development of the branchial arches
DESCRIPTION
Course in facial development for European Course in Neuroradiology in Tarragona, Spain, originally on 12 octobre 2008. Revised for November, 2010. For questions, e-mail to etchevers at free dot fr. Download for the animations to take place, as some pictures are covered by others.TRANSCRIPT
Development of the branchial arches
Heather Etchevers, Ph.D.
INSERM
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Relation of face to pharynx
frontonasalbud
maxillary process
mandibular process
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Pharyngeal arches are also known as branchial or aortic
The embryonic dorsal aortae are paired before later fusing at the midline
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Pharyngeal arches The arches are metameric structures numbered 1 to
4 and 6 in humans “#5” does not exist as a separate entity
Each arch is built around the cage of aortic arches between ventral and dorsal aortae
Each pair = unique complement of: Muscles and connective tissue Nerves Cartilage (bone for PA1-3) Segment of the branchial arterial tree Endodermal anlage to the neck glands
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
The first aortic arch is the precursor to all pharyngeal arches
Ventral view, human embryonic heart
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Rostrocaudal maturation of arches
Detrait and Etchevers, 2005
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
All pharyngeal arch arteries are never present at once
Obliterated1st PA
Maxillaryartery
Right dorsal aorta
Left dorsal aorta
1st PA
2nd PA
3rd PA
4th PA
Constant remodelingduring embryonic life
Growth factor guidance of endothelial cells
Immature mural coverage
Flow pressures and hemodynamics
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Craniofacial evolutionfrontaleye
cerebral vesicle
Amphioxus
MOUTH
selection of NCC
retina
Lampreypros
MOUTH
mes
retina
selection of NCC
Gnathostome
MOUTH
pros
mes
MOUTH
MOUTH
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Volumes and surfaces Outer, notched
ectoderm Inner, pouched-out
endoderm Membranes where they
meet Mesodermal core of
muscle and vascular endothelium
Neural crest mesenchyme
hindbrain
prosPA1
2 3
4
heart
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Pouches and grooves
1
2
Persists astympanicmembrane
endodermectoderm
Persists asintratonsillarcleft
bpm
midbrain
3
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Endoderm and vascular development
Dorsal aorta
Arterial vitellineplexus
Endoderm
1st pharyngeal pouch
Vitelline arteries
Pharyngeal arch arteries
Internal carotid
Umbilical arteries
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Endodermal expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1
HIF1 is a TF activated under hypoxic/growth conditions
It effects transcription of pro-vascular factors such as VEGF, ET-1
Etchevers, 2003
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Endodermal derivatives of pouches
Pharyngealendoderm
Derivative
1 Epithelium of tympanic cavity and auditory tube
2 Epithelium of tonsil
3 Inferior parathyroid glands and epithelium of thymus
4 Superior parathyroid glands
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Tongue and salivary glands Contributions from most arches Endoderm and mesoderm First
oral anterior 2/3 Second
Surface contribution not maintained; tonsillar crypts Third
pharyngeal posterior 1/3 Fourth
Epiglottis and vicinity The salivary glands are ectodermal ingrowths of the
oral cavity that associate with NC mesenchyme
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Structural derivativesPharyngeal Arch Cranial Nerve Muscle derivative Skeletal Derivative
1Maxillary
Trigeminal nerve (V) Superior obliqueAbducensOculomotor muscles
Maxillary, palatine, jugaltrabecula cranii
1Mandibular
Trigeminal nerve (V) Muscles of masticationTensor tympanisDigastric (anterior belly)
Incus, ant. lig of malleuspalatoquadrateMeckel’s cartilage
2 Hyoid
Facial nerve (VII) Muscles of facial expression, digastric (posterior belly), styloid
Stapes, hyoid boneReichert’s cartilage
3 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
stylopharyngeas Horns of hyoidThyroid cartilage
4 and 6 Laryngeal branches of vagus nerve (X)
Striated muscles of oesophagus
Cricoid cartilage
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Cartilage derivatives of arches in 24 wk foetus
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Hox segment identity genes are incompatible with facial skeleton
Creuzet et al. (2002)Couly et al. 1993
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Human embryo aortic arches
Courtesy of Next Generation Embryologyhttp://ngembryo.ncl.ac.uk/ngembryo.php
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Chicken head vessels are in two sectors
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Vascular derivatives
Pharyngeal arch Arteries Veins-tentative
1st maxillary (shared artery with mandibular)
Ophthalmic, ethmoid, ramus superior of stapedial
1st mandibular Maxillary, mandibular
2nd hyoid Stapedial
3rd Common and internal carotids
4th Right subclavian (R)Aorta (L)
6th Right proximal pulmonaryLeft proximal pulmonaryDuctus arteriosis
Internal/ external jugular
BrachiocephalicSubclavian
Sinus venosus?
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
The “cardiac” neural crest is a subpopulation of the cephalic crest
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Heart participation of NCC is necessary but transitory
© K Sulik and coll.
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum
a.k.a. First arch or Goldenhar syndrome, hemifacial microsomia – though can be bilateral
Malformation of jaws, ears and face Experimentally induced by hemorrhage of 2nd
pharyngeal arch Fortuitous genetic mouse model Often overlaps with DiGeorge, VACTERL…
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Goldenhar, First arch, hemifacial microsomia, oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (MIM 164210)
Axial 1-mm 3D FT-CISS MR image through temporal bones. Lemmerling et al., AJNR 2000.
semi-circularcanals(L)
enlargedvestibularaqueduct(R)
Universitätsklinikum Jena
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Cardiovascular defects in DGS
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Congenital vascular anomalies arise from defective arch remodeling Double aortic arch
Non-regression of right aortic arch
Aberrant right subclavian artery 1% of normal population but 40% of tri 21 or CHD
Right aortic arch Retention of the dorsal aorta on right side Ductus arteriosus deflected to right Up to 1/3 of tetralogy of Fallot, 1/10 TGV
Interrupted aortic arch Regression of both right and left 4th arch
Coarctation of aorta Constriction near normally remodeling ductus arteriosus (6th
arch)
Arches,arteries, gills
Endoderm Mesenchyme Cardiovascular Pathologies andsummary
Main points
Pharyngeal arches are metameric structures They each contain all germ layers, each of
which contributes to distinct structures for each arch
Hox genes confer identity to differentiate them like for other metameric structures (eg. somites) not with respect to the facial skeleton
Arch, facial and heart development are linked