockout option through the optional DataTrac® software program.


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Thumb Nuts

Clip

Inlet Plate

Accelerator Plate A

Collector Plate

Accelerator Plate B

Collector Plate

Accelerator Plate C

Collector Plate

Accelerator Plate D

Collector Plate

Outlet plate and After-filter Housing

Threaded Studs

O-ring

Compression Ring

Spacer Ring

Screen

Outlet Plate andAfter-filter Housing

Exploded View of Sioutas ImpactorOutlet Plate

Figure 2. Exploded View of Sioutas Personal Cascade Impactor


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Not shown: Beltclip (back)

Battery Charging Jack(top)

Computer InterfacePort (top)

Inlet Port with protective filter

Liquid CrystalDisplay (LCD)

Keypadwith large operatingbuttons

Soft Rubber Over-moldingprotects against damage

Flashing LED RunIndicator

BatteryStatus Icon

Li-IonBatteryPackFor 24-hour runtimes(included)

Sioutas Pers onal Casc ade I mpactor in Sam pling Tra in.

Figure 3. Leland Legacy Sample Pump


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7.3.4 Automation - The DataTrac software program (purchased and installed separately) affords the userultimate flexibility in pump scheduling and complete recordkeeping capabilities. Through the “Pump Scheduler” window shown in Figure 4, the user can program up to 100 sampling intervals with defined start and stop times and flow rates. Through the“Sample Set-up” window, the user can record all sample identification information. DataTrac software also records critical pump parameters such as run time, flow rate, and air volume and notes any changes in pump operational status such as flow fault or an exhausted battery. This pump history can be saved to a file or printed.

7.3.5 Flow Calibration Options - The pump will display theflow rate in L/min on the LCD as measured by theinternal flow sensor. Calibration can be verified by a primary flow standard and adjusted based on theprimary standard reading. Alternatively, the CalChek® option can be utilized. With this option, thepump and a DryCal® DC-Lite primary standard (Bios International, Pompton Plains, NJ) communicate directly and the pump adjusts the flow until the displayed values of both agree.

7.4 CAHN MICROBALANCE

7.4.1 The Cahn Model 30 balance is capable of weighing up to 3.5 g with an accuracy of ± 0.5 µg. It operates on theprinciple of balancing the sample with torque motorinput. The electric current flowing in the torque

motor produces an equal and opposite force on the balance beam when the beam is at the reference position, identified by a photocell detection system.The current is directly related to the sample weight through the calibration process.

7.4.2 The same analytical microbalance and weights must be used for weighing filters before and after sample collection.

7.5 WEIGHING ROOM ENVIRONMENT

The weighing room should be a temperature- and relativehumidity-controlled environment. Temperature should bemaintained within the range of 17 to 23°C. Relativehumidity should be maintained between 38% and 42%.Weekly strip chart recordings of temperature and humidityshould be maintained on a hygrothermograph.Temperatures should be read from a calibrated maximum-minimum thermometer and relative humidity should becalculated from a calibrated motor aspirated psychrometer.The weighing area should be cleaned with paper towels anddeionized distilled water each day before weighing. Forcepsshould be cleaned once a week with detergent in a sonicbath and then rinsed in deionized distilled water.Approximately once a month, the balance chamber andpans should be cleaned with diluted ammonium hydroxideand each cleaning should be noted in the weighing roomlogbook. Filters, weights, and pans should be handled onlywith non-serrated tip forceps (SKC Cat. No. 225-8371). TheCahn balance should be left on continuously because itrequires six hours to warm up for stable operation.Polonium 210 alpha sources should be replaced at one-yearintervals from date of manufacture. The replace by dateshould be engraved on the source by the manufacturer, andnoted in the weighing room logbook. The filters should beconditioned in the weighing room for at least 24 hoursbefore they are weighed. Each filter should be passed over adeionizing unit before weighing.

8. APPARATUS LISTING

8.1 PERSONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOR (PEM)

8.1.1 Sampler - MSP Corporation, 5910 Rice Creek Parkway, Suite 300, Shoreview, MN (SKC Cat. No. 761-203B) with optional Flow Calibration Cap (SKCCat. No. 761-202) and Clamping Device (SKC Cat. No.761-201).

Figure 4. Pump Scheduler Window in DataTrac Software for LelandLegacy Pump


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8.1.2 Filter - 37-mm, 2 µm nominal pore diameter PTFE membrane filter disk with PMP support ring (SKC Cat. No. 225-1709 or equivalent).

8.1.3 Pump - Leland Legacy Pump, SKC Inc., 863 ValleyView Road, Eighty Four, PA (SKC Cat. No. 100-3000NULK or equivalent).

8.1.4 Pump Flowmeter - DryCal DC-Lite, BiosInternational, 230 West Parkway, Unit 1, Pompton Plains, NJ (SKC Cat. No. 717-05 or equivalent).

8.1.5 Analytical Microbalance-refer to Section 7.4

8.2 SIOUTAS PERSONAL CASCADE IMPACTOR

8.2.1 Sampler - SKC Inc., 863 Valley View Road, EightyFour, PA (SKC Cat. No. 225-370)

8.2.2 After-filter - 37-mm, 2 µm nominal pore diameter PTFE membrane filter disk with PMP support ring (SKC Cat. No. 225-1709 or equivalent).

8.2.3 Collection Substrate - 25-mm, 0.5 µm nominal pore diameter PTFE membrane filter disk (SKC Cat. No.225-1708 or equivalent).

8.2.4 Pump - Leland Legacy Pump, SKC Inc., 863 ValleyView Road, Eighty Four, PA (SKC Cat. No. 100-3000NULK or equivalent).

8.2.5 Pump Flowmeter - DryCal DC-Lite, BiosInternational, 230 West Parkway, Unit 1, Pompton Plains, NJ (SKC Cat. No. 717-05 or equivalent).

8.2.6 Analytical Microbalance-refer to Section 7.4

9. FILTER PREPARATION

9.1.1 All filters are conditioned in the balance room for at least 24 hours before initial or final weighing to reduce the humidity effects on the filter weights.

9.1.2 A Cahn microbalance with electronic data transfer capability should be used to weigh the filters and collection substrates used in the samplers. With thismicrobalance, a portable computer can be connectedthrough a serial port. Filter numbers are printed in barcode and assigned to filter containers. In operation, the filter numbers are scanned with a

barcode reader and the filter placed on the balance pan. A key is then pressed on the computer keyboardto indicate that the filter is in position for weighing. The computer sends the balance a request to weigh. The balance responds with weight and stability code. The operator is signaled by a tone and a message on the computer screen when weighing is complete. The operator then removes the filter and places it back in its container. The process is repeated for each filter to be weighed. The initial weight, time, and data are written to the data file by the computer.

9.1.3 After the filter has been used, it should be transportedback to the laboratory in a suitable container such as the SKC Filter-Keeper (SKC Cat. No. 225-8301/2)for conditioning and final weighing. The weighing procedure is the same as for initial weighing. The computer will check the data file for the initial weight entry. The final weight will be matched with the initial weight for that filter number in the data file. The computer subtracts the initial weight from the final weight to determine the particle load which is used to calculate the particulate concentration in µg/m3 at each sampler location. After weighing, the filters are carefully returned to suitable containers forarchiving or further analyses.

10. SAMPLER PREPARATION

10.1 PREPARATION OF PEM

10.1.1 The PEM should be disassembled by removing the two screws holding the nozzle cap to the base. After the screws are removed, the nozzle cap should be lifted up to clear the impaction ring assembly. The impaction ring assembly is removed exposing the after-filter housing. If used previously, the sampler should be cleaned before reuse. The nozzle cap can be cleaned by rinsing with isopropyl alcohol. The particles on the impaction ring should be removedby scraping the surface with a knife or razor blade.Oil can be removed from the ring by placing it in a soap solution or a solvent such as cyclohexane followed by complete rinsing and drying.

10.1.2 The impaction ring must be coated with a lightmachine oil to eliminate particle bounce. The oil can be applied to the ring by using an eyedropper to place drops evenly around the ring. Fourteen drops is the maximum amount that the impaction ring will


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hold. Excess oil can be removed by touching a tissue to the porous surface.

10.1.3 To assemble the PEM, place a filter on the filter support screen in the base and set the impaction ring assembly on the filter. Place the nozzle cap over theimpaction ring assembly and replace the two screws. An optional Clamping Device (SKC Cat. No. 761-201) is available to ensure that the nozzle cap is clamped parallel to the base and that the correct clamping force has been applied.

10.1.4 After assembly, attach flexible tubing to the outlet fitting of the sampler and to the inlet of the Leland Legacy pump.

10.1.5 The PEM Flow Calibration Cap (SKC Cat. No. 761-202) provides for a single inlet to the PEM to which a flowmeter can be attached. The Flow Calibration Cap is pressed onto the nozzle cap of the PEM. The flowmeter is attached to the 1/-inch diameter inlet tube on the top of the device.

10.1.6 The recommended flow rate for the PEM specified in this method is 10 L/min. Start the pump, adjust theflow to 10 L/min, and run the pump for a minimum of 5 minutes to stabilize the flow. Adjust pump flowuntil 10 L/min appears on the flowmeter. Record theinitial flow rate as indicated by the flowmeter. Disconnect the flowmeter and Flow Calibration Cap.

10.1.7 Place the pump and PEM in the desired sample location. Initiate sampling by turning on the pump and recording all pertinent sampling details.

10.1.8 At the end of the sampling period, turn off the pump and document all pertinent sampling detailsincluding the sample time displayed on the pump LCD. Repeat the flow calibration as indicated in 10.1.5 and 10.1.6. The flow rate for the overallsample period will be the average of the flow rates determined in the pre- and post- flow calibration. The pre- and post- flow calibration values should agree within ± 5%. Multiply the flow rate by thesample time to determine the air volume for individual samples.

10.2 PREPARATION OF SIOUTAS IMPACTOR

10.2.1 The Sioutas Impactor should be disassembled by loosening the two thumbnuts and removing all stages. To remove O-rings, align the head of a small flat-head screwdriver with the notch in the inner wall of the plate. Gently lift the O-ring up and out. Wash parts in water with detergent or in isopropyl alcohol. Parts may also be cleaned in an ultrasonic bath. Rinse and dry all parts thoroughly with compressed air if available or airdry in a clean environment. Inspect all accelerator plates by holding them up to a light to ensure that none of the impaction slits are clogged. Impaction slits may be cleaned with compressed air.

10.2.2 In a clean environment, assemble the Sioutas Impactor from outlet to inlet as follows: (1) insert the37-mm after-filter into the outlet plate and replace the compression ring and O-ring; (2) place a collectorplate on top of the outlet plate and align the marks;(3) use forceps to place a 25-mm filter in the collectorplate, place a filter retainer on top of the filter, and press retainer down firmly; (4) place the designatedaccelerator plate on top of the collector plate and align the marks; (5) repeat steps (3) and (4) for allstages; (6) put inlet plate in place; and (7) replace thumbnuts.

10.2.3 Using flexible tubing, connect the outlet of the Sioutas Impactor to the inlet of a Leland Legacy pump or other pump capable of maintaining a constant 9 L/min flow rate for up to 24 hours. Connect the inlet of the Sioutas impactor to the outlet of a flowmeter such as the DryCal DC-Lite (SKC Cat. No. 717-05) or other primary flowmeter capable of measuring 9 L/min.

10.2.4 The recommended flow rate for the Sioutas Impactoris 9 L/min. Start the pump, adjust the flow to 9L/min, and run the pump for a minimum of 5minutes to stabilize the flow. Adjust pump flow until 9 L/min appears on the flowmeter. Record the initialflow rate as indicated by the flowmeter. Disconnect the flowmeter.

10.2.5 Place the pump and Sioutas Impactor in the desired sample location. Initiate sampling by turning on the pump and recording all pertinent sampling details.


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10.2.6 At the end of the sampling period, turn off the pump and document all pertinent sampling details including the sample time displayed on the pump LCD. Repeat the flow calibration as indicated in 10.2.4. The flow rate for the overall sample period will be the average of the flow rates determined in the pre- and post- flow calibration. The pre- and post- flow calibration values should agree within ±5%. Multiply the flow rate by the sample time to determine the air volume for individual samples.

11. FILTER REMOVAL AND TRANSPORT

11.1.1 After sampling with either the PEM or the SioutasImpactor, the filters should be carefully removed from the device for weighing and/or other analyses. The filters should be handled with the aid of tweezers to avoid sample loss. Do not turn filters upside down. If transporting samples to an offsite laboratory, place filters in marked, sealed containers for transport such as the SKC Filter-Keeper (SKC Cat. No. 225-8301/2).

11.1.2 For each set of samples, submit a blank sample. The filters to be used as blanks are handled in the same manner as the samples except that no air is drawn through them. Label these as blanks.

11.1.3 As the filters are unpacked in the laboratory, the date received and the condition of the filters should be noted on the accompanying Field Data Sheet and laboratory logbook.

11.1.4 Filters should be placed in an environmentally controlled weighing room and allowed to equilibrate for a minimum of 24 hours. Final weighing of thefilters must be performed on the same balance as the original weighing using the same standard operating procedures.

12. CALCULATION

12.1 Mass of particles found on the sample filter:

Ms = (m2- m1) - m3Where:

Ms= mass found on the sample filter M1= tare weight of the clean filter before sampling, µg

M2=the weight of the sample-containing filter, µg M3=the mean value of the net mass change found on the

blank filters, µg

Note: The blank filters must be subjected to the sameequilibrium conditions.

12.2 The sampled volume is:

Vs= Q x t/1000Where:

Vs=volume of the air sampled, m3

Q= average flow rate of air sampled, L/min T= sampling time, min 1000=conversion from L to m3

Note: There are no temperature or pressure corrections forchanges in sampled volume since the flow calibration istypically performed with the impactor in place at thesampling location. In addition, the Leland Legacy pumpwill compensate for any additional changes intemperature and atmospheric pressure.

12.3 The concentration of the particulate matter in thesampled air is expressed in micrograms/m3.

C = Ms/VsWhere:

C= mass concentration of particulate matter, µg/m3

Ms=mass found on the sample filter, µg Vs= volume of air sampled, m3

13. METHOD SAFETY, PERFORMANCE CRITERIA,AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

13.1 METHOD SAFETY

13.1.1 This procedure may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This method does not purport to address all the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the user’s responsibility to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to the implementation of this procedure. This should be part of the user’s SOP manual.

13.2 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

13.2.1 SOPs should be generated by the users to describeand document the activities in their laboratory


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including: assembly, calibration, operation of thesamplers, pumps, and other equipment; sample transport; and data recording and processing.

13.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM

13.3.1 The user should develop, implement, and maintaina quality assurance program to ensure that the sampling system is operating properly and collecting accurate data. Established protocols for calibration, operation, and maintenance should be conducted on a regularly scheduled basis and should be part of the quality assurance program.

14. REFERENCES

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Compendium ofMethods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in IndoorAir, Atmospheric Research and Exposure AssessmentLaboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1990.

Clayton, D., Perritt, R., Pellizzari, E., Thomas, K., Whitmore,R., Wallace, L., Ozkaynak, H., Spengler, J., “Particle TotalExposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) Study:Distributions of Aerosol and Elemental Concentration inPersonal, Indoor, and Outdoor Samples in a SouthernCalifornia Community,” Journal of Exposure Analysis andEnvironmental Epidemiology, 3(2), 1993, pp. 227-250.

Conner, T., Williams, R., “Individual Particle Analysis ofPersonal Samples from the 1998 Baltimore ParticulateMatter Study,” Proceeding of the American Association forAerosol Research Particulate Matter Meeting, March 31-April 4, 2003, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Morandi, M., Stock, T., and Contant, C., “A ComparativeStudy of Respirable Particulate MicroenvironmentalConcentrations and Personal Exposures,” EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment, 10(2), 1988, pp. 105-122.

Singh, M., Misra, C., Sioutas, C., “Field Evaluation of aPersonal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS),” Proceeding ofthe American Association for Aerosol Research ParticulateMatter Meeting, March 31-April 4, 2003, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania.

Spengler, J., Treitman, R., Tosteson, T., Mage, D., Soczek, M.,“Personal Exposures to Respirable Particulates andImplications for Air-pollution Epidemiology,”Environmental Science and Technology, 19, 1985, pp. 700-707.

Misra, C., Singh, M., Shen, S., Sioutas, C., Hall, P.,“Development and Evaluation of a Personal CascadeImpactor Sampler (PCIS),” Journal of Aerosol Science, 33,2002, pp. 1027-1047.


Hans P. Blaschek Bernard D. GoldsteinUniversity of Illinois University of Pittsburgh

Josephine Cooper (Chair) Susan F. MooreToyota Motor North America, Inc. Georgia-Pacific Corporation

Wilma Delaney Monica SamuelsDow Chemical Company (Retired) Attorney

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS

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