development of guideline of performance-based design for steel strctures in korea.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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2 6 12 24
The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on
Structural Steel Construction
Nov. 5, 2009
POSCO Center, Seoul, Korea
- eynote Lecture -
Development ofDevelopment of
Guideline of PerformanceGuideline of Performance--based Designbased Designfor Steel Structures in Koreafor Steel Structures in Korea
Sang-Hyo KIM
Yonsei University, Korea
Co-authors :
Jung-Sik KONG (Korea Univ.)
Kwang-Il CHO (Yonsei Univ.)
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures 2
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Overview and scope of the project
3. Guideline of performance-based design for
steel structures1) Concept and philosophy
2) Basis of performance-oriented design
3) Performance evaluation
4) Limit states in performance-based design
5) Contents
6) Examples
4. Other research results
5. Conclusions
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1. Introduction - Development of design concepts
3
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
1900
1931AASHTO
standard
1st Edition
1983
1980-
1960
1995(SEAOC)
1900
2000
2000
ASD
Service load effects
should not exceed
maximum allowable
stress
USD
Service load
effect should not
exceed ultimate
strength of
material
LRFD
Evaluate structural safety by
considering probabilistic
characteristics of loads and
the strength of material
?
Prescriptive Design Performance-based Design
1900s
ASD
1960s
USD
1980s
LRFD
1983USD in Korea
1995
PBD concept
(SEAOC*)
2000s
PBD concept
in Korea
* SEAOC: Structural Engineers Association of California
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
1. Introduction - Definition of Performance
4
- Define required performances on each construction stages (planning, designing,
constructing, maintaining stages) and evaluate whether those performances are
satisfying specified criteria or not.
- Performance-based design allows to use any kinds of structural types, materials,
structural analysis methods, construction methods if the required performance is
satisfied.
Performance-based design
Definition of Performance and Performance criteria
Performance : Certain qualitative level of important characteristics at any time
- Important performances : fireproof, durability, seismic resistance, fatigue (ISO 15686)
Performance criteria: Criteria which focuses on satisfaction of
performance throughout the service life
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
1. Introduction - Characteristics and Advantages
Characteristics of performance-based design Design based on performance evaluation
Systematic performance criteria
Classification of performance requirement and capacity
Limit states to measure performance
Comprehensive performance criteria
Advantages Easy to adapt new materials and construction methods
Flexible to use complicated but advanced analysis methods
Easy to describe performance in plain language for clients and designers
Suitable for LCC analysis considering time-dependent decreasing durability
Easy to confront against to opening construction markets
Proper to improve domestic design specification
Appropriate to construction technology and establish international standards
5
GoalGoal
PerformancePerformance
RequirementsRequirements
Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria
Design concepts, evaluationDesign concepts, evaluation
processes, analysis methodsprocesses, analysis methods
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1. Introduction - Performance-based design vs. Prescriptive design
6
Performance-based design VS Prescriptive design
Performance-based design is not an alternative
design concept compared to ASD and LRFD.
Rather, it is a design concept that defines
rational performance criteria and evaluatesthemby considering the design, construction,
maintenance of specified structure
Prescriptive designs can be also used, if they
satisfy design criteria specified in performance-based design code
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
1. Introduction - Performance-based design in other countries
7
PBD
ATC
FEMA
Caltran
Euro
Code
JSCE
NZ Code
Vietnam
Code
Hong Kong
Many other countries have been already introduced performance-based
design concepts in their design specifications or developing it.
Performance-based
design
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures 8
2. Overview and scope of the project
Research Groupfor
Standardization of
ConstructionSpecifications and
Design Criteria Based
on Performance
Concrete
Structures
Pavement
Constructions
Contract
Methods
Other
Construction
Fields
Steel
Structures
Development of
Guideline of
Performance-based
Design for Steel
Structures
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
System of Performance-based design
9
Basic Concepts
Limit State
Durability
Limit State
Performance design
for structures- Define required performances
- Target reliability
- Seismic and wind design
Actions
Material
Structural
Analysis
Reliability
Analysis
Experimental
Test
SafetyLimit State ServiceabilityLimit State
Environmental
Limit State
2. Overview and scope of the project
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures 10
Comprehensive Consensus
by Research Group andDesign Experts
Monthly research
group meeting and
workshops
Performance-based
Design Guideline
Development Strategy
presentation tocheck
workgroup
progress
Specialworkshops
Special lectures by
international experts
Papers and
advertisements
Survey
questionnaires
Special forum and
technical presentations
2. Overview and scope of the project
Research activities
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Commentary
included
11
Finalreport
Guideline forstructural design
code draftingfounded on theperformance-based design
concept
Proposefurther
researchsubjects
Guideline of
performance-
based design
for steel
structures
Research outputs and applicable specifications that
help designing structures with performance-based
design concept
Supplementations of Guideline of performance-based
design for steel structures with helpful design
examples
Design examples included
Establish important concepts for future performance-
based design specification
Propose further research subjects to develop
performance-based design code for steel structures
Final outputs of research
2. Overview and scope of the project
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Concept and philosophy
12
Design structures by
current design
specifications
Prescriptive terms
Lack of specifications for
special applications
Performance-oriented
design guideline for
steel structures
Get free of prescriptive
terms if satisfies requiredperformances and has
verification procedure
Various specifications
(including current design
specifications) can be
practically applied
Compensate current design
specification Considering various
required performances
Should check
prescriptive regulations
Need to adjust target
safety level : under
requirements of client orimportance of structure
Need of specifications
under circumstances
above
Authorized design
specifications
Various analysis
methods
Reliability-based
design
New materials
Verification by
experimental test
4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Basis of performance-oriented design (1/2)
13
Define rational
Performance
requirements
Performance evaluation
considering various conditions in design, construction,operation, and maintenance stages
4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures
Structural design should be carried out by reliability-based design referring this guideline.
Preliminary design ofstructural element
: use existing prescriptive design codes
Performance verification and improvement
: use Guideline of performance-based design
If the structure or structural elements are difficult toperform reliability-based design
Independent performance requirement or criteria can be adopted selectively
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Basis of performance-oriented design (2/2)
14
4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures
Code calibration is possible in performance-based design
Specific code is not exist for the
structure in design Target reliability can be modified
Performance verificationand
improvement: use Guideline of performance-based design
Target service life of structure should be defined considering itspurpose andperformance
requirement level
Minimize Life-Cycle Cost
Appropriate maintenance should be performed
Satisfy performance requirement considered in design
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Performance evaluation
15
3. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures
Evaluation
Method I
Evaluation
Method II
Evaluation
Method III
ComparativelyComparatively accurateaccurate, but, but easyeasy andand simplesimple methodmethod for practical designersfor practical designers
Applicable inApplicable in commercial softwarecommercial software
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Limit states in performance-based design
16
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
- Define limit states in accordance with required performances
and calculate performance demand and capacity
PD: Performance Demand : According to Actions (Loads)
PC: Performance Capacity : Performance capacity of structure
- Limit states in steel structures
Safety
Limit State
Safety
Limit State
Serviceability
Limit State
Serviceability
Limit State
Durability
Limit State
Durability
Limit State
Environmental
Limit State
Environmental
Limit State
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Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(1/6)
Section 1
General
Scope
Composition
Assumptions
Section 2
Concept of
performance-based
design
Definition of performance-based design
Characteristics of performance-based design
Performance requirement
Performance classification
Definition of limit states
Performance assessment and verification
Section 3
Methodology of
performance-based
design
Basic of design
Procedure of performance-based design
Performance assessment and verification method
Life-cycle cost analysis
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
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Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(2/6)
Section 4
Actions
General
Classification of actions
Combinations of actions
Characteristics of actions
Section 5
Material
General
Performance requirements on structural steel
Material properties
Performance-based design using steel
Section 6
Structural analysis
Structural modeling for analysis
Global analysis
Imperfections
Method of analysis considering material non-linearities
Structural analysis methods for performance-based design
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
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Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(3/6)
Section 7
Reliability-based
design
General
Statistical estimation of parameters
Evaluation of reliability
Level of reliability analysis
Reliability analysis of structures
Probabilistic load model for reliability analysis
Probabilistic structural resistance model for reliability analysis
Procedure of reliability-based design
Section 8
Performance
assessment based on
experiments
Scope
General
Classification of experimental assessment
Planning experimental assessment
Preparation for specimen
Setup experiment and data analysis
Loads for experiments and termination of experiments
Property assessment for materials of specimen
Report of experimental assessment
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures 2020
Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(4/6)
Section 9
Safety
General
Investigation of resistant performance
Resistance
Section 10Serviceability
General
Performance requirement
Serviceability evaluation
Section 11
Durability
Fatigue
Corrosion resistance
Section 12
Environmentalperformance
Performance requirement
General procedure for environmental assessment
Method of environmental analysis
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
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Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(5/6)
Section 13
Performance-baseddesign of connection
General
Performance requirement for safety
Investigation on safety
General concept of connection design
Weld connection
High-tension bolt connection
Structural details of high-tension bolt
Pin joint
Section 14
Performance-based
wind design
General
Basis of performance-based wind design
Wind load
Necessity assessment for dynamic wind design
Wind dynamic analysis
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
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Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(6/6)
Section 15
Performance-based
seismic design
General
Basis of performance-based seismic design
Performance requirement
Performance classification
Performance assessment
Appendix.Steel towers
Temporary structures
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
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Performance-based design examples Design examples using procedures specified in the guideline and datafrom final report
23
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-300-250-200-150-100-500
Displacement(mm)
Loadfactord
Performance-based design
examples
Structural
analysisReliability
analysis
Safety
DurabilityEnviron-mentalPerfor-mance
Connection
Wind
Seismic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-250-200-150-100-500
Displacement(mm)
Loadfactord
Definding
purpose
&
range
Collecting
data Report
LCIA
Improvement
ExaminationDesigning
network
Applying
input
material
Calculating
input-
output
Grouping
result
of
LCI
Arranging
result
of
LCIA
Applying
database
LCI
Analysing
result
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Deformation serviceability (1/2) Various deformation limits from various specifications
24
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
U.S.: AISC Spec. for Structural Steel Building (2005)
U.S.:AISC Manual of Steel Construction - LRFD (2001)
EUROPE: Eurocode 1993-1-1, 1993-2 (2006)
HONG KONG: Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel (2005)
JAPAN: Standard specifications for steel and composite structures (2007)
KOREA: Standard specifications for steel structures (2003)
KOREA: Korean building code (2005)
U.S.: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Spec. (2007)
U.S.: AASHTO Standard Spec. for Highway Bridges (2002)
CANADA: Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (2006)
JAPAN: Japanese design code for highway bridges (2002)
KOREA: Korean design code for highway bridges (2005)
Given LIMIT
STATE
(Maximum value
or functions)
Should be
verified for
serviceability& durability
* Although most of the specifications are not prescribed lateral displacement of buildings, 1/500~1/1000 of
building height is traditionally used for high-rise buildings (Korean building code, 2005)
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Deformation serviceability (2/2) Various deformation limits from specifications
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
Prevent structurally or mentally undesirable effects
Prevent blazing effects of surface
Prevent cracks on surface
Prevent bonding strength weakening on the pavement
Prevent excessive flexural stress on concrete slab
Improve runability of vehicles Prevent effects of secondary stress (Prestressed members)
Prevent unpleasant vibrations (Vibration serviceability)
Prevent undesirable impact from vehicles (near expansion joint)*
By examine
serviceability,
safety,
durability,
aestheticality,
it is possible to
obtain required
serviceability.
Gather Desirable gap (for supports)
Prevent cracks on surface
Prevent damages on drainage system
Prevent anxious appearance (Cracks and large deformation)
Prevent removal of cladding materials
Purpose
for
deformation
assessment
Performance -
based design
Service
-abilty
Safety
Dur-
ability
Aesthe-
ticality
* On Eurocode 1993-2 Steel Bridge, deflection of parts near expansion joints in bridge
structures is limited as 5mm.
Th 10th K Chi J S i St t l St l C t ti
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Reliability-based design (1/4)Example I. Adjustment of structural reliability (1/2)
26
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
STEP 1. Design using Korean Highway Bridge Design Specification (MOCT, 2005)
- Allowable stress of steel : 190 MPa
L D
Designing section
R
L
L
D
D
R
R
STEP 2. Perform reliability analysis for the section
- Determine probabilistic characteristics of member strength (R) and
load (live load (L) and dead load (D)).
- Calculate reliability index Limit state equation : g = R-D-L
* Probabilistic models:
D:Normal (Ellingwood, 1982)
L: Type-I (Ellingwood, 1982)
R:Log-normal (Nowak ,1995)
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Reliability-based design (2/4)Example I. Adjustment of structural reliability (2/2)
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
STEP 3. Decide target reliability and adjust allowable stress
- Target reliability : 3.0 (as an example)
- To satisfy target reliability 3.0, allowable stress of steel is adjusted as 230MPa and 205MPa
(Reliability adjustment)
- Reduction of steel : 9.66%
Ps : Non-exceedance probability
=3.5,Ps=99.98%, Steel needed : 66,240 mm2
Design using Korean design code for highway bridges :
Allowable stress : 190MPa
=2.0,Ps=97.72%, Steel needed : 55,040 mm2
Adjust allowable stress : 230MPa
=3.0,Ps=99.87%, Steel needed : 59,840 mm2
Adjust allowable stress : 205MPa
3.5
2.0
3.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
180 190 200 210 220 230 240
Allowable stress (MPa)
Adjust allowable stressTarget reliabilityindex ()
27
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Reliability-based design (3/4)Example II. Reduction of design live load (1/2)
28
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
Traffic control system using WIM sensor
Height
Restriction
Barrier
Monitoring
Camera
Monitoring
Camera
Monitoring
Cameras
Gate for
Emergency
Traffic Control
Gate
WIM Sensor
Smallpassenger vehicles freely pass the bridge
Vehicle that could not pass the Height Restriction Barrier should move to the way where WIM sensor is located
Over-weighted vehicles should detour around the bridge
Vehicles which WIM sensor admitted to pass the bridge should wait for a sign to enter the bridge
Reduce live load effect and its uncertainties
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Reliability-based design (4/4)Example II. Reduction of design live load (1/2)
29
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
OriginalOriginalDesignDesign
Uncertainty of live load L Live load effect L
Structural resistance R
Section area
TrafficControlSystem
ModifiedModifiedDesignDesign
PDF
Load
Resistance
Q
R
PDF
Load
Resistance
Q
0
0
R-Q
R-Q
SimilarPf
( similar )
R = iQi
R
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Vibration serviceability (1/4)
30
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
(1) Define required performance
- Required performances in vibration serviceability can be subdivided into lateral and vertical
vibration
Performance Required performances
Vibration
Serviceability
Lateral vibration
Vertical vibration
- Vertical vibration : Generally severe for motorway bridges and railway bridges
- Lateral vibration : Generally severe for seashore structures, towers, and cranes
- Both vertical and lateral vibration : Generally for pedestrian bridges
Required performances can be determined by the propose of structure
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p y p
Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Vibration serviceability (2/4)
31
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
(2) Determine required performance and performance classification
- Vertical and lateral required performances can be classified as follows (as an example) :
Conditions
Long exposure time
or
massive use(1)
Intermediate
exposure time or
common use(2)
Short exposure time
or
occasionally use(3)
Classification B C D
(1) Structure which has residents or is accessed by lots of users
(2) Structure which is accessed by moderate amount of users
(3) Structure which is accessed by few amount of users
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Vibration serviceability (3/4)
32
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
- Vertical vibration performance can be classified in accordance with a structure condition
(As an example bridge structure)
Conditions
Source of vibration*
Many
pedestrians(1)
Moderate
pedestrians(2)
Few
pedestrians(3)
No pedestrians
are allowed(4)
Abundant B C D E
Moderate B C D E
Few A B C D
Serviceability classes in Reiher-Meister curve
A : Just perceptible B : Clearly perceptible C : Annoying D : Unpleasant E : Painful
(1) Lots of pedestrians (including bicycles) are using the bridge
(2) Average amount of pedestrians are using the bridge
(3) Few pedestrians are using the bridge
(4) Pedestrians are restricted to across the bridge
*) Source of vibration
- Abundant : Lots of vibration occur due to running vehicle speed
and heavy traffic condition.
- Moderate : Moderate vibration occur due to running vehicle speed
and moderate traffic condition.
- Few : Few vibration occur due to running vehicle speed and
light traffic condition.
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Vibration serviceability (4/4)
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
(3) Performance assessment (evaluation)
- Designers can choose various evaluation methods regarding to the desirable accuracy
Performance assessment
methodsEvaluate indexes Examples of limit state
Maximum deformation due to
design load (1)Deformation,
Eigenvalues
Apply deformation and eigenvalues
into the Reiher-Meister curve
Artificial wheel load and frame
element model (2)
Displacement,
Acceleration,
Eigenvalues
Define a limit state by referring to
the Reiher-Meister curve
3-D vehicle model and shell
element model with probabilistic
variables(3)
Displacement,
Acceleration,
Eigenvalues
Define a limit state by referring to
the Reiher-Meister curve
(1) Evaluate static deformation of structure by considering impact factor : Not very reliable
(2) Improve moving force model to consider dynamic effects of vehicle : Highly reliable and comparatively easy
(3) Most accurate dynamic analysis model : Highly reliable and accurate, but hard to model
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Artificial wheel load
34
3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
Propose easy and accurate dynamic
analysis method
ObjectiveObjective
- Consider dynamic effects such as bridge-vehicle interaction and road roughness during the analysis
- Perform dynamic analysis and serviceability evaluation using commercial FE software
- Consider dynamic effects such as bridge-vehicle interaction and road roughness during the analysis
- Perform dynamic analysis and serviceability evaluation using commercial FE software
Dynamic analysis
program
0 1 2 3 4 5TIME(sec)
0
20
40
60
80
WHEELLOAD(kN)
5 Axis trailer model
Generate artificial wheel load
0 100 200 300 400 500
1E-006
1E-005
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Real PSD
Proposed PSD
Propose PSD function
of wheel load
1 10 1002 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 30 4 0 50 60708090
Frequency (Hz)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Displacement
A : PainfulB : Unpl easan tC : AnnoyingD : Cleary perceptibleE : Just perceptible
Line/ScatterPlot 37
Line/ScatterPlot 39
Proposed Method
Moving Vehicle
A
B
C
D
E
A
A
1 10 1002 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 09 0
Frequency(Hz)
0.1
1
10
100
Acceleration
ProposedMethod
Moving Vehicle
Legend
A :PainfulB:UnpleasantC :AnnoyingD :ClearlyPerceptibleE:JustPerceptible
asdfasdf
B
C
D
E
0 2 4 6 8 1 0Time(sec)
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
Displacement(m)
1car
2cars
3cars
Apply on bridge dynamic analysis
and serviceability evaluation
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Environmental performance evaluation (1/2)
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3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
Evaluate environmental load throughout the life cycle of structure
Available to establish an alternative plan to reduce environmental load
Estimate environmental load quantitatively using each environmental impact categories.
Practical designers can make a technical decision regarding environmental performance.
Environmentalimpact categories
Global warming (CO2)
Ozone depletion(CFC11)
Acidification (SO2)
Eutrophication (PO43)
Photochemistry ozonecreation (ethylene)
Define objective and
scope of analysis
Establish database
Develop construction stages
Apply input materials
Calculate input & output
Apply databaseReport
Examination
Classify results from LCI
Characterize results fromeach stages and materials
Analyze results
Improvements
A
A
LCI : Life cycle inventory LCIA : Life cycle inventory analysis
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Performance-based Design for Steel StructuresReliability(Safety)
Life Cycle Cost
LCC
(Minmum LCC)
Environmental performance evaluation (2/2)
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3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures
1.16E+07
1.79E+07
2.00E+07
2.63E+07
2.84E+07
0.00E+00
1.16E+07
1.74E+07 1.87E+07
2.45E+072.58E+07
0.00E+00
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.50E+07
2.00E+07
2.50E+07
3.00E+07
0 100 1 200 2 300
(
C
()
Carbon (CO2)
emission cost
Compare and determine
appropriate plan
Current recycling ratio
Target recycling ratio
W/O
Recycling
stage
Consider
recycling
stage
W/O
Recycling
stage
Consider
recycling
stage
W/O
Recycling
stage
Consider
recycling
stage
W/O
Recycling
stage
Consider
recycling
stage
W/O
Recycling
stage
Consider
recycling
stage
Global warming AcidificationEutrophication
Ozone depletionPhotochemistry ozone creation
Ph
otochemistryozonecreation
Environmental performance
evaluation results
Oz
onedepletion
Eutrophication
Globalwarming
Acidification
First Recycle Second Recycle
Time (years)
Globalwarming
Price
Expected
Maintenance fee
Alternatives
LCC analysis results
Optimal
Point
Initial cost
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4. Other research results
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1. General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Framework of design code
2. Performance requirements of structures
2.1 Objectives of structures
2.2 Performance requirement
2.3 Performance criteria
3. Performance verification procedures
3.1 Allowable verification procedures
3.2 Verification approach A
3.3 Verification approach B
4. Structural design report
Guideline for structural design code drafting founded on theGuideline for structural design code drafting founded on the
performanceperformance--based design conceptbased design concept
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4. Other research results
Structural analysis Nonlinear-nonelastic analysis technology for steel structures
High-tech structural analysis
Reliability analysis
Probabilistic load and resistance model based on domestic data
Durability Durability test on corroded steel structures
Performance-based design specification for corrosion resistance
Environmental performance
Database for environmental performance assessment Criteria for environmental performance
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Lots of other future research projects were proposed from different fields.
However, proposals from above fields are shown in this presentation as a representative.
Proposal of further research projectProposal of further research project
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4. Other research results
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- Based on this research, apply performance concepts into the current design specifications
- Achieve more rational design procedure with performance evaluation methods
- Perform more advanced and user-friendly design
Research applicationsResearch applications
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5. Conclusions
General provisions and some examples of the guideline of
performance-based design for steel structures are introduced
Performance-based design provides users with intrinsic guidelines to
assess the performance
Performance-based design is an innovative design concept which
may attain economical design
Fundamental concepts of performance-based design for steel
structures are determined through this study. Further researches
should be carried out for practical use of performance-based design
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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures
Thank You
Prof. Sang-Hyo KIM
Structure and Bridge Engineering Lab.
School of Civil Environmental EngineeringYonsei University, Seoul, Korea
Tel: +82-2-2123-2804
E-mail: [email protected]