Development of Machines andEquipment for E-Waste Treatment

in Lagos, Nigeria

Paper presented at the Regional Workshop on Enhancing CapacitiesFor the Environmentally Sound Management of Waste Electrical and

Electronic Equipment through the Regional Delivery in Africal@

Golden Tulip Hotel, Amuwo Odofin, Mile 2, Lagos Nigeria20th – 23rd October, 2015

AbdulWahab OgunbiyiGeneral ManagerLagos Waste Management Authority

Development of Machines andEquipment for E-Waste Treatment

in Lagos, Nigeria

Paper presented at the Regional Workshop on Enhancing CapacitiesFor the Environmentally Sound Management of Waste Electrical and

Electronic Equipment through the Regional Delivery in Africal@

Golden Tulip Hotel, Amuwo Odofin, Mile 2, Lagos Nigeria20th – 23rd October, 2015

AbdulWahab OgunbiyiGeneral ManagerLagos Waste Management Authority

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� city of Lagos and the generation of waste of electrical electronicequipment (WEEE) or e-wastes;

�methods of management and efforts of the government and itsagents;

� on-going research work on developing locally, machines andequipment for the treatment of e-waste materials in Lagos;

�How has this work complied with world standard, particularly, theUnited Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP)

� Progress level of the research and reactions from general public;

� Needs of this research work to succeed concluded the paper.

� city of Lagos and the generation of waste of electrical electronicequipment (WEEE) or e-wastes;

�methods of management and efforts of the government and itsagents;

� on-going research work on developing locally, machines andequipment for the treatment of e-waste materials in Lagos;

�How has this work complied with world standard, particularly, theUnited Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP)

� Progress level of the research and reactions from general public;

� Needs of this research work to succeed concluded the paper.

Population & Economic Status of Lagos

• Population - about 22 Million.• Y2010 State GDP =N= 12.091 trillion i.e.($80.61 billion)•This accounted for 62.3% of national Non - Oil GDPof the year;•It ranked 4th (among African cities) after, Cairo-$145 billion, Johannesburg - $110 billion and CapeTown - $ 103 billion;•Lagos GDP is higher than that of 42 individualAfrican Countries’ GDP•It is also equivalent to 19 African Countries’ GDPadded together

Population & Economic Status of Lagos

• Population - about 22 Million.• Y2010 State GDP =N= 12.091 trillion i.e.($80.61 billion)•This accounted for 62.3% of national Non - Oil GDPof the year;•It ranked 4th (among African cities) after, Cairo-$145 billion, Johannesburg - $110 billion and CapeTown - $ 103 billion;•Lagos GDP is higher than that of 42 individualAfrican Countries’ GDP•It is also equivalent to 19 African Countries’ GDPadded together

E-Waste Generation in Lagos Nigeria�Above facts and many others made Lagos the commercialcapital of Nigeria and business centre for African and allindustrialized nations of the world;�Goods and services of all kinds, new, fairly new and evenobsolete of electrical and electronic equipment included, areexported to Lagos;� Increase in country's tele-density demands for electronicgadgets in different forms and purposes also contribute;�Weak environmental laws and regulations which made itpossible for the exportation of obsolete electronics is anotherfactor�E-waste therefore accumulates everywhere in LagosSome routes of e-waste are shown below:

E-Waste Generation in Lagos Nigeria�Above facts and many others made Lagos the commercialcapital of Nigeria and business centre for African and allindustrialized nations of the world;�Goods and services of all kinds, new, fairly new and evenobsolete of electrical and electronic equipment included, areexported to Lagos;� Increase in country's tele-density demands for electronicgadgets in different forms and purposes also contribute;�Weak environmental laws and regulations which made itpossible for the exportation of obsolete electronics is anotherfactor�E-waste therefore accumulates everywhere in LagosSome routes of e-waste are shown below:

A Source of E-Waste in Lagos Nigeria

Current E-Waste Management in Lagos�Every household in Lagos generates one form of e-waste or theother and management is by any means;

�This includes open dumps at landfill, lagoon or river sidedumping, streets and road side dumping, etc;

�The ultimate concern of the people is just to get the materialsaway from their immediate environment;

�Government agencies such as Lagos Waste ManagementAuthority (LAWMA) and Lagos State Environmental ProtectionAgency (LASEPA) collect these materials, just to keep them awayfrom people for health and environmental hazards as they lackthe necessary facilities for e-waste management.

Current E-Waste Management in Lagos�Every household in Lagos generates one form of e-waste or theother and management is by any means;

�This includes open dumps at landfill, lagoon or river sidedumping, streets and road side dumping, etc;

�The ultimate concern of the people is just to get the materialsaway from their immediate environment;

�Government agencies such as Lagos Waste ManagementAuthority (LAWMA) and Lagos State Environmental ProtectionAgency (LASEPA) collect these materials, just to keep them awayfrom people for health and environmental hazards as they lackthe necessary facilities for e-waste management.

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Efforts So Far in E-Waste ManagementReally, there have been a sizeable numbers of governmentagencies that have been directly or indirectly working on e-wastemanagement activities. Among them are:�Lagos State Ministry of The Environment through LASEPA andLAWMA.�National Environmental Standards and RegulationsEnforcement Agency (NESREA);�National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA);�National Space Research and Development Agency(NASRDA);�Nigeria Customs Service (NCS);

The status of e-waste is yet to change in Nigeria regarding itsmanagement and treatment.In order to effectively address challenges surrounding e-wastemanagement in Nigeria, e-waste treatment/recycling facilitiesneed be put in place.

Efforts So Far in E-Waste ManagementReally, there have been a sizeable numbers of governmentagencies that have been directly or indirectly working on e-wastemanagement activities. Among them are:�Lagos State Ministry of The Environment through LASEPA andLAWMA.�National Environmental Standards and RegulationsEnforcement Agency (NESREA);�National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA);�National Space Research and Development Agency(NASRDA);�Nigeria Customs Service (NCS);

The status of e-waste is yet to change in Nigeria regarding itsmanagement and treatment.In order to effectively address challenges surrounding e-wastemanagement in Nigeria, e-waste treatment/recycling facilitiesneed be put in place.

Development of Machines and Equipment for E-Waste Treatment in Lagos�Truly, a huge amount of e-waste is being generated in today withlots of associated environmental and health hazards;�LAWMA is not worried about that as generation of waste is partof human life activities;�Pollution, which is usually accompanied waste, according to R.Buckminster (Fuller Scientist 1895–1983), “is nothing but theresources we are not harvesting. We allow them to dispersebecause we’ve been ignorant of their values”;�LAWMA is therefore worried only for inability to harvestresources and values in e-waste through environmentally soundprocesses and best practice;�LAWMA therefore keyed into a research work initiated by theEnvironment Division of The Nigeria Society of Engineers toDevelop Machines and Equipment for E-Waste Treatment usingtechnology available locally.

Development of Machines and Equipment for E-Waste Treatment in Lagos�Truly, a huge amount of e-waste is being generated in today withlots of associated environmental and health hazards;�LAWMA is not worried about that as generation of waste is partof human life activities;�Pollution, which is usually accompanied waste, according to R.Buckminster (Fuller Scientist 1895–1983), “is nothing but theresources we are not harvesting. We allow them to dispersebecause we’ve been ignorant of their values”;�LAWMA is therefore worried only for inability to harvestresources and values in e-waste through environmentally soundprocesses and best practice;�LAWMA therefore keyed into a research work initiated by theEnvironment Division of The Nigeria Society of Engineers toDevelop Machines and Equipment for E-Waste Treatment usingtechnology available locally.

�The research work commenced mid 2011 using E-wasteManagement Manual was developed by the United NationsEnvironmental Programme (UNEP) as a guide;�From the manual required processes, machines andequipment identified as:

�The research work commenced mid 2011 using E-wasteManagement Manual was developed by the United NationsEnvironmental Programme (UNEP) as a guide;�From the manual required processes, machines andequipment identified as:

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SizeSizeReductionReduction

VibratingVibratingScreenScreen

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��������������First LevelFirst LevelOperationsOperations

VibratingVibratingScreenScreen

MagneticMagneticSeparationSeparation

Eddy CurrentEddy CurrentSeparationSeparation

DensityDensitySeparationSeparation

DisposalDisposal

FerrousFerrousMetalsMetals

NonferrousNonferrousMetalsMetals

PlasticPlasticMaterialsMaterials

22ndnd LevelLevelOperationsOperations

Required EquipmentEquipment involved in the treatment operations of e-wastematerials in the 2nd level, which is the critical level of thethree, are majorly :size reduction and separating equipment

�Every component part of an e-waste is embedded with anumber of material parts with different sizes and properties;

�Size reduction operation is therefore a process wherecomponent parts are crushed, milled or grinded through anumber of machines to make material parts in the componentparts loose and open for separation

Required EquipmentEquipment involved in the treatment operations of e-wastematerials in the 2nd level, which is the critical level of thethree, are majorly :size reduction and separating equipment

�Every component part of an e-waste is embedded with anumber of material parts with different sizes and properties;

�Size reduction operation is therefore a process wherecomponent parts are crushed, milled or grinded through anumber of machines to make material parts in the componentparts loose and open for separation

S/N Operation Equipment Remarks1 Size

ReductionCrusher/Shredder/Pulverizer

Size reduction enables the majorityof the ferrous material to beseparated from the non-ferrousmetal and plastic fraction

2 Separation MagneticSeparator 1

For separation of the FerrousMetals fraction.

3 SizeReduction

Granulator/Grinder

For size reduction of the materialprior to separation in the EddyCurrent Separator 2.

Operation and Equipments used in 2nd level WEEE/E-waste treatment

SizeReduction

Granulator/Grinder

For size reduction of the materialprior to separation in the EddyCurrent Separator 2.

4 Separation Eddy CurrentSeparator 2

For separation of the light mixedmetal fraction

5 SizeReduction

HeavyGranulator

For final size reduction of thematerial

6 Separation SeparationTable

For final separation of theremaining fraction into a plastic(organic) fraction and a mixed metalfraction.

PROGRESS SO FARThe research work has been concentrated on design anddevelopment of the equipment used for operations in the 2nd

level treatment. These are:

�Hammer mill pulverizing machine,

�shredding machine,

�crushing machine,

�magnetic separator,

�dismantling conveyor, lifting conveyor, vibrator and agitator.

PROGRESS SO FARThe research work has been concentrated on design anddevelopment of the equipment used for operations in the 2nd

level treatment. These are:

�Hammer mill pulverizing machine,

�shredding machine,

�crushing machine,

�magnetic separator,

�dismantling conveyor, lifting conveyor, vibrator and agitator.

Design works for four major machines havebeen completed, which include:

i. double-shaft rotor pulverizing machine powered with twoelectric motors;

ii. a four-shaft rotor Shredding machine;

iii. a 3-blade single rotor Crushing machine and

iv. a lifting conveyor.These machines are designed on simple technology for ease offabrication and maintenance sustainability.

The machines will be put on series operation as in the UNEPlayout shown in figures below.

The next stage is fabrication and this poses no problemconsidering the work experience members of the team havehad on fabrication of similar machines.

Design works for four major machines havebeen completed, which include:

i. double-shaft rotor pulverizing machine powered with twoelectric motors;

ii. a four-shaft rotor Shredding machine;

iii. a 3-blade single rotor Crushing machine and

iv. a lifting conveyor.These machines are designed on simple technology for ease offabrication and maintenance sustainability.

The machines will be put on series operation as in the UNEPlayout shown in figures below.

The next stage is fabrication and this poses no problemconsidering the work experience members of the team havehad on fabrication of similar machines.

A Sample of Layout for E-waste UnitOperations by UNEP

Layout of E-waste Processing Plant byResearch Work

Our Potentials

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DESIGN OF A SHREDDING MACHINEDESIGN OF A SHREDDING MACHINE

Mounting of rotor shaft assembly

Assembly Drawing of a Crushing Machine

Recommendation and Conclusion�E-waste generation in Lagos and indeed Nigeria is a dailyaffair and is in all aspects of life despite the associated hazards;

�Proper treatment of e-waste is necessary to harvest valuablematerials and resources in it. This will prevent from turning intoenvironmental pollutant which can lead to deadly effects onhuman and biodiversity;

�Proper treatment of e-waste can only be achieved withnecessary equipment which is lacking today;

�Development of e-waste treatment facilities is the pragmaticsolution to challenges of e-waste in Nigeria;

� Equipment developed should be based on local technologythat guarantees sustainable environment which is globallyrequired;

Recommendation and Conclusion�E-waste generation in Lagos and indeed Nigeria is a dailyaffair and is in all aspects of life despite the associated hazards;

�Proper treatment of e-waste is necessary to harvest valuablematerials and resources in it. This will prevent from turning intoenvironmental pollutant which can lead to deadly effects onhuman and biodiversity;

�Proper treatment of e-waste can only be achieved withnecessary equipment which is lacking today;

�Development of e-waste treatment facilities is the pragmaticsolution to challenges of e-waste in Nigeria;

� Equipment developed should be based on local technologythat guarantees sustainable environment which is globallyrequired;

�Stake holders should collaborate to make theresearch work succeed in Lagos for Nigeria and theglobal world;�Countries of origin to these materials should alsolend hands to these efforts to balance up thebusiness bearing in mind that most of them haveearlier collected Advance treatment Fees on theseproducts;�World bodies such as UNEP, BASEL convention,etc should collaborate in this effort in order todevelop sustainable e-waste management facilitiesin Lagos and other cities in Nigeria for globalenvironmental sustainability.

�Stake holders should collaborate to make theresearch work succeed in Lagos for Nigeria and theglobal world;�Countries of origin to these materials should alsolend hands to these efforts to balance up thebusiness bearing in mind that most of them haveearlier collected Advance treatment Fees on theseproducts;�World bodies such as UNEP, BASEL convention,etc should collaborate in this effort in order todevelop sustainable e-waste management facilitiesin Lagos and other cities in Nigeria for globalenvironmental sustainability.

SCENE