development of agricultural irrigated lands in burkina faso

Experiences de la gouvernance de l’eau en Afrique de l’Ouest16 avril 20151/24 www.gwpao.org

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATED LANDS IN BURKINA FASO

Tiemtoré MahamoudouChargé de pogramme Global Water Partnership/Afrique de l’Ouest

GWP-ILC-IWMI Workshop

Responding to the Global Food Security Challengethrough Coordinated Land and Water Governance


I. BACKGROUND






1.1. Geographic, demographic and administrative

Located in the heart of West Africa;




1.2. Principal physical1.2.1. Climate and climatic zones

Alternation of a wet season and dry season.

Wet season starts From May and June, and stops on September/mid-October Wettest months are July, August, September.

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Longitude (°)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Longitude (°)

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Latit

ude

(°)

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Long

itude

(°)

OUAGADOUGOU

DORI

OUAHIGOUYA

DEDOUGOU

FADA NGOURMA

BOBO-DIOULASSO

BOROMO

PO

GAOUA

BOGANDE

600

900900

ZONES CLIMATIQUES DU BURKINA FASO ( 1971 - 2000 )

NIGER

BENINTOGOGHANA

COTE D' IVOIRE

MALI

900

900

600

LEGENDE :

Climat Sahélien

Climat Soudano-sahélien

Climat SoudanienBURKINA FASO

DIRECTION DE LA METEOROLOGIE

Nearly 65% of the country is in the isohyets

500 mm and 800 mm.




1.2.2. Soils and their fertility

-The soils generally : low depth and water holding capacity limited.-Poor in organic matter.-Exposed to an accelerated degradation due to water and wind, and aggravated by anthropogenic factors.-Farmers promote water conservation techniques and soil (CES).

Zai

Lines of stones

manure pits

Half-moon

Manure pit




1.2.3. Water Resources and watershed

-4 national bassin are subdivided into 17 sub-national bassin.

Surface waters are estimated at just around 8 billion m3.Groundwater found in two major geological units:• In crystalline basement areas: 82% of the area • In sedimentary areas: 18% of the territory.

In Burkina Faso there is relatively Water;

Total water intake:

690 million m3 for irrigation and livestock (86 per cent of the

total),

104 million for domestic use (13 percent)

6 million for the industry (one percent).

Water Quality

Generally good.

low salinities


II. OVERVIEW OF THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE






The national Strategy for sustainable development of irrigated agriculture (SNDDAI) was elaborated in 2003 to increase the irrigated productions in order to make up for the deficits of the wet season productions and to increase the monetary incomes of the producers.Its action plan includes by 2015, the development 55 000 ha of irrigated areas. Currently, more than 120 billion CFA francs were mobilized for the implementation of projects and programs.

The potential of irrigationlands in the country is estimated at 233,500 ha.

Food crises related to drought of the Seventies led to the adoption and the implementation of policies which resulted in the development and the progressive integration of the irrigation in the agricultural production

Some Irrigation equipments were initiated in the 60s. And continued sligtly till the 90s with mainly large scale perimeters (Vallée du Kou, Sourou and Bagré (Aouba, 1993)).

Contrary to some countries in Europe, d’Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, Burkina Faso has not a tradition of irrigation.

In November 2001 the « Pilote Programme of small scale Irrigation for Villagers was launched with objectives to promote dry seasons production and to promote appropiate techniques and technologies and to contribute to the diversification of agricultural production. This had a relating success.




With only 9% of irrigable surfaces developed in the years 2000, this rate reached 20% in 2013.

Year (i) 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013Irrigated surfaces IA) 13 043 34 480 39 240 40385 42973Rate of increase RiIA

(%) = (IAi-IA2000) /IA2000

164,4 200,9 209,63 229,47

Since the start of the implementation of the SNDDAI’s action plan we notice an increase of the surface equipped for irrigation contributing to additional and diversified foods products.

NB: On the irrigated 42,973 ha, 33,179 ha are with full control of water.




2.1. Irrigation techniques

2.1.1. Major irrigation schemesMainly near big dams.Cover wide areas with 100 to 1000 hectares in one piece.

With a total area of 12,058 ha, they account for 37% of developed areas in Burkina Faso.

The production is mainly rice and based on the peasantry, often consisting of peasant settlers.

Also, the Government encourages the development of agribusiness in some selected major irrigation schemes




2.1.2. The medium schemes

Their size is between 20 and 100 hectares.

They cover about 3,000 haIn these schemes, the individual farm family is the embodiment of dominant values. Individual plots are generally around 0.1 to 0.25 ha.The facilities are designed on the principle of total control of the water.

But in reality the water control is very strongly dependent on annual rainfall and can vary from one year to another.

These schemes are primarily intended for rice rainfall seasons , with the practice of gardening in dry-season.

Some schemes are essentially reserved for gardening.




The distribution of water in medium schemes is gravity, achieved by using a network of open canals

In some gardening perimeters, the distribution of irrigation water is usually done using a network of implementing California-style network pressurized buried pipelines serving the terminals.

From the terminal, the water is applied to the plot by the technique of furrow irrigation

Realization of irrigation lines by the farmers beneficiaries of the site




2.1.3. Small-scale irrigation

The small irrigation covers around ten thousands of hectares in Burkina Faso.Corresponds to small-scale irrigation schemes of less than one hectare to hundreds of hectares.Nowadays we see some producers of small-scale irrigation implementing systems with drip-irrigation, popularized by many projects and programs operating in the field of irrigationSmall-scale irrigation is either community or individual.It is community, where investment is allowing the production group.Small-scale irrigation corresponds to: -perimeters of 3 to 20 hectares;-perimeters less than half a hectare;-localized irrigation schemes (irrigation).The localized irrigation are still on experimental level.




Small-scale irrigation works with both surface water resources and groundwater.

The mobilization of water is carried out by using small dams, wells and boreholes, as well as riversThe withdraw of water is made by both mechanical diesel pumps and with the use of treadle pumps

Water withdraw from small dam

Traditionnal wellsWater withdraw from river with treadle pumps




The withdraw of water is made by mechanical diesel pumps.

Some farmers use buckets, watering cans, gourds or various containers.

Water withdrawing on modern wells with treadle pumps




2.1.3. The inland wetlands

Today, more than 8000 ha of lowland in Burkina Faso are equipped with a potential (temporarily) estimated at about 500,000 ha.

The management of lowland usually using simple techniques, relatively inexpensive and easy to implement.Planning a lowland is partial control of the water.




earth bunds with stones for protection

earth bunds after 2 or 3 years

earth bunds realization




2.2. SURFACES UNDER PRODUCTION

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

Superficies emblavées (ha) /Campagne sèche




2.3. Productions




050000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000500000550000600000650000700000750000800000850000900000950000

10000001050000

20

01

-20

02

20

02

-20

03

20

03

-20

04

20

04

-20

05

20

05

-20

06

20

06

-20

07

20

07

-20

08

20

08

-20

09

20

09

-20

10

20

10

-20

11

Campagne agricole/Saison sèche

Productions totales (T)Productions Céréales (T)

In spite of the rise of the irrigated surfaces, the contribution of irrigated agriculture to the national cereal production remains weak.




2.4. SOCIO-ECONOMICAL IMPACTS

- Creation Of new jobs

- Maintain fo rural youth in the local areas

- Increase of Food Production,

- Etc….




2.5. SOME CONSTRAINTSTraditionally lands were managed by private landowners. it is since 1983 that the land became property of the government with the adoption of the RAF (Land and Agrarian Reform).

Most of the irrigation schemes are not properly managed and some work and some not Market: Some producers have difficulties to sell their products. Weak conservation and storage and processing techniques capacity . Difficulties in rational management of equipments and low level of organization of producers. low rate of financing, degradation of river banks by the population and the silting of reservoirs and water ways are also constraints. Need for management of soil fertility on irrigated areas.

The RAF (Land and Agrarian Reform) Voted in 1984 and revised in 1991, 1996 and 2008, 2012 in not effective yet and the tenure insecurity is still a reality, especially for women and youth.




2.5. SOME CONSTRAINTS

Poor maintenance of irrigation canals

Degradation of river banks




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development of agricultural irrigated lands in burkina faso

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