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DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN PERSONALITY-PERFECTION REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A CHRISTMAS CAROL

NOVEL (1843): A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

PUBLICATION ARTICLE

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education

in English Department

by:

SRI SUPADMI A 320 100 044

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2014

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APPROVAL

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN PERSONALITY-PERFECTION

REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A CHRISTMAS CAROL

NOVEL (1843):

A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

PUBLICATION ARTICLE

SRI SUPADMI

A 320 100 044

This article has been approved by the advisors on May 2014

Consultant I Consultant II

Drs. H. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum Nur Hidayat, S.Pd

NIK. 589 NIK. 771

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DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN PERSONALITY-PERFECTION

REFLECTED IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A CHRISTMAS CAROL

NOVEL (1843):

A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

SRI SUPADMI

A 320100044

English Department

School of Teaching and Education

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Email: mimepadmy@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The major problem in this study is to show the development of human personality-perfection in Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol novel by using Psychoanalytic approach. The object of this study based on structural elements and Psychoanalytic approach. In this research, the researcher uses qualitative research. The type of this study is from primary data source and secondary data source. The primary data source is A Christmas Carol novel while the secondary data source is books literary, the author’s biography, and the other relevant information. The data collection is collected from library research and the technique of the data is analyzed by descriptive analysis. The result of this study shows the following finding. First, from the structural analysis, it shows that Charles Dickens wants to convey the message how the human personality is subordinated by money and how they develop their personality from the error ways to be better. Second, based on Psychoanalytic analysis, Charles Dickens wants to convey the psychological phenomenon that tends to lead and give the development of human personality transformation in A Christmas Carol novel. He creates someone’s heart awareness where the person can change his personality and gives the best selection.

Keyword: Human Personality-Perfection, A Christmas Carol (1843), Psychoanalytic Approach.

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A. Introduction

1. Background of the Study

Human being is created in the world with many kinds of unique

characters. It happens from experiences and conditions in their life. The

differences experience and condition of every person will create the differences of

characters. It is also influenced by environment which gives alteration and

development of personality. The personality grows balance with desirability

which motivates the people to reach something. It can grow for being better or

bad. When people’s personalities grow kind, it will bring perfection in their life

and will create good relationship to other. In other hand, when the personalities

do not grow kind, it will cause many problems in life especially damages

relationship to the society.

Development of personality-perfection is key point to develop the human

self that organizes the behaviors and attitudes which will create a unique person’s

character and sometimes it will motivate them to reach their goals. A unique

person is supported by psychological which gives difference to any self. The

differences of people’s personalities are caused by the differences conditions in

their environment and their life. It can change and grow in reaction to their

environment or perception. From the condition, it will compel a person to change

their personality. It can change to be better or bad. The personality can be see

from what the person organizes and integrates. Not only that but also it is from

life history, development, and perspective. Therefore, the attitude and behavior

are something which determines the human quality in social interest.

Ebenezer Scrooge is the major character in A Christmas Carol novel. He

has the characteristics namely miserly, cold-hearted creditor, stingy, and greedy

ways on Christmas Eve. He had done development of his personality to be a good

person. His development occurs when he gets guiding from three ghosts namely

ghost of Christmas Past, ghost of Christmas Present, and ghost of Christmas Yet

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To Come. From here, Scrooge attempts to develop his personality transformation

for being a good person.

According to the explanation above, there gets a relationship between

literary work and psychoanalytic. The literary work has the same meaning namely

as the understanding of human’s condition with the mental and inner-self

problem. Literature is useful to show the human mental life. So, the

psychoanalytic has the relationship to the literary work.

A Christmas Carol novel is one of novel which was written by Charles

Dickens. He is a writer and journalistic England. The novel is one of the famous

novel which was published first by Chapman and Hall on 19 December 1843 in

England. The novel consists of sixty eight pages. A Christmas Carol had been

adopted to film on 1984 and on 2009 adopted to 3D Computer Animated

(Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert. 2006). This novel gives reflection about the

development of human personality-perfection that is reflected in the major

character.

This novel is started by the introduction of the major character, Ebenezer

Scrooge. He is a miserly man, cold hearted creditor, stingy, and greedy ways on

Christmas Eve. At the night, Scrooge is come by Marley ghost who is Scrooge

work partner in his office. Marley had died seven years ago. He comes to warn

Scrooge in order to he does not have the same fetter with Marley who is fettered

and punished in beyond. Marley said that Scrooge will be come by three ghosts of

Christmas in the Christmas night namely Ghost of Christmas Past, Ghost of

Christmas Present, and Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come. It invites Scrooge to

see his past, present, and future. It guides Scrooge to be better than before. The

end of the story, it shows Scrooge’s personality transformation to be better who

cares and respects to Christmas and to the others. He gives the best selection to

his self.

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2. Literature Review

There are two researchers who study on A Christmas Carol novel. The

first researcher was Sunarsasi (Sanata Dharma University, 2002) entitled The

Cold- and Closed-Heart Character of Ebenezer Scrooge, the Main Character in

Charles Dickens. This thesis discusses A Christmas Carol novel by Charles

Dickens. Her analysis focuses on Ebenezer Scrooge as the main character of the

novel. The researcher analyzes the novel using Psychological approach. The

second research was conducted by Siahaan Elfina (University Of Sumatra Utara

Faculty Of Letters English Department Medan, 2010) entitled An Analysis of

Moral Lesson in Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. The main point of this

research paper is analyzing good and bad person’s attitude as the standard norm

of moral lesson in the society. The researcher uses extrinsic approach to analyze

the novel. In this research, the researcher focuses on development of human

personality-perfection reflected in Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol novel

(1843): A Psychoanalytic Approach.

The similarities of the previous study and this study are analyzing Charles

Dickens’s A Christmas Carol novel as the data source. The difference of previous

study with this research is the issue and approach. Here, the researcher will

research about the development of human personality-perfection, Charles

Dickens’s A Christmas Carol.

3. Problem Statement

Based on the phenomena mentioned above, the researcher formulates the

problem of the study. The problem is how development of human personality-

perfection is reflected in Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol (1843).

4. Objective of the Study

Based on the problem statement above, the objective of the study is to

analyze Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol novel based on structural element

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and to analyze Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol novel using Psychoanalytic

approach.

5. Benefit of the Study

From this research, the researcher hopes that this study has the benefits that

are divided into theoretical and practical benefit, they are as follows.

a. Theoretical Benefit

The researcher hopes this result can be useful as references,

contribution and additional information to the larger body of knowledge

especially for the literary study on Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol

(1843).

b. Practical Benefit

The result of this research hopefully to enrich the researcher’s

knowledge and her experience dealing with psychoanalytic approach in

deeper. Then, it is also hoped can be useful input for the other researcher in

analyzing A Christmas Carol into different approach.

6. Underlying Theory

a. Notion of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is the part of psychological study that focuses on

personality of human being. It is a method of therapy personality disturbances

and technique for investigating an individuals unconscious thoughts and feeling

(Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 86). Sigmund Freud proposes this of personality

organization according to this model psyches life can be represented by three

levels: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious each of them have

different content of thought (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 86). Freud (Feist, 1985:

25) states that consciousness plays as relatively minor rule in psychoanalytic

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theory. It is the only level of mental life directly available to us. Further,

Further, (Feist, 1985: 23) states that “the ideas can reach consciousness from

two different directions. The first is from perceptual conscious system and the

second is from the mental structure: Example of the material that might be

found in human unconscious includes a forgotten trauma is childhood, hidden

feelings of hostility toward parent and represent sexual desires of which human

unaware. Such unconscious material is responsible for much of human everyday

behavior.

According to Freud (Hall, 1985: 30) unconscious material remains

hidden away until it finds expression in our dreams or fantasies (were it is

usually disguised) or in our conscious association to material in our dreams.

Freud is not the first to focus on the important of unconscious process in

understanding human function but he gives the concept of an unconscious life

and empirical status. He gives great attention on the importance unconscious

process in the understanding of human’s action. He gives argument that he

unconscious is not only known as a hypothetical abstraction but it can be known

from the reality and we can be proved it in real life.

b. Structure of Personality

Freud believes that the individual’s personality is the scene a never-

ending battle. On one had there are primitive and unacceptable drives striving

for expression, while on the other hand there are forces trying to deny or

disguise their impulses. There are three type of psychoanalytic personality

structure: id, ego, and superego.

1. The Id

The Id is the biological aspect and the original system in personality.

The id represents the biological substation of humans, the sources of all

drive energy (Pervin, 1984: 77). The Id refers to exclusive to the

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primitively, instinctive, and inherited aspects of personality (Hjelle and

Ziegler 1992: 88). The Id closely relates to the biology urges. The Id

responds automatically to sources of irritation, there by promptly removing

the tension which the irritant elicits (Hjelle and Ziegler 1992: 89). The id

forms a mental image of an objective previously associated with satisfaction

of basic need (Hjelle and Ziegler 1992: 89). The id has instinctive aspects of

personality that seeks immediate gratification of impulses, operates on the

pleasure principle.

2. The Ego

Hall and Lindzey (1981: 37) state that the ego is operated the reality

principle that means gratification of instinct it delayed until an obtimum

time when human being can get the most pleasure with the least of

unpleasant consequences. The ego thus helps ensure the safety and self

preservation of the organism (Hjelle and Zieglar, 1992: 90). Freud (in

Healy, 1930: 38) states some characteristics of ego “it is a coherant

organization of mental process, it just as instinct plays great role in the id.

So perceptions play a great part in the ego and it is the representative of the

external world on reality “ego functions as a means of reaching the reality of

what is demanded by id. This is the reason why ego is called as the principle

of reality.

3. The Superego

Superego is the sociological aspect that represents the moral branch

of our functioning, containing the ideals we strict for and the punishment

(guilt) we expect when we have gone against our ethical code (Pervin, 1984:

76). The superego many functions on a very primitive level, being relatively

incapable of reality testing that incapable of modifying its action depending

on circmtances (Pervin, 1984: 76). There are two parts of the superego:

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1) The ego ideals include the rules and standards for good behaviors. These

behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other

authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feeling of pride, value,

and accomplishment.

2) The conscience incudes information about things that are viewed as bad

by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to

bad consequences, punishments, of feelings of guilt and be more.

The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress

all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon

idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principle. The superego

presents in the conscious, precious, and unconscious. The goal of the

superego is to decide whether something is right or wrong in accordance

with the moral standards of society. The superego produces feeling

anxiety and guilt in order to wear when the individual thinks about

behaving in morally unacceptable way. According to Hall and Lindzey

(1970: 34) its conscience punishes wrong behaviors, and its ego ideals

rewards right behavior.

A. Structural Elements of the Novel

1. Character and Characterization

According to Kennedy (1983:45) “Character is an imagined person

who inhabits a story therefore they can not be expected to have all

attribute of real human beings”. There are two kinds of character, namely

major character and minor character. Major characters are important in a

story because they have a part in a most of the story. While minor

characters have a function to make the story more alive and to support the

major characters (Kennedy, 1983:45).

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2. Plot

According to Klarer (1999:15) plot is logical interaction of the

various thematic elements of a text which lead to a change of the original

situation as presented at the outset of the narrative.

a. Exposition

Exposition is the opening that sets the scene, introduces the main

characters, tell us what happened before the story opened, and provides

any other background information that we need in order to understand and

care about the events to follow (Kennedy, 1983: 8).

b. Complication

Koesnoesoebroto (1988: 52) argues that “Complication run a

umber of crisis that defined as a turn in the action that affects the life of

one or more of the major characters in some way to final culminating or

climax.”

c. Climax

Climax is moment of greatest tension at which the outcome is to

be decided. Koesnoesoebroto (1988: 36) argues that “Climax is the point

of highest emotional intensity.” He (1988: 44) adds that “Climax is a point

at which the fortune of the protagonist changes for the better or the worse

o at which the protagonist undergoes a change of heart or mind.”

d. Resolution

Koesnoesoebroto (1988: 37) states that “The resolution or

denouement presents the outcome of the conflict. After the resolution,

what remain moves swiftly to the conclusion, i.e., the end of the story

from the novel.

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3. Setting

According to Klarer (1999:25) the term ‘setting’ denotes the

location, historical period, and social surroundings in which the action of

text develops. Authors hardly ever choose a setting for its own sake, but

rather embed a story in a particular context of time and place in order to

support action, characters, and narrative perspective from an additional

level. Setting is in sense, the time, place, and concrete situation of the

narrative, the web of environment in which characters spin out their

destinies. In a good story, setting is so well integrated with plot and

character that the reader is hardly aware of it Connolly, (in

Koesnoesoebroto (1988: 79).

4. Point of View

Based on Kennedy (1983: 74) states that style refers to the

individual traits or characteristic of a piece of writing to write a particular

words that the writer comes to recognize as habitat or customary. Style

includes grammatical structure, sentence construction, diction, figurative

language, etc.

5. Style

Based on Kennedy (1983: 74) states that style refers to the

individual traits or characteristic of a piece of writing to write a particular

words that the writer comes to recognize as habitat or customary. Style

includes grammatical structure, sentence construction, diction, figurative

language, etc.

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6. Theme

The theme is subject point, in addition theme can be called as a

meaning or a point in the story (Barnet, 1963:15), but as Robert Frost

holds in Barnet (1963:16), we should not think of the theme as equivalent

to or a substitution for the whole story. It is the point what the happenings

add up top, what the story is about the sum story, the center, the moving

and the principle of unity.

B. Research Method

1. Type of the Study

In this study, the researcher uses qualitative research. The researcher

intends analyzing the structural element on the Charles Dickens’s A Christmas

Carol (1843) and describing the Development of human personality-

perfection in Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol (1843).

2. Object of the Study

The writer also uses a psychoanalytic theory to continue this research.

The steps this research are determining the type of the study, determining

object of study, determining data and data source, determining technique of

data collection, determining and determining technique of data analysis. The

object of this study is A Christmas Carol novel which is written by Charles

Dickens. This novel is analyzed by psychoanalytic approach.

3. Type of the Data and the Data Source

There are two sources that are needed to do this research. It is primary

data source data source and secondary data source. The primary data source of

the study is A Christmas Carol novel which is written by Charles Dickens.

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Secondary data sources are internet, article, book and author’s biography and

the other relevant information.

4. Technique of the Data Collection

The technique of data collection is library research. The steps are as

follows: reading the Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol novel (1843) in

many times, browsing to the internet to get several information and articles

related to the object of the study, identifying the problem and finding the data,

and taking notes of the important data, both primary and secondary data.

5. Technique of the Data Analysis

The technique used in analyzing the data is descriptive analysis. It

focused on the structural elements of novel and psychoanalytic approach. The

analysis uses word, phrase, clauses, and sentences as the data research. Then,

the data reports will contain dialogues and narrations.

C. Research Finding and Discussion

The researcher uses psychoanalytic approach to develop this study. In this

research, the writer focuses on development of human personality-perfection of

the major character in A Christmas Carol novel. It is based on psychoanalysis

theory by Sigmund Freud. The writer focuses on structure of personality which is

divided by three points namely Id, Ego, and Superego which is known as the

personality structure of the character.

1. The Id

The Id is the biological aspect and the original system in personality.

The id represents the biological substation of humans, the sources of all drive

energy (Pervin, 1984: 77). Id is something desirability that are hidden in the

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heart. It is unknown part, unconscious, irrational, selfish, egoistic, and the

most of them is to be a winner.

The first id begins when Scrooge heard the information from two

panhandlers who said that there were many poor and destitute people who

were not yet go to Union workhouse and shortage of foods. Most of them

choose to die. Through his id presses his ego, where the id said that it will

give benefit to world to decrease the surplus population. Scrooge feels to be

happy when all poor people die because he will not have obligation to give the

contribution for them. Therefore, Scrooge’s ego attempts to satisfy his id. His

ego decides that he will not give contribution to poor people and let them to

die.

The second Scrooge’s id is dominated by his ego that occurs when

Marley’s Ghost comes to Scrooge. Marley informs him that Scrooge would be

visited by three ghosts for three nights. The Ghosts will guide him for being a

better man. Scrooge’s id said that it was a terrible thing if he met the Ghosts

and thought that it was not good idea. To satisfy his id, Scrooge’s ego refuses

the presence of three Ghosts. His ego forces Marley to give the other way.

The third id is dominated by superego. It occurs when Scrooge wants

to know the forms emotion of the people from the man’s death that is shown

by Phantom. His id feels to be anxious to find out the people’s feeling when

they know the creditor who died. They will feel to be happy or sad. From

those, Scrooge’s id wants the Phantom to show the people. The Phantom’s

finger points the house where the family lived. They feel happy when they

know that a stingy creditor died. They think that they have a sag time to pay

their debt. From this, Scrooge’s superego comes and he realizes that he is in

the wrong way.

The id is always supported by pleasure. It attempts to get the

satisfaction from its desirability. When, the requirement does not give the

satisfaction, it will cause anxiousness and tension. The id always forces to get

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the happiness. But sometime the id also tries to avoid the badness which come

suddenly and spontaneous.

2. The Ego

Hall and Lindzey (1981: 37) state that the ego is operated the reality

principle that means gratification of instinct it delayed until an obtimum time

when human being can get the most pleasure with the least of unpleasant

consequences. The ego has function to make the reality action in conscious,

preconscious, and unconscious. It attempts to satisfy the id through reality and

social. It thinks about the advantages of the action before it decides to do it or

sometimes the ego will leave the impulse. The id’s impulse can be fulfilled

through delays its satisfaction but finally the ego will take the action in time

and place exactly to fulfill id’s impulse. The ego also reduces the tension that

is caused by impulse that can not be fulfilled. Here, the ego tries to find the

reality object that appropriates to the id’s imagination.

The first ego is dominated by the id. It occurs when Scrooge’s nephew

comes to Scrooge’s office. He invites Scrooge to dinner in his house at

Christmas Eve. His id does not want to celebrate Christmas. Then his id

forces his ego to refuses Fred’s inviting to dine.

The second ego occurs when Scrooge debates to his nephew who is

Fred. Fred informs that God will bless and will give safety for them at

Christmas. Suddenly, his clerk (Crachits) gives applause to Fred. Scrooge’s

ego said that Crachits should not give applause to Fred. Scrooge also threats

him that he will be stopped from his job if he defends Fred.

The third ego of Scrooge is dominated by his id. It occurs when two

beggars come to Scrooge’s firm. They asked contribution to Scrooge for poor

and destitute. Scrooge thinks that poor people should not merry in Christmas

because they do not have enough money. His ego decides that he will not

donate his money and forces them to go away from his office soon.

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The fourth ego appears when Scrooge speaks to his clerk in his firm.

Scrooge’s ego forces Crachits to work in Christmas. He does not give holiday

to Crachit at the time. Scrooge thinks that he will get a big loss in his

company if he pays his clerk a day without working. His ego decides in order

to Crachit to work in Christmas.

The fifth ego occurs when Ghost of Christmas Past shows to Scrooge

about his past. There gets dispute between Scrooge and his fiancé. His fiancé

chooses to leave Scrooge because he has changed and choose to chase the

money than everything. From this shadow, it makes Scrooge be angry and

wants to leave the place.

3. The Superego

Superego is the sociological aspect that represents the moral branch of

our functioning, containing the ideals we strict for and the punishment (guilt)

we expect when we have gone against our ethical code (Pervin, 1984: 76).

Superego is aspect personality that gives the standard moral. It has the

assessment orientation namely wrong or true. Superego works to perfect the

behavior. It attempts to pressure all things from the id that can not be accept

and it efforts to make the ego can be ideal. It comes in unconscious,

preconscious, and unconscious.

The first superego occurs when Scrooge is visited by Ghost of

Christmas Present. The Ghost will bring Scrooge to see his past. His superego

decides to accept its guidance. He believes that the Ghost of Christmas

Present will give goodness for him.

The second superego is more dominant than his id. It occurs when

Ghost of Christmas Present shows the signs of Tiny Tim’s death. Scrooge’s id

appears that if many poor people died, they can decrease the surplus

population in the world. But his superego comes and reduces his id. Scrooge

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feels pity to Tiny Tim who actually is poor person. From his superego, he

begged to Ghost to give long time to Tiny Tim to live in the world.

The third superego appears when Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come

comes to Scrooge. It brings Scrooge to see bad event that will happen to

Scrooge in future if he does not change his bad behavior. Scrooge’s superego

appears when he submits his fate to the ghost. He knows that it will guide him

and he decides to accept the Ghost’s guidance.

The fourth superego appears when Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come

shows a human corpse that lies down in bed. Scrooge does not know who the

human corpse but he guesses that it is him. His superego realizes that he will

take the event as his lesson live.

The fifth superego occurs when Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come

invites Scrooge to see a grave. He sees his name that is written in gravestone.

He is shock and afraid. His superego realizes that he has changed his

behaviors and he is not before.

The sixth superego appears when Scrooge waits Crachits in his office

at Christmas. But, that day Crachits came late. His superego comes when

Scrooge gives surprise to Crachit through rises his wages and helps his

family. He also asks Crachits to buy a coal to warm the office room. In the

day, Scrooge gives to Crachit a holiday and he will celebrate Christmas with

him together.

D. Conclusion

After the researcher researches A Christmas Carol novel using

psychoanalytic, the researcher takes conclusion such as:

First, from the structural analysis, A Christmas Carol novel has a good

quality which gives a moral lesson to the readers. The author draws a lesson

that the wealth can subordinate the human that can cause the negative

behavior and money is not everything that can take control our life. Here, the

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character and characterization, setting, plot, point of view, style, and theme

influence each other. All of those aspects related one other and became a good

literary work.

Second, based on psychoanalytic analysis, it shows the conflict as the

result of the contradiction between the id and the ego. As a human, Scrooge

tends to fill his id when he wants to get wealth. Here, his personality, it is

dominated by his id. So the superego as the person’s moral code does not take

a part in his personality. Then, Dickens also shows the development of human

personality-perfection in the major character, Ebenezer Scrooge. Scrooge

realizes and develops his personality to be a good man, it is caused by the

appearance of three ghosts which realize and guide Scrooge from his error

way. There gets the personality transformation to be better. The people

usually undergo the development of personality which is caused by the

contradiction that is between id and superego. It is story that Charles Dickens

shows in this novel. The novel describes Scrooge’s personality and his life

from poor to be a rich man who is greedy. Finally Scrooge realizes from his

wrong and develops his personality to be a good man who respects Christmas

and the other.

This novel describes about the important of social life. To explore this

novel, the researcher would like to suggest to the next researcher to analysis A

Christmas Carol novel with the different approach. For example, she or he

can use Marxist approach because the novel reflects about the difference of

social status that occurs between the major character and the society. Here, the

major character has high position as the superiority and the society as the

inferiority.

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Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert. 2006. A Christmas Carol film. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Douglas & Harnden. 1996. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch Press.

Elfina, Siahaan. 2010. An Analysis of Moral Lesson in Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. Published Research Paper. University Of Sumatra Utara Faculty Of Letters English Department Medan, 2010

Feist, Jens. 1985. Theories of Personality. New York: Holt Renchart and Winston.

Glancy, Ruth F. 1985. Dickens' Christmas Books, Christmas Stories, and Other Short Fiction. Michigan: Garland.

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Ledger, Sally. 2007. Novel as a literary work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Accessed on Sunday, 4 January 2014 at 07.30

www.google.com.vn/url?q=http://literartdevices.net/imagery.htm

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