TECHNICAL REPORT ECOM 02391-F

"0 •DEVELOPMENT OF: "• CARBON ZINC BATTERIES: • CAPABLE OF STORAGE UP TO 1600F

Fincl R.apat

S by

7RF,•Y G. MIESING

* Juno 1967

Distribution ofthis Document Is unlimited.

UNITED STATES AR.MY ELECTRONICS COMMAND - F3 RT -- "iOUlH N.,,

CONTRACT NO. DA 2WQ4 AMC 02"91 (Ir)

BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY RECEIVc- E

CFST:

•L . .. . .'- . . .0m

1'ECOflICAL REPORT ECOM 02391-? June 1967

DKVEEOPEKNT OF C/ZN BATTERIESI ~CAPAB1Z OF STORAGE UIP TO 160'~F

Final Report

1 July 1966 to 31 March 1967

Report No. 2

Contract No. DA-28-O43-AMC-02391 (E)

Project No. 1C622OOIAO53, Task 02, Subtask 56

Prepared byTerry 0. Messing

Burgess Battery CmpanyDivision of Servel, Inc.

Freeport, Illinois

for

U. S. Arvy Electronics Cmaud.ower Sources Division

Fort Monamth, Ne, Jrsey

L-Diatz.button of tWis docuNent is unll.mibe4.

Toble of Contents

Appendix Contents iV

Abstract Vi

1ýublications, lectures, Deports Viand Conferences

1'eport Body

i. Perfor,'ance of Present Product 1

il. Investigation of Cell Type 2

Ill. Wafer i•iO86/1,C-25 Construction 6

iV. Br Round Cell BA386/PIDC-25 Coi'struction 7

V. A "Dound Cell BA336/iPK-25 Construction 7

Vi. Single "A" Round Cell 9

VI1. Gassing of "D" Cells with Inhibitors 10

Viii. Conclusions 10

iLX. • ature Work i

III

Appendix ContentsTables

I. Capacity of Sp~u Paste BA?86/PRC-25, Storage at ?0°F and Ul3°F.

0I!. Capacity of Spuzn Paste 1A386/IT,,C-25, StoraGe at 1130F and 130 F.

1II. Capacity of Modified Spun Paste BA3%6/PRC-25, Storage at 1450Fand 160"F.

IV. Capacity of Round Cell Test Batteries(Six "AJA" Cells Conmected in Series)

V. Capacity of Wafer Cell Test Batteries(Six "UT" Wafer Cells Connected in Series)

VI. Capacity of Wafer BA-386/PRC-25, Storage at 1600F.

VII. Capacity of Wafer BA-386/PRC-25, Storage at 1 3 0oF a•nd 113°F.

VIII. Capacity of BR iLound Cell BA-33b/PRC-25, Storage at 1450 and i.LLF

I11. Capacity of "A" Eound Cell BA386/PfiC-25, Storage at 1600F.

X. Capacity of Single "A" Round Cell on a BA386/PRC-25 A2 Section.

Graph

I. Capacity of ProduLc1on Spun Paste BA386/PRC-25

II. Weight Loss of 1U6 Batteries

iLL.. Capacity of Wafer BA386/PRC-25

IV. Cipacity of Single "A" Cells on BA3%/PRC-25 Drain

V. Gassing of Control a1C

V1. Effect of Frlrlsifior STH on Rate of Gassing

VII. Effect of Armeen T on Rate of Gassing

VIII. Effect of Victamine C on Rate of Gassing

IX. Effect of Victamine D on Rate of Gassing.

IV

Appendix Contents (Continued)

Figure

I. Mechanically Sealed Cell

K7;!i

),..

It._ _

__________________'

L"

Ij

Abstract -- High Temperature Carbon/Zinc Developnent Contract

i'wnber DA28-043-eiC-32391 (E)

Discussion of the development of a carbon zinc battery capable

of prolonged storage at high temperatures is given. A suLrary of the

ability of the present product is sub.Litted. An analysis of the merits

of geomaetric considerations is given, Sad data presented to show the

capabilities of various cell constructiors.

PoblicaLions, Lectures, Raports, and Conferences

Publications: None

Reports: None

Lectures: None

Conferences:

1. 15 August, 1966, outlined the objectives for high temperaturecarbon zinc developnent, held at ECOM, Fort Monmouth, NewJersey. Attended by Donald B. Wood, John J. I4urphy andH. L. Williams of the U. S. Army Electronic Command and HowardJ. Strauss and Terry Messine of Burgess.

•. 12 December, 1966, outlined progress to date ant objsctivesfor the completion of the high temperature carbon zinc develop-ment, held at Burgess Battery Company, Freeport, Illinois.

Attended by Donald B. Wood of the U. S. Army ElectronicCommand and Joseph J. Coleman, ioward J. Strauss, H4ilton E.Wilko, Lloyd W. Eaton, Timothy S. Hungate, Terry G. Messing,and Roger Woodworth of Burgess.

VI.

3. 1 February, 1967, outlined progress to date and objectivesfor the completion of the h•igh temperature carbon zincdevelopment, held at ECOM, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.Attended by John J. Murphy, Donald B. Wood, and HarryL. Williama of the U. S. Army Electrcnic Command arndtninarca J. Strauss and Terry U. Messing of Burgess.

4. 14 1larch, 1967, outlined procwess to date and objectivesfor the co~apletion of the high temperature carbon zincdevelopment, held at Burgess Battery Company, Freeport,Illinois. Attended by Donald B. Wood of the U. S. ArmyElectronic Ccmmand ana Josepn J. CI'leman, HowU!rd J. Strauss,Milton E. Wilke, Lloyd 4. Eaton, Terry G. Messing, andRoger M. Woodworth of Burgess.

.- 1

v1I.

•'4

To investigate certain constructional cbanges that would improve

the performance of Carbomn 4 1-Z-nCi,,/Zinc cells arnd/or batteries after

high temperature storag-. Thise change-, wJere required to be of a nature

that would allow the resulting cell to be readily manufactureble.

Specifically, a Ba386/FRC-25 battery a. specified in MIL-B-1L/241A(EL),

13 February 1963 is to be used as the experimental battery. It is desired

that a battery that will reliably give twenty-four hours service after

four weeks storage at 1600YF be developed.

Introduction:

The first effort in this contract was applie(I to determining the per-

formance capability of the present product. Burgess Battery Compe'y

presently is supplying spun pasie, carbon zinc Ba 586/FRC-25 batteries

in production under contract DAA-Bu5-67-C-2O.l-

I. Performance of Present Product

This Ba386/PFC--d5 battery is composed of forty-four "BR" celia. Ten

cell.s in series and four in parallel (40 cells) make up the fiften volt

A2 section, and two cells in series and two in parallel (4 cells) maks up

the three volt A, section. These batteries are sealed with a standard asphalt

;ealing ccmpow•i. As part of the production control these spun paste

batteries are tested fresh, after storage for twelv months at 70° and

after storage for three moths at IIF. So representative data f.rom

recent production testing is given in Tabl. I and shown 4s pert of Graph I.

The capacities shown in hours Qre everne results and are followed by the

numbr of samples which were averaged.

-I

-2-

Sample production Ba386/PRC-25 batteries were stored at l113F and

1.00F and discharged 3t regular intervals. Table 1,* shows the data obtain-

ed. This was repeated with a second lot of batteries and the table ::h'ews

the overall. -verages. These capacities are pert oi" Graph I.

To obtain data it 145°F Fnd 160OF with these bdtterieF it was neces.ary

to chanrge the conztraction. The sealing, potting asphalt material usel in

the ;roductiou battery becomes :oft at these elevated temperatures. The

batteries were potted instead in a srecial high melt asphalt from Witco (H-942).

This material dces a fiir Job of potting but leaves some vcids in the battery.

The data frcmn these batteries is given in Table III and i6 pert of Graph 1.

Graph I then 3hows the performance of the presently produced Ba••66/PRC-25

;pun paste battery. The graph shows good capacity retention at 70c>F at

and beyond one year. it show: a rate of capacity loss that is accelerated

by a rise in tcrp4rature at which the battery is stored. However, even atI1450 F, storage for four weeks is possible. But there Zeems a break here a8n

no .;eable =apacity was found after one .:eek of storage at loO F.

I. Investigation of Cell Type

There are two general cell geometries in which the carbon/Nrr,-4 C1-7.•

zinc cell is made in the industry today. One class i4 the flat cell, and

the second is the round cell class of carbon zinc batteries. It was Jesir-

able to run tests on comparable flat cell and round cell batteries to

detae mine if on* or ttne otner had any unique advantages. The ,unitz chosen

were Burges:: ZtU whIch i. the standard flat (wafer) cell nine volt transistor

radio battery, -nd a round cell battery compD:ed of ni.. AAA celL, inr .eries.

V

Thuj both the round cell a.id the vafer cell batterie3 were nominal nine

volt batterie; and had equal -mounts of aix I i then.

The!;e ostteries were cut )n the foIl'owi•g teit:

Load: 2 maiute 18 minute

The test ,jas run to 1.0 volt.; cer cell. Thi.. test appro.lmetes the

current dens]cles in the cathode coltec'or ,.rt of the wafer "UT" cell

to the current ienlitie.& .;perienc*.d in a wafer "F' Cell in a Ba ý86'FPC-25

bnttery. Thu.; the.;e tests guve 's a mee.-urt- of the ibility to retain caae-4:ity in a wafer- vers'Dn of '.he 3,a836 /P2-l bu not •iVe a measure of

capacity av:.Aable.

The ;-o,'And c•lel lots -ere a-11 b - It w•th e paper lined round cell

instead of the .pun -azte round cells used in section 1 above. There were

three aifferent piper iining5-separators: used; one jeparator was paper coeted

on one Ide with starch, one was paper codted both Aides with ;tarch, Ind one

-a,; .oated one si-e .itn methocel.

The wafer cell lots -.ere built witn tvo sets of varlatloc.s. One trn

the wafer cell to make a connection from cell to cell i suspension of silver

platsd copper 2owoer in waý (bilver wa.-)' i t ed by 3w•egs.- Work prior

to .e contract indic ted that this we,\ vehicle at elevated texperatures

would dissolve or pie. icl:e the cond-;ctlve plAt.c current collector or

the catnode. This cou. ed a rise io tbe resistance if the conductive plastic

.nd battery failur6. A possible substituto is 6 silver plater copper povder

suspenis'., in d -. ter .olution of aethocel. Thi.- silver paste, howevy.r,

tends to corrýdo itseid due to tne water !.n iý %nd m=y not be &i. entirely

satisfactory solution. Two, wrefr batteries are standardly potted in

wax to ziniLize water loss. At the elevated temperatures e,.perienced

in the terting of these batteries, the wax wll flow out. Therefore, a

test of other possible potting materials was initiated.

The rnquirýments of a potting material that will providk oatteries

capable of high tempereture storage are:

1. Moderat. texperature during potting. This eliminated certain

asphalts wbich melted at such a high temperature that the plastic film

wrapping the wafer cell was drastically degraded during potting.

2. Low viscosity of the potting material. This eliminated cca-tain

plastic formulations which were too thick to flow into the battery properly.

3. Ability to withstand 160OF storage. Wa.ý was eliminated because

it l~quified. It may be possible that certain wax formulations can be

heiC in the battery.

•4. Low water vapor transmission. This is a combination property,

in this case, since vapor transmission is measured by the weight loss c.

the battery and the amount of loss is due to the combination of the vapor

transmission properties of the potting material and how completely the

potting material fills the voids in the battery.

Noting these requirements, several possible potting materials were

chosen for trial. The potting material was evaluated by potting nine volt

2U6 batteries with the potting material. The resultant batter'es were tehn

stored at 160OF and weighed periodically to determine weight loss. This

weight loss is felt to be an indication of the effectiveness of the potting

"-5-

material. The materials evaluated weret

1. We;. (#2300 petroleum base)

2. Polyurethane (Spencer Kallogg XPU52 and D. I. Castor Oil)

3. Spar varnish (coinercial grade)

14. P-250 (a Witco asphalt)

5. H-942 (a Witco asphalt)

6. Polyisobutylene (A low molecvlar weight sample, Standard Oil)

7. Furane (A two part plastic material from Fur~ne Plastics)

8. Epolene (Eastman Chemicals Products, Inc.)

The weight loss of these batteries is shown in Graph IIA and IB.

From this data polyurethane and wax were chosen as a potting material

for batteries to be stored at high temperatures. Four groups of 2U6 batteries

were built. One with silver wax and wax potting, one with silver wax and

polyurethane potting, one with si.Wer paste and waA potting and one with

silver paste and polyurethane potting.

Table IVA, IVB, and IVC show capacities obtained with the round cells

K and Table VA. VB, and VC show capacities obtained with the wafer cells.

The wafer cell has been used as a low current device with a relative-

ly high internal resistance. When it is used in a continuous and at a

fairly high discharge rate. the wafer cell does not generally perform well.

However, Burgess has developed a wafer version of the Ba386/PRC-25 which

does perform satisfactorily. There are ways of overcoming this internal

resistance. However, in this test the round cell shows a defiAita super-

iority in fresh discharge. Further, if the results are examined, it is

evident that with methocel paper there may be useable service after storage

at 160 0F,

. Storage at 1.60F has associated with it many problems. The foremost

would prooqbly be leakage control. The AAA cella tested above proved

very prone to this type failure. Another problem that these cells showed

was ballooning after storage at 160OF., i.e. the mix slug and paper sepWr-

ator maintained their original shape and gas pressure apparently caused the

zinc to cold flow into a torpedo-like shape. This problem gives emphasis

to the necessity of properly venting these cells as shall be seen a little

later.

III. Wafer Ba386/PRC-25 Construction

Despite the consideration given in the last section, a small number

of wafer Ba386/PRC-25 batteries were built. These were potted with the

polyurethane material as described above and the data is presented in

Table VI.

These batteries used a aethocel paper separator. The wafer cell as

these were built will lose water relatirely rapidly and this would account

for the capacity loss. The degree of capacity retention would indicate

that the methocel paper separator will satisfactr. ily s.rvive 160"F storage.

Prior to the start of this contract a wafer version of the Ba386/PRC-25

was developed. This battery was stored at l3°F and 130OF. Refer to

Table VII, which shows the capacity of several experimental lots of these

batteries.

The data shown in Tables VI and VII was averaged and shown on Graph

III. This construction with methocel paper separator shows an extended

shelf life, greeter than that of the presently produced battery.

"-7-

IV. BR Round Cell B&386IflC-25 constructiou.

The next units built were of the general configuration of the spun

paste production battery (i.e. 44 BR cells). However, these cells were

lined with methocel paper instead of using the spun paste liner. These

units were constructed on the spun paste production equipment. The paper

lined cell generally needs to be tamped harder in order to properly wet up

the separator. The spun paste line on which these batteries were made did

not have facilities for proper tamping since spun paste cells need only

light tamping, and the paper lined cells did not get properly tamped.

Refer to Table VIII to see the performance of this lot. The capacities are

not meaningful because of the lack of proper tamping. But the maintenance

of open circuit voltage (OCV) and short circult current (flash) would indi-

cate that the separator is compatible with the cathode at these temperatures.

V. A Round Cell Ba386/PRC-25 Construction

There are then two problems present, (1) the round cells we had used

were prone to leakage and (2) the zinc can was expanding due to the gas

pressure being generated in the cell. It was tLought that these two problems

might be solved by a special potting material. If a hard, inflexible material

were used, the potting material w-xdd tend to keep the cans from expanding

away from the mix. Then if potting material were to cover the cell tops

this material would act as a second line of defense against leakage.

To further stop leakage, the cells in this battery were closed by the

Burgess mechanical seal mthod. In this method a plastic washer is forced

over the carbon rod to the position Porall3y oncupied by the asphalt seal in

a conventional cell. The zinc can is then sized down, necked down such that

-8-

a seal between the carbon rod and the plastic washer, and between the zinc

can and the plastic washer were assured. Then a steel ring is forced over

the zine can to prevent it from coM flow!g and relaxing the seal of the

plastic washer. This mechanical seal is shown in Figure I.

Four exlerimental lots were built with various potting and mix vari-

ations.

1. Mix with 100% electro ore with no chrome, methocel paper with

mercury, potted entirely in Araldite 502 epoxy.

2. Mix with 100% electro ore with chrome, methocel paper with no

mercury, potted to shoulder of cell with Araldite 502 epoxy and cell tops

with 1942 asphalt.

3. Mix with 100% electro ore with chrome, methocel paper with no

mercury, dipped in Araldite 502 epoxy and potted with H942 asphalt.

4. Mix with 100% electro ore with chrome, methocel paper with mercury,

potted to shoulder of cell with Araldite 502 epoxy and cell tops with H942

asphalt.

The lot numbers used above are used as a cell description in Table IX.

The data is presented for the above batteries !n Table IX. In all cases

the potting procedure did put a' least a thin coating of the epoxy over the

entire surface of the cell. This epoxy material when it set up became very

hard. The heat of storage caused slight expansion of the cells which caused

the epoxy blocks to split. This splitting caused extensive lead breakage,

also the zinc cans were split and the mechanical seal was pulled out of the

cell.

F - " ,/-I .

-9-

Therefore it seems the cell must be allowed to vent at a sufficimnt

rate to relieve the preasure caused by the gassing occurring during storage

and that this venting rate is appreciable.

VI. Single "A" Round Cell

Also stored were single "A" cells with the ;mecnarical seal. These cells

therefore did not have a coating of po,!ing material and were able to vent

properly.4

These cells after storage were discharged on a simulated test that

would give a drain equivalent to the drain on the cells in the A2 sections

of the whole batteries of the previous section. Data for these cells is

shown in Table X and Graph IV.

The lots would be described as follows:

1. Mix with 100% electro ore with no chrome, methocel rpper with

mercury, no pinhole.*

2. Identical to 1 except with pinholes.

3. Identical to I except stored at 700 F.

4. Mix with 100% electro ore with chrome, methocel paper with mercury,

no pinhole.

5. Mix with 100% electro ore with chrome, methocel paper without mercury,

no pinhole.

W.I. Gassn gof "D" CeliA with Inhibitors

When carbon/zinc cells are stored, especially at elevated temperatures,

a certain amount of action dissolving or corroding the zinc is inevitable.

* A pinhole was placed in the plastic seals of some celia to relieve internalpres sure.

W1.0-

This action on the zinc causes the available capacity of the cell to

decrease. One of the products of this reaction is gas. The rate of the

action on the zinc may be measured by the rate of gas evolution.

ECCO supplied four samples of inhibitors. These were supplied as 2%

in sal ammoniac. Standard Burgess ZC (starch coated pape.- lined D sLze)

cells were made using this sal ammoniac. These cells were then put in a

mineral oil bath at 1300F. and the gas evolved was collected over the mineral

oil.

On graphs iV, V, VI, VII, and VIII the data found is presented for:

Grdph No.

V Control cell.

VI Emulsifier STH (General Aniline and Film)

VII Armeen T (Armour Chemical Co.)

VIII Victamine C (Stauffer Chemical Co.)

IX Victamine D (Stauffer Chemical Co.)

VIII. Conclusions

The original purpose of this work was the development of a battery

capable of storage at 1600 F. There was no usable service available from

the spun paste cell .ý.•teries after any period of storage at 160 0F.

Apparently the starch layer is not compatible with the mix at this

twmperature.

The wafer-flat cell has the possibility of development for this use

but the round AAA cell shows a greater fresh capacity at these drains and

is better suited to sealing. Not.;thelessa the wafer batteries dii show some

possibility of dovelopment. Wafer cell batteries in Table VI showed

- .4 -9 p.*

capacities of eighteen or nineteen hours after storage for one month at

1600?.

Data shown in Table VIII shows the necessity of a well tamped cell.

But the fact that the open circuit voltage did not drastically decline 4

indicates that the methocel-mix couple is stable at 1600F.

Data shown in Table IX indicates that although these cells need to be

potted to limit water loss and to hold the cell's shape, this potting cannot

dra3tically reduce the venting rate of the cell.

The data from the single cells showed capacity retention after one month

at 1600F to be very good when compared to that seen previously. If such a

cell construction were used with "BR" cell batteries, the capacity after one

month at 1.600F would be passing.

IX. Future Work

Although thii Ls a fiial report, work with this aim will most certainly

continue toward a battery as proposed in this contract. The work here has

not Pilly defined such a battery, but it has indicated the areas of inves-

tigation which will be fruitful. First work with single cells should be

followed. Such work eliminates problems related to the connecting of cells

and many of the potting problems related to large cell blocks. Our single

cell data indicates that with the development of perhaps a "BR" size, methocel

paper lined, mechanically sealed cell a satisfactory cell might be developed.

Second work related to the making of reliable connections between ceLls and

satisfactory potting of cell blocks should be followed. The pssing rate

should be measured for these cells so that the potting can be adjusted to

allow proper venting.

Supplement to Report No. ECOt 02391(E) dated January 1967, forservices under contract No. DA-28-043-ANC-02391(E)

Identification of Personnel

J. J. Coleman, Vice-President for Research and Engineering,Age: 59

Education: B. S. Chemistry, University of Colorado, 1931M. S. Physics, University of Colorado, 1934Ph. D. Chermitry, University of Colorado, 1936

Dr. Col.A'n has more than 20 years of experience in the batteryindustry and many patents and papers to his credit.

11. J. Strauss, Director of Research a:nd Development,Age: 45

Educations B.Ch.E., College of the city of New York, 1942M.S. Chemical Engineering, Columbia University,1947Ph.D. Chemical Engineering, Columbia University,1949

Dr. Strauss has rore than 15 years of very diversified batteryexperience, and a large number of articles and patents to hiscredit.

M. E. Wilke, Chief EngineerAge: 48

Educations A. B. Chemistry, Ripon College, 1938M. S. Cnemistry, Texas A. & M. College, 1940

Mr. Wilke has more than 20 years of direct battery research anddevelopment work and has several papers and patents to his credit.

F. A. Poas, Laboratory fianager,

Age,33

Educations B. S. Chemistry, Northern Illinois University# 1957

Mr. Poes has approximately 4 years of pertinent experience.

T. G. Messing, Project Engineer,Age: 26

Educations B. S. Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at StevensPoint, 1962

Mr. Messing has more than • years of pertinent battery experience.

-13-

R. M. Woodworth, Project EngineerAge: 25

Education: B. S. Chemistry, Aurora College, 1963One year graduate work in Chemistry, KansasState University

Mr. Woodworth has more than six months of pertinent battery experience.

Time Distribution:

J. J. Coleman - Attend weekly rev-ews of contract work.

H. J. Strauss - Attend weekly reviews of contract work.

II. E. Wilke - Attend weekly reviews of contract work.

'. A. Poss - 69 hours

T. G. Messing - 675 hours

R. .M. Woodworth - 537 hours

InI

J40

v~om

0

44

-5-

tic" .

'.l L~ 4 C- '. '.0 0 .4 -.4 a, ti- 0,,

CA t. * . j A A %. 6 A

00 -t '.T N~ -1 "D 13 N1 0

tz tz A' - i

'.0 '.0 m. t-

0 4

V43 C

0

04)

0% a' - ' t- LAr~ r - en~ nI4' 'l .0 \. 0 J\' f UN Ul 110 -

43

a.l t. '0* - _:r -.0 ch _4 * \0 n'

.. 6 4':ý ý

0 -

L1 L

C,4

0' N 3 r ý~ 4 0 4 4 aD .4

O-A -:r .cca

-4' j *' -4 N -4 ý4 N 4 N u

4, v ~(Y O 0 n'% 0 0 0a% !

to U' 0 '~ 0 o' 0

0~34 0

4A .ý CO 0- 0 0 0 04 9 *ý ' r\ U-' Lr\ .Lr\

H P4 r H H4

0 -

4) 4

.C t 0 C~j\O 0 N~ c0 00C 0 0 00 0 o Co

CI CC ý i

C)ý

co) 0- 00' 0 ~ 0' (\I cc 0 0 CO \'0 ~ ' -

0

Q)

ID p I C)j cl cli (C) C4 C)j C. CC) CCj IN Cvj cC

43 CO '.0 CO ý4 C4 ;- 0ý ? ? 3 ý

U toU' '. U U'itoC), vvccccv-C'UUU -4 U' Cj

11 4, '40 0 0 0 0 0

43~f 0 0 0 0 0 0

00

ZE-4 0 H O '

43cr,

S"0r 0 -~~ 0 NM 0

bo 4,

ý4,

044

t-0 0 0 0 0 0

4J C 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

E4, 0

\JD 0 H

4-)4

0 02 cli 0 CM j 0 l 0 0 0N

4,4- 0

09.~ -'H *,-~ cu

sd -4

C,, f,) (

In 4- -. -

0 00 000

(nS 0CY (Y) , I 0 0

0 * 0 * 0 0 0 0

_:t ~ ~ 0 0~ 00 CY '10 0 0

C..;

(\ Y 0y 0 cr) cm c'i 0 0 0 0

4) 0 0 0 0t '. 0. ' 0 0

Co '8

r- (nc (Y)t C N C.') N ~

0 4) U

4O 04

o)gq Cý 00t

00

bC~ 0

0~0

00>

243

0A0

.4-1l U~

0 S

0 0 a000

9 IR 9 99

1 c 0 0 0

10 0 0

00 8J - ~kit

* m0

IRI0~ q q

0, 02 t

0 0 0 0 0 0

43a R 9 0 ~

-- 6 6 0 * 0 m

iiAJc 0

0P

9C41

cIi

qqe~~~q 9~~q qPc0 ml-0

• . S 0.I0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A

W0 0000 0

Wý 9l t 9 c ý e T C. 9 W

'004

"IIN

i'

I

0 1111F v� a 0

..�q**%q qqqq0 Cd @1 * 4 �O * 0000

* U% ts t Cd0 0Cd

qeq.'� qqqu�

�i � 00 0 U%0*Cda��1�IIJO

111111 illII I,I

iii

�ti I ill

i~~il II

r4 r4 Ap p

X41 F4 p449

- .

a 's -U". ,i f 9 v p pM

O WP4

A

v94

01 I*~ N r N "10

PI4 P4 M 4 r4 P4 P4 ~-4 '-4 #4 NCV (W N N N C

o o~ t- 0 N' 0 A a~

* ~ d -1 0 0 0 6 0 I ~ - 0 0 0%

1 0q 9- 9- R0 U% w0 00 * -0 0 91

.- 4 0

-WA

0-

Wq 04 v CY m- m 00 4 04 N 0Y

o ",0

0% G

00 0

'00

lIj

'u~ ~ ~ ~ U C C u . .o 0e7IN-00Lf 00 0Otr'OOOOCý Z i\O 9 Z 6CaJ

U30) 000000 00000000000000

LK 0 .ý C0 0ý 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0

Cli Vn NN WNNV)

V 43C..) to -

043I

0

P4 0 *

ý4 OOOO00xJ00000230 O000

IC 0)* 8

C-)

000 \8 9 c0000C0000OR000I' . . . . 0 0 0) 0 000 q 0 00

E-4,

00 0000000000000000

4.,

r4 -4 H4 HA 4 -1-4 H H4 H4 H j Wj C\i C\J (n Ml Cli ty)~ ý*:

c- MCC ON 0) 0 0 ý 0r)

* Y)r U-%-*tr 4

0 E 0 r-I 004 ~ ~ ro C Y u~t-

>

43 InI 11(1 ;t-t4eg sC Fjc\C C\ :0CO CO 00 41

00

H

01 1 :- gi

Q o l~ 0.4.%,

co r H01 .1 .11 P4r4r -I i r4-I e-I -4H HP1 -4 r4ca

0 a)

0 0

14Hw: *

0

CH co _:t cuo -t C~i N0 N

A43

040

P4 Fr.. cC\J CU (n C\J C0 W)I rI I4 r-4 r-4 I II I94

s..wca 9.43 4) 43 43 1

cOC~~~~J ' OO01- O&

to-I H-oH E-4C4om-A rn -Ir-4H t

2.I A 4 r tI r4 A r 4I - O 4 ) -t

TtI I Tq I!

1''9

i - --- -- 1 -SN

. .

4 I1'"

!

. .

-:I:-

SI 1 % .

' i _ _

I... ._ _ _.

.. . . . ... I..

. .. •.

o ... _- -o . . . .. •

•_ o -- o

4 .1

Sl i !

S ---- .....- . - - ____._

S.. .. ..

CC. . .. *. .. /z a ' ° . .. _44 . ..

a l

* F U, S F ,.. i '1 ". .

.. . .. .. , •

* 14

, ¼ .. i•' -* ' I d

- I,; . '4."S• ••! . . ; • '

a- , ,~1 • ft.

I• • i ; : i - -.. .-.-

" " : " 1 " ' : . .

I• :• "• . . . . . , ; . . . i - -.

7 1 . . . . .

I., f4! 4- 1

aT

1 4CI

-� �1� K 7171�iv I

C I

I I J4I III' ----- �.-- I

' I

, I -I-* - - g I

I

I I .

I II . i4.\

* *

[29 I� � ½

� Krn �F. I

a LiL -- Ijg�I II

- ' -- I i**. �-*- I.

I II 'i�I

. --1 �.1

.4 - ....L 'A

1 --V

V .... _ K -- .- I -

I ___

_ I 0--3

93

0

0 i I *'�

I 0o 0 9

j 1 1 -

- - i .1 1 -�

I II I

I - - I II�.

I *1oa[ I 4 -�b-. I - -I - {

I f'so - -

5' II II;0

-- -� ---- ----------- - -. I-II II--.----�---------..�-------I---- 9i�

- --- 4---- --

,� if -

0 ___ - Iu�

'fi-..-.-.--1 �i - -- --- -.I I i �{ I S I0

.� U i I II I

-- I -

--*1-I --

I It L -i-

F

III I I 0

-i

II ______ -----I I1.�

00 0I,,P

I

.~ .......

I I. . .. t-

Si t

:I

-

a 0 1

- -4 Wi

' -7

19 IV-

--f W""

I

It -- 1,-I

'!91• 9 1 t .. . - I '

* -- • -i~l -- A_4 I.I -__ _ Iz l• .. _ _ . .. .J.. .

I '

-i.- -.... 4---- , - - __

-. .... . ,. -... . . - - -

1-A-I- ...--- --t

V I

*I -

I "I" I I

o -" - 4 i-- -- & . ...... -...

I ' ,I I i* f-- . . . . . .. j .... -i-.. .

C .,

- I I I , , iI. I I : I

I ,I , ,. . .. • . .

o -- l

I I I .

I I 1 I

I * " -! -

I I i I_

.1- - 1

I In

i.... ...- . -

* \ G

* � -

_ I

______ 41 -I

-- 4C II I I

K I I I

* I) I-v* -- - - -III _

N - ---- V0 -1- �-

I I

I I _

-4 0 �

,4�4 �4 I __[ - __

* -� j --III* I I

S I I II I* I I11 I I r

T I1< I I I

j---- I---- *----�-----

I I It I

I II II I <I

I U

-1 1 I

3. .. . - I ... I I•

I. I

* I '4i

I I

1 I

L.

- Io

ci

POD---

Jill ~,b~g~wWla ~ V ~ i~1 *4M ,Aq/l tW~,oIAI e ugOld'311lOdtI SlMbUl10 t$nlNfl

Security ClassificationDOCUMENT CONTROL DATA. RLD

gs.rerty 610..l1loflfe a tiof ll.. body of &befrect a"d l'n.daM 4w.effaef xWm l b4 entered Whe" o vearU mpai to ahiolileoI OIOINATINO ACTIVITY (CO.MP"ia. 4 ar.) 1141.. REPORT SECUSIITV 4 UASDIPI1A ?$O0

Burgess Battery Campay UnclassifiedDivision of Servel l Inc. 2a. R.OUPFreeport, Illinois

FEPORT TITLE

Development of C/Zn Batteries Capable of Storage Up To 1600F.

4 0tSCRIPTIVEL NOTES f(rp. of roor a&W fne¢aeir data#)

Final Report July 1 9-March 1967£ AUTHORS) (LOS# n4mo, Offiffa n et . Int11)

Messing, Terry G.

* REPORT 0ATE 70- TOTA6 NO OF P,,oS, I". NO. o- NEWS

June 196754 CONTRACT ON GRANT N5. 90. ORIOINATORAS REPORT NW&AM(SES)

DA 28-o43 AMC-02391 (E)* Pna~.-.-.a. Deport No. 2

iC622001 A053Task No. - 02 1 11b a..

* Subtask - 56 ECOM 02391-F

I0 A VA IL AEILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES

Distribution of this document is unlimited.

I1. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 1I. 6PONSOIN MILITARY ACTIVITY

U. B. Army Electronics CommandFt. Monmouth, New Jersey 07703

Is AESTRACT 7

A~t. AM3EL IK.-PBDiscussion of the development of a carbon zinc battery capable of prolonged

storage at high temperatures is given. A Fummary of the ability of the presentproduct is submitt, -. An analysis of tho •Ierits of geometric considerationsis given, and data presented to show the qapabilitibs of various cell constructions.

DD I JARL 1473"__ _ __

Security Classificaton

RO a - -11101.LL ROL a I

9 ~ Primary Cells

Carbon Zinc Batteries4

Carbon Zinc Round Cell] Batteries 4

Carbon Zinc Wafer Cell. Batteries 4

INSTRUJCTIONS

1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY. Enter the nani. anid addraes i.AVIA LTYIM AIO OIE: ntrnyl-of the contractor. subcontractor. grant@@ Department of Do- itations on further dissemination of the rpport. other than thosefense, activity or other organization (corporate author)isasuing Imposed by security classIfication, using standard statementsth reot such as:2a. REPORT SECUIJTY CLASSIFICATION: Enter the over- (1) "Qualified requester$ may Obtain Copies Of thisall security classification of the report. Indicate whether rpr rmDC"Restricted Dae"tao I. ncluded. Marking is to be in accord- Ionr oof DtCisance with appropriate security regulations. (2) "Foreign announcement and dissemninatio fti

2h. GROUP. Automatic downgrading is spectfied in rep D-ort by DDC Is not authoriaad."gractive 5200. 10 and Armed Forces Industrial Manual. Enter (3) 'IV. S. Government agencies may obtain opies of

the group number. Also. when Applicable. show that optional this report directly from DDC. Other qualified DOCmarkings have been used for Group 3 and Group 4 as author- users shall request through

3. REPORT TITLE: tvram the complete report title in all (4) toU. S. rilitary ggqncies rmay obtain copies of thiscaplistl letters. Titles in all cases should be unclassified. report directly from DDC. Otrier qualified usersIf a Meaningful title cannot be selected without clsasifics-tion, show title classification in all capitals in parenthesishllrqet hogImmediately following the title.

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES~ If appropriate, enter the type of (3) "All distribution of this report Is conktrolled Qusi.reporteg. Interim, progress, Summary, annual, or final. ified DDC users shall request throughGive the inclusive dates when a specific reporting period is

* covered.S. AT14R(Sc Ener he ames) o auhnra) a shwn , i the report has been furnished to the Office of Technical9. ATHO(SX nte th nam(s)of sthef~s as how 01 Serices, Department of Commeorce, for slet to the public. Indi-

or In the report. Fner last nlame, first name, middle Initial, cate this fact and enter the price, if knowr.It Military, Show ranki and branch of servlca. T~te name ofthe principal author Is an absoitute minimum requirement. IL. SUPPL%%1ENTARY NOTES: Use for additions.1 explana.

III REPORT DATE, Itnter the date of the report as day, tory totes.month. year, or month, year. If mtore than on* date appears 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY: Enter the name ofor- the report, use date of publication, the departmental project office or I aio-satry sponsoring fpsy,

7.. OTALNUMER O PAGS: he ttal agecoun 'g for) the research and development. Inciude address.Ohowdd follow normal pagination procedwres, i.e., enti, the 13. ABSTRACT- Enter an abstract giving a brtef and factualnumaer of pages containing information, summary of the document Indilcative of he* report, eVenm though

7b. UNSR O REERENE& nte th totl nmbe of it may also appear elsewhere in the body of the technical re-refrece citedR in theFR E Enerth ttl umero port. If additional space is required, a continuation sheot

ref~nc~ citd i thereprt.shall be attached.S&. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMIBER: If appropriate, enter It is highly desirable .hat the abstract of(classified re-the applicable number of the contract or grant under which ports be unclassified, Each pa-sitaph of the abstract shallthe report was wnritten, end with an Indication of the rmilitsry security classification

66. ft, II Id. PROJECT NUMBGER: Enter the appropriate of the Information in the paragraph, represented as (7'S). ('S),military department identification, sucti as project number. (C). or (U).subproject number, system numbers, task number, etc. There is no limitation %.n The length of the abstract. Ww'~

a 98. ORIGINATORIS REPORT WU-ISER(S): Ente the Offt- ever, the suggested length is from 150 to 223 words.Gist report number by which the document will be identified 14. KEY WORDS: Key words are techniceally meaningful termsan~d controlled by the originating activity. This number must or short phrases that characterfite a reirt and may be used 86

beunique tthsrpt.Index entries fot catatogingt the report. Ke.,, words must be96. THE REORT U~fER()~ I th reort as een selected so that no otecurity classification is required. Iden-

asiOTnEd Rny PORThe report () n Ifer C th., rteport has bee fiera. such as equipment mo~del designation trod# name, '"iiii.Asige b any aother, alpor enter tts (eiherby hoorgiat tary project code name. iteporephic location. mav be uood as

Of b th sposor, alo eter ut urnb~s) bey words but will be followed tL% an indication Of techniealcontext. The assignment of links. rules, and wefights is

_______________________________________________ optional.

Security Clsss Mc-ation