development of plant material database and …
TRANSCRIPT
DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT MATERIAL DATABASE
AND TRACEABILITY MODEL SYSTEM FOR
BOTANICAL GARDEN
BY
NUR HIDAYAH BINTI MASTOR
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the
degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science)
International Institute for Halal Research and Training
(INHART)
International Islamic University Malaysia
SEPTEMBER 2018
ii
ABSTRACT
Effective inventory management can be extremely difficult owing to various types of
plants in Putrajaya Botanical Garden. These databases are required to provide high-
level effective and accuracy. Usually, staff will make file in Microsoft Excel for new
species. Consequently there are often difficulties in accessing information and data re-
entry problems. By using 2D barcode, this study presents a novel system called
Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability Model System for
Putrajaya Botanical Garden. These development based on databases system and 2D
barcode system to troubleshooting in difficulties in finding information regarding
plant morphology, difficulties of keeping track of new plant record and existing
manual system. Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability Model
System is a new approach in the field of botanical garden design and landscape where
it is necessary to handle large data to complete an inventory management. This
combines information technology and landscape knowledge. The idea began with
looking at the palm plantation, which is the main model of this thesis study. The study
on the plant morphology is carried out at two site sites namely palm hill and lakeside
in front of the lakeside. It can be said there is no database of the palm plant species
based on the plant morphology in Putrajaya Botanical Garden. Research planning uses
the Species study, Databases system and Barcoding system, and also System
Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The implementation of the system is by the aid of
many software which including PHP and JAVA (programming language), Visual
Basic and JavaScript (Script Language), Mysql and SQL (database) and Joomla (web
development) as to make sure the smooth running of the project. By using
Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability Model System, the
inventory data well managed thus ease for managing and monitoring.
iii
خلاصة البحث
الأنواع هناك صعوبات جمة تواجه الإدارة الفعالة في حديقة بوتراجايا النباتية بسبب
فير لوبة لتوالعديدة والمختلفة للنباتات في الحديقة النباتية، وقواعد البيانات هذه مط
اسوب ودقة عالية المستوى. يقوم الموظفون عادة باعداد ملف في برنامج الحفعالية
ما تكون ه نالك المعروف ب )مايكروسوفت إكسل( للأنواع الجديدة، وبالتالي غالبا
صعوبات في الوصول إلى المعلومات، بالإضافة إلى المشاكل التي تواجههم في
ائي كود الثندام الرمز الشريطي أو البارإعادة إدخال البيانات. تقدم هذه الدراسة باستخ
جديدا يسمى تطوير قواعد بيانات المواد النباتية ونموذج ن بع ظام التتالأبعاد نظاما
لى أساس لحديقة بوتراجايا النباتية أو أي حديقة نباتية أخرى. يعتمد هذا التطوير ع
على عوبات العثورنظام قواعد البيانات ونظام الباركود الثنائي الأبعاد لتصحيح ص
ات جديد المعلومات المتعلقة بمورفولوجيا النبات، والصعوبات المتعلقة بتتبع سجل نب
تتبع نظام ال والنظام اليدوي الحالي. يعتبر تطوير قواعد بيانات المواد النباتية ونموذج
جديدا في مجال تصميم الحدائق النباتية والمناظر الطبيعية حيث أنه من نظاما
نيا، آوري التعامل مع بيانات كبيرة لاستكمال إدارة المخزون أو ما هو موجود الضر
بدأت هذه وهذا يجمع بين تكنولوجيا المعلومات والمعرفة المتعلقة بالمناظر الطبيعية.
الفكرة بعد ملاحظة مزارع النخيل، والتي أخذت كنموذج رئيسي لهذه الدراسة.
بحيرة. بات في موقعين هما نخيل التلال وأمام الأجريت الدراسة على مورفولوجيا الن
بامكاننا القول بأنه لا توجد قاعدة بيانات لأنواع نباتات النخيل على أسس
دراسة ومورفولوجية نباتية في حديقة بوتراجايا النباتية. استخدم التخطيط البحثي،
لنظام اتطوير الأنواع، ونظم قواعد البيانات، والنظام الباركودي، وأيضا دورة حياة
(SDLCتم تنفيذ النظام من خلال مساعدة العديد من البرامج التي بما في ذ .) لك
PHP وجافا )لغة برمجة(، والفيجوال باسيك، وجافا سكريبت )لغة البرنامج
( )تطوير الشبكة(Joomla)قاعدة البيانات(، وجوملا ) SQLالنصي(، وميسكل، و
ت وباستخدام نموذج نظام تطوير قواعد بيانا للتأكد من سلاسة عمليات المشروع.
ل جيد، المواد النباتية ونموذج نظام التتبع، فإن البيانات المخزونة سوف تدار بشك
وبالتالي تسهيل عملية إدارتها ورصدها.
ABSTRACT IN ARAB
iv
APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms
to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and
quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science).
…………………………………..
Rashidi bin Othman
Supervisor
…………………………………..
Khairusy Syakirin Has-Yun
Hashim
Co-Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable
standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a
thesis for the degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science).
…………………………………..
Internal Examiner
…………………………………..
External Examiner
This thesis was submitted to the International Institute for Halal Research and
Training and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of
Science (Halal Industry Science).
…………………………………..
Irwandi Jaswir
Deputy Dean, International
Institute for Halal Research and
Training
This thesis was submitted to the International Institute for Halal Research and
Training and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of
Science (Halal Industry Science).
…………………………………..
Hamzah Mohd Salleh
Dean, International Institute for
Halal Research and Training
v
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except
where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Nur Hidayah Binti Mastor
Signature ........................................................... Date .........................................
vi
COPYRIGHT PAGE
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF
FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT MATERIAL DATABASE AND
TRACEABILITY MODEL SYSTEM FOR PUTRAJAYA BOTANICAL
GARDEN
I declare that the copyright holders of this dissertation are jointly owned by the
student and IIUM.
Copyright © 2017 Nur Hidayah binti Mastor and International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights
reserved.
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder
except as provided below
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may
be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print
or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system
and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other
universities and research libraries.
By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM
Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.
Affirmed by Nur Hidayah Binti Mastor
……..…………………….. ………………………..
Signature Date
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First, I would like to devote my utmost gratitude to Allah S.W.T for His blessings and
guidance He has bestowed strength upon me to complete my research project.
Although the duration provided to complete this study was limited, I am incredibly
thankful for the endless support and encouragement from various parties. To begin
with, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rashidi Bin
Othman who provided profound insights and ideas as a dedicated supervisor
throughout the course of completing the research project. The internal and external
panels both shared their ideas for the improvement of my research project and I am
humbly thankful for it.
Outside my academic circle, my family especially my husband, my daughter
and my parents, are nothing but bring me the inspiration, support, and encouragement.
I also feel honoured to have received guidance and advice from my fellow friends and
researchers.
It is in my humble ambition that the findings of this research project could be
extended to improve and benefits future projects.
Thank you.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… ii
Abstract in Arabic………………………………………………………………… iii
Approval Page……………………………………………………………………. iv
Declaration……………………………………………………………………….. v
Copyright Page…………………………………………………………………… vi
Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………... vii
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………... x
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….. xi
List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………... xiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………………………….. 1
1.1 Background of the Study……………………………………………………... 1
1.2 Problem Statement……………………………………………………………. 2
1.3 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………... 3 1.4 Research Aim………………………………………………………………………… 4
1.5 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………... 4 1.6 Research Framework………………………………………………………………….. 6
1.7 Thesis Organization…………………………………………………………... 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………. 9
2.1 Islamic Perspective…………………………………………………………… 9
2.2 Landscape Industry…………………………………………………………… 10
2.3 Botanical Garden……………………………………………………………... 12
2.4 Technology Growth…………………………………………………………… 13
2.5 Barcoding System…………………………………………………………….. 15
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES……………………. 19
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 19
3.2 Species Studies……………………………………………………………….. 20
3.2.1 Observation Technique…………………………………………………. 22
3.2.2 Interview Survey Technique……………………………………………. 27
3.3 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)……………………………………. 30
3.3.1 System Planning and Selection…………………………………………. 31
3.3.2 System Analysis………………………………………………………… 32
3.3.3 System Design………………………………………………………….. 35
3.3.4 System Implementation and Operation……………………………….... 36
3.3.4.1 Coding………………………………………………………….. 38
3.3.4.2 Testing………………………………………………………….. 38
3.3.4.2.1 Testing Process……………………………………….. 38
3.3.4.3 Installation……………………………………………………… 39
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………….. 40
4.1 Development of Plant Material Database System for Palm Species in
Putrajaya Botanical Garden…………………………………………………...
40
4.2 Characterization of Palm Species…………………………………………….. 88
ix
4.3 Summary of Characterization of Palm Species………………………………. 90
4.4 Ethnobotany of Palm Species………………………………………………… 92
4.5 Database Analysis and Findings……………………………………………… 105
4.5.1 Analysis from Checklist………………………………………………... 106
4.6 Development of Plant Material Database and Traceability Model System
for Putrajaya Botanical Garden………………………………………………
110
4.6.1 Admin Login…………………………………………………………… 111
4.6.2 Home Page (View Option 1)…………………………………………... 111
4.6.3 Home Page (View Option 2)…………………………………………... 112
4.6.4 Home Page (View Option 3)…………………………………………... 112
4.6.5 Add New Plant…………………………………………………………. 113
4.6.6 View List and Edit……………………………………………………... 114
4.6.7 Edit and Update Info…………………………………………………… 114
4.6.8 Admin Success Update………………………………………………… 115
4.6.9 Output Result…………………………………………………………... 116
4.7 Discussion……………………………………………………………………. 117
4.8 Limitation…………………………………………………………………….. 122
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS………… 123
5.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………. 123
5.2 Recommendations…………………………………………………………….. 123
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………... 125
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
3.1 Sample of database checklist
21
3.2 Observation
24
3.3 Palm species to be studied
25
3.4 Form question of interview
29
3.5 Interview checklist form
29
3.6 Software requirements
37
4.1 Summary of palm
90
4.2 Ethnobotany palm – food
92
4.3 Ethnobotany palm – Medicine
95
4.4 Ethnobotany palm – Cosmetic
99
4.5 Ethnobotany palm – Ritual
100
4.6 Ethnobotany palm – Utility
100
4.7 Palm species based on locations at Putrajaya Botanical
Garden
108
4.8 Summaries of the system evaluation results
121
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
1.1 2D Barcode used in plant material at Putrajaya Botanical
Garden
7
3.1 Flowchart of research methodology in this research
19
3.2 A System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
30
3.3 The use of case diagram for plant material traceability
model system
34
3.4 Interface design for administration staff
36
3.5 Testing process
39
4.1 Archontophoenix alexandrae
41
4.2 Arenga pinnata
42
4.3 Attalea cohune
43
4.4 Arenga obtusilia
44
4.5 Borassondendron machadonis
45
4.6 Borassus flabellifer
46
4.7 Carpentaria accuminata
47
4.8 Caryota mitis
48
4.9 Caryota urens
49
4.10 Cocos nucifera
50
4.11 Cyrtistachys lakka/renda
51
4.12 Chamaedorea seifrizii
52
4.13 Corypha umbraculifera
53
4.14 Chrysalidocarpus lutuscens
54
4.15 Corypha utan
55
4.16 Dypsis decaryi
56
4.17 Dypsis lutuscens 57
xii
4.18 Dictyosperma album
58
4.19 Dypsis leptocheilos
59
4.20 Dictyosperma album var. aereum
60
4.21 Elaeis guinensis
61
4.22 Hyhorbhe lagenicaulis
62
4.23 Johannesteijsmnnia altifrons
63
4.24 Johannesteijsmnnia magnifica
64
4.25 Licuala grandis
65
4.26 Livistona rotundifolia
66
4.27 Livistona speciose
67
4.28 Latania lontaroides
68
4.29 Liyistonia chinensis
69
4.30 Liyistonia saribus
70
4.31 Licuala spinose
71
4.32 Oncosperma tigillarium
72
4.33 Oncosperma horridum
73
4.34 Phoenix dactylifera
74
4.35 Phoenix roebelenii
75
4.36 Ptychosperma macarthurii
76
4.37 Phoenix borsigianum
77
4.38 Pritchardia pacifica
78
4.39 Pinanga coronate
79
4.40 Rhapis excels
80
4.41 Rhapis humillis
81
4.42 Roystonea regia
82
4.43 Rhopaloblaste ceramic
83
4.44 Roystonea oleracea 84
xiii
4.45 Salacca zalacca
85
4.46 Veitchia merrillii
86
4.47 Washingtonia fillifera
87
4.48 Total of palm species in Putrajaya Botanical Garden
106
4.49 An activity diagram of the system testing for development
of plant material database system for Putrajaya Botanical
Garden
110
4.50 Palm species data retrieval flowchart
110
4.51 Login and sign up for admin
111
4.52 List of palm by view all option
111
4.53 List of palm by entering plant name at search box
112
4.54 List of palm by select show number entries
112
4.55 Add or update new palm species
113
4.56 Admin view list page and edit button
114
4.57 Admin edit or update page
114
4.58 Admin success update before
115
4.59 Output result of plant material database system for plant
species
116
4.60 2D Barcode signage palm at Putrajaya Botanical Garden
117
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
saw Salallahu ‘alayhi wa sallam
QR Quick response
2D 2 dimension
SDLC
System Development Life Cycle
PHP Hypertext preprocessor
SQL Structure Query Language
MySQL Open source relational database management system
RAD Rapid Application Development
ORNIS Online Registration New Student Intake System
MCIR
B2B
Magnetic-ink Character Recognition
Bussiness to Consumer
C2C Consumer to Consumer
IE Internet Explorer
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The use of 2D barcode is a transformation from manual identification to automated
identification. The 2D barcode is an automated identification for areas industry,
labels, and smart cards. Many industrial products are widely used barcode for
automated data collection and inventory control (Chang, Lo, & Hsieh, 1997).
However, the use of barcodes in the landscape industry has not been found primarily
on plant species. The limitation of inventory data causes plant information to be
difficult to find. This is happening at a research site at Putrajaya Botanical Garden.
This study proposed Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability
Model System for Putrajaya Botanical Garden. The database is designed as a
development application. This is a free of charge for guest user scan 2D barcode. Data
can be retrieved and printed locally in PDF file. Database palm species is also
contribute to the development of website process. This is because, the output of the
website dependent on the quality of the database. The unique inventory number on
each palm helps contribute unique class id for database information system. Palm
characteristic that make them structurally. This is because, research on palm species is
very little and it is difficult to obtain various references. Therefore, this is one of effort
to improve the study of palm species, and palm species is a model system for this
study. Two different users using this model system are staff and guest. Staffs are
responsible for monitoring website, editing and updating information. While guest
users can enjoy the beauty of the garden while studying the plant collection in
Putrajaya Botanical Garden.
2
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Problems regarding plant diversity in Putrajaya Botanical Garden are as follow:
i. The major constraint is the insufficient information on the diversity of plant.
The importance of plant morphology study is to identify plant ethnobotany,
anatomy, and structure analysis. There are many types of plant species
arranged by the type of family, in Putrajaya Botanical garden, as the area is
very spacious. Based on the discussion with the staff, there is no detailed
information on the plant species in Putrajaya Botanical Garden. The
information is provided in manual files, containing only the name, family
species, location, and the plant origin. The files are saved in Microsoft Excel
file. Therefore, the existing database information is only limited to the plant
nomenclature, category, inventory number, and plant origin. This information
is also displayed using a signage placed on the board for the visitors to find
and identify a specific plant. These problems opened up opportunities for the
researcher to develop a complete database of plant collection based on plant
morphology.
ii. Difficulties of keeping track on the new plant record
The Putrajaya Botanical Garden has no suitable software to be used to
manage the plant collection. There is a difficulty to monitor the recorded
data such as the detailed data of plant collection, plant morphology, as
well as the ethnobotany. In addition, the data sometimes are inaccurate,
when the record is being updated and deleted. Based on these problems, a
convenient model system is required to improve the management
efficiency in Putrajaya Botanical Garden.
3
iii. Existing manual system or other terms traditional method
The existing manual system involves the use of a traditional manual
system such as keeping data in files and folders, making it inconvenient to
track the data. It is hard to maintain the record when the management of
Putrajaya Botanical Garden is still using the manual system. For example,
the staffs have to update the whole file if he/she needs to add a new
species in the system. Otherwise, the data will become inaccurate.
Besides, by using a manual system, the staffs need more time to search
and update the data, and the process is different when using the current
system. Furthermore, the staffs will need more space to keep all folders
and files. Indirectly, this will decrease the employee efficiency and affect
the organization.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to develop an integrated software and barcoding systems,
fully computerised for plant material database in botanical garden. The objectives of
this research are:
i. To identify the components of plant material in botanical garden.
ii. To produce a new system and organised the data properly based on the
problems identified.
iii. To develop a new, high performance and cheap media formulation to trace
species based on the morphology study for botanical garden.
4
1.4 RESEARCH AIM
The aim of this research is to develop an integrated software and barcoding systems,
fully computerised for plant material database in Botanical Garden. This is a simple
but far too often neglected wisdom. Very often, failure of establishment in the field
can be directly related to insufficient care in the nursery stage. Similar to the call for
quality germplasm such as in the Putrajaya Botanical Garden, quality seedling
production is a necessary prerequisite for quality tree production. This change in
demand has created opportunities as well as problems for the established Botanical
Garden as well as local authorities in the maintenance and management of trees. The
question of quality, the predictability of requirement, higher cost of production and
understanding the biology of these plants becomes obvious. Therefore, there is a need
to change the strategies in the management of landscape plants to satisfy the needs of
the more technologically advanced market. One of the most promising new urban tree
management techniques is the development of landscape management system using
barcode using 2D Barcode system.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
i. Cost Effective
Limited financial resources are required for a cost-effective management.
This is because an effective cost management can implement a strategized
process with several principles. In this study, the three principles to ensure
cost-effective management are:
a. Identify aims and objectives
5
The process of managing cost efficiently is a strategic and an
operational process. It starts with clear aim and objective that are
focused on finding and correcting the underlying causes of
ineffective cost management.
b. Provide the tools and knowledge needed for success
The specific costs are determined. It means that the specific tools
are needed to implement the project. In addition, an insight into a
specific process and day-to-day activities are needed to identify the
opportunities for an effective cost management.
c. Planning
The best strategy is always planning, as the cost-effective
management is about being proactive instead of reactive.
ii. Easy to be used
The second objective of this study is to produce a new system and
organised the data properly. To achieve the target objective, the first step
is to be a user-friendly model design. Five principles to ensure the
implementation of user-friendly model design are:
a. Simplify
An effective design should consist of less than three theme colours.
In this study, only two colours are used for the themes, which are
green and white, while graphics are only created if it can help a
user to perform a specific function.
b. Navigability
6
Include a search box near the top site so that the users can search
by keyword. Other than that, breadcrumbs on every page are
created except for the homepage.
c. Consistency
The overall look should be consistent across all pages.
Backgrounds, colour schemes, types, and even tone writing in all
areas have to be consistent and positively reflect the usability.
d. Accessibility
In order to provide a great user experience, the site needs to be
compatible with different devices (operating systems, browsers)
used by the users. Investing in a website structure that is highly
flexible, with responsive design, and the content automatically
resized and reshuffled to fit the dimensions of whichever device
the users used are among the benefits to the website.
e. Conventionality
There are certain web design conventions applied in this study,
such as a logo at the top of a page and links exchange when the
user hover over them
1.6 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
The information were documented in PDF file for admin user and guest user. This
designed for ease the authorized admin access and update and improved the
information. The good database can impact the expectation website system. There are
techniques for combine knowledge to resolve the problem. The integrated tools are
being develop to speed the process data entry. Nowadays, the interactive education
7
and information from many sources such as video, other media system and etc.
permits to user to learn and ability new thing. The saving tool such as this model
system, its can reduce of expand time used for searching information, and such as the
manual way retrieved information through book. Overall, the model system for palm
material will benefit not only the people in the botanical garden, but it will bring
benefit the whole who are needed in the plant study.
Figure 1.1 2D Barcode used in plant material at Putrajaya Botanical Garden
1.7 THESIS ORGANIZATION
The outline of the chapters in this thesis is as follows:
i. Chapter One comprises of background, problem statement and significant of
this study.
ii. Chapter Two reveals the literature review that is related to the study on
landscape and barcoding systems.
iii. Chapter Three discusses the details of research methodologies used in this
study.
iv. Chapter Four presents the results and discussion on the research conducted.
(a) Signage plant board (b) Web (c) Pdf
8
v. Chapter Five gives the conclusions of the research with recommendations for
further related studies.
9
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
As prescribed in the Qur’an and hadith, Muslims are bound by the Islamic rules and
must comply to them (Al-A’ali, 2008). The Qur'an and hadith are the main sources of
the broad principles and guidelines in the Islamic life (Beekun & Badawi, 2005). Al-
A'ali (2008) describes the name of Islam in Arabic which means a submission and
peace, for it is in submitting to God’s will, will the human beings gain peace in their
lives in this world and in the hereafter. Based on the Qur’an, the human race is
considered the Khalifah (trustee) of God on earth, and life on earth is a ‘test’ for the
humankind (Qur’an, 67:2). This verse means that, to be the trustee of God on earth,
our actions must be in accordance with the conditions of belief and will emulate the
Prophet (saw) as the quintessential role model (Beekun & Badawi, 2005). God uses
the word ‘khuluq’ in describing the Prophet’s (saw) behaviour (Qur’an, 68:4). The
meaning of this word is derived from the word ‘akhlaq’, and a comparable word for
ethics in Islam (Siddiqui, 1997). Islam is considered as a comprehensive religion and
its ethical system is given the utmost priority (Al-A’ali, 2008). According to Al-A'ali
(2008), establishing an ethical system in the field of Information Technology (IT) is
important especially at the present time due to the ever increasing ethical problems.
He also describes that, “Working with computers without gaining an understanding an
appreciation of ethics is like sailing without a compass.” High technology computers
play a major role in determining how computers affect our social life and interactions.
Therefore, the appropriate computer knowledge is essential (Namlu & Odabasi,
(2007). The main issues, which can be attributed to ethics related to IT are hacking,
10
privacy, software piracy, and IT personnel work ethics (Al-A’ali, 2008). Whenever a
Muslim is properly acting out his or her role as God’s trustee, a Muslim is performing
an act of worship (Qur’an, 21:107, 9:34, 48:28, 61:9, and 34:28). Most people are
subjected to various problems and risks such as theft, deception, and inaccuracy of
data (Al-A’ali, 2008).
In short, the Qur'an is a guidebook, which contains general principles that can
be used regardless of time and place. All principles and guidance are related to all
areas of life, including the domain of IT (by analogy) (Al-A’ali, 2008). Islam
emphasises the importance of seeking divine and earthly knowledge (Al-A’ali, 2008).
As stated in the Qur’an: “Read the name of your Lord Who created” (96:1). Prophet
Muhammad (saw) said “Seeking knowledge from the cradle to the grave”. Thus,
Islam stresses not only on productivity but also excellent at work. The Qur’an also
emphasises that reward should be commensurate with effort (3:136, 99:7, 48:19). This
study aims to analyse the effectiveness of computer ethics towards the management
system from the Islamic perspective. The principles and measurement were based on
primary sources.
2.2 LANDSCAPE INDUSTRY
Landscape is the enhanced of outdoor terrain in either residential or non-residential
area. It engaged with the exterior work, gardening, planting trees, flowers, shrubs,
grasses, water, fountains, construction of curbs, walkways, pavement, and drainage
(Davesgarden, 2002). The process of arranging soil, water, plant, and structures to
develop a space in a particular zone or appearance is also, what embodies landscape
(Davesgarden, 2002). Ndubisi & Chukwonso (2005) described landscape as the land
modified for permanent human occupation and shape. In the past, landscape