development of skiu national dual...
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DEVELOPMENT OF -EtS lN'NOVATIQN SKIU IN NATIONAL
DUAL TRAINING SYSTEM O T S ) ENVIRONMENT
SUZLLASAHIBATUL AKHMAR BT AHMAD
This thesis is submitted
in fii3filment of the requirement far the award
of the Doctor of Philosophy
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education
Universili Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
University of Bremen, Germany
Institute Technology and Education
JUN 2015
ABSTRACT
In an increasingly howledge-driven global economy, human capital development i s
a major driver of a country's economic competitiveness. Thus the old tradition of
training which consist of three main blocks; academic, technical skill and industrial
training is not sufficient. In vocational education system, it usually equipped trainees
with too much specialised and too little general skills. Apparently vocational
education systems need to be reformed to ensure the trainees are more equipped with
generic skills that allow them to easily adopt changing job requirement. The purpose
of this study is mainly to develop a fmework to foster innovation skill for
K?MKRTM trainees. With such h e w o r k , it can ensure that kainees .graduated
from KMKKTM will be ready for a more flexible workforce with advanced
technical skills coupled with well-developed generic skills, where is highly needed in
globalised, competitive, and knowledge-based society.
This cross sectional survey research is designed with three sets of
questionnaires and a session of interview. First set of questionnaire consists of 51
items which is Creative Climate Questionnaire in IKM/KKTM with Cronbach's
alpha 0.92, used to measure climate for creativity, and was carried out fiom 554
trainees and trainers of KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Gading and IKM Johor Bahru.
Second set of questionnaire named SoR Skills Development, with Cronbach's alpha
0.89, was set to confirm the theories about the advantages and the implication of
creative and innovation activity towards fminee's soft skills that have contribute to
their innovation skill. A total of 262 respondents fiom MPLRA Innovation
Competition 201 2 participants. Third set of questionnaire named Implementation and
Improvement of Innovation consist of 56 items with Cronbach's alpha 0.969, used to
identify the opinion fiom the community regarding the implementation and their
suggestion for the improvement of creative and innovation development. A total of
163 trainers from KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Gading and K M Johor Bahru
contributed as respondents in the study. Qualitative data from an interview session
with personnel from Competition and Innovation Unit in Tkdmbcd and Vocational
Division of MARA was used as an additional source of information.
Researcher had identified seven major components of enablers for nurturing
creativity and innovation in IJSM/KKTM. As presented in alphabetical order the
enablers are: climate (environment); curriculum, trainer, fund and infrastructure;
innovation activity; management; and policy. The framework was developed based
on these enablers and went though The validation process with six individual fiom
MARA to verify and aErm t&e outcome. The resacher also reafirmed the theories
that innovation activity iike MARA Innovation Competition did significantfy
improve trainee's soft skills, particularly in the elements of: communication;
motivation; conceptual; problem solving; critical thinking; leadership; discipline;
teamwork; learning; organization; and all these, leads to enhancement of
W K K T M ' s trainees with innovation skills.
Di dalam era ekonomi global yang sema3cin didorong oleh pengetahan atau k-
ekonomi, pembangunan modal insan merupakan pemacu utama bagi ekonomi
sesebuah negara yang berdaya saing. OIeh itu tradisi lama dalam institusi latihan
vokasional yang biasanya terdiri daripada tiga blok utama iaitu akademik, kemahiran
teknikal dan latihan perindustrian boleh dikatakan sudah tidak releven- Di dalam
sistem pendidikan kemahiran, lat&an biasanya terlalu mengfokuskan kepada
pembangunan kepakaran dan kernahiran di dalam sesuatu bidang, tetapi malangnya
kemahiran generik kurang diberi perhatian Pembaharuan dalarn sistem pertdidiican
vokasional adalah diperlukan bagi memantaplum k m a h i m generik peiatih, dan
memastikan pefatih lulusan teknikal dan vokasional mudah menyesuaikan diri di
dalam dunia pekerjaan yang sentiasa berubah,
Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah mtuk rnernbangunkan rangka kerja bad
~nemupuk dan meningkatkan kemahiran inovasi di kalangan pelatih IKM / KKTM.
Rangka kerja ini juga disediakan bagi memastikan pelatih lulusan IKM / KKTM
akan lebih bersedia untuk menjadi tenaga kerja yang lebih fleksibel, yang
mempunyai kemahiran teknikal yang tinggi, kemahiran generik yang mantap, yang
mana amat diperlukan di dalam era masyarakat global, berdaya saing, berteknologi
dan berpengetahuan.
Menggunakan kaedah kajian keratan rentas (cross sectional), kajian ini
direkabentuk menggunakan tiga set soalan kaji selidik dm satu sesi temuduga. Set
pertama kaji selidik iaitu Soal Selidik lklim Kreatif di X M / KKTMy terdiri daripada
51 item, dengan 0.92 nilai alfa Cronbach, digunakan untuk mengukur iklim
kreativiti. Kajian melibatkan 554 bilangan responden, terdiri daripada pelatih dan
pengajar dari KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Ga&ng dan LKM Jolmr Bahru. Set kedua
kaji selidik iaitu Pembangunan Kemahiran Insaniah, dengan 0.89 nilai alfa Cronbach,
digunakan untuk mengesahkan teori dari kajian bertulis tentang kelebihan clan
implikasi aktiviti-aktiviti kreatif dm inovasi ke arah rnernbangmkan kemahiran
insmiah yang berkait dengan k e m a h i inovasi pelatih. Seramai 262 peserta
Pertandingan Inovasi MARA 2012 menjadi responden di dalam kaji selidik ini. Set
ketiga kaji selidik adalah Pelaksanaan dan Penambahbaikan Inovasi, yang terdiri
daripada 56 item dengan 0.969 nilai aIfa Cronbach, digunakan untuk mengenal pasti
pendapat warga IKMKKTM mengenai pelaksmaan dm juga cadangan mereka
mtuk tujuan pembangunan kreatif dan inovasi. Kajian ini melibatkan 163 responden
iaitu pengajar dari KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Gading dm KM Johor Bahru. Data
kualitatif diambil dari sesi temu bual bersama kakitangan dari Bahagian Kernahi~m
dm Teknikal MARA, dm telah digunakan sebagai sumber maklumat tambahan yang
tidak diprolehi dari data kuantitatif.
Di dalam kajian ini, penyelidik telah mengenal pasti tujuh komponen
penggalak bagi perkernbangan kreativiti dan inovasi di IKIvfKKTM. Seperti yang
dikemukakan dalam urutan abjad penggalak tersebut adalah: persekitaran;
kurikulum, jumlatihlpensyarah, dana dan infiastnrktur; aktiviti inovasi, pen,ounrsan
dan polisi. Rangka kerja di dalam kajian h i tdah dibaagunkm berasaskzln penggalak
tersebut dan telah melalui proses pengesahan dengan beberapa individn dari MARA
bagi mengesahkan hasit dapatan. Penyejidik juga telah mengesahkan teori dari kajian
bertulis bahawa, aktiviti inovasi seperti Pertandingan Inovasi MARA rneningkatkan
kernahiran insaniah pelatih terutamanya bagi elemen: komunikasi; motivasi; konsep;
menyelesaikan masalah; gemikiran kitikal; kepimpinan; tatatertib; kerja berpasukan,
pembelajaran; organisasi (temasuk pengurusan masa) .
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