development of the heart
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Evolution of the Heart and Development of Heart
By Deepash and Sultan
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The heart pumps blood around the body
The heart humans have has come about after millions of years of evolution
We will talk briefly about how the heart as evolved
The Heart
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Circulation system acts to transport oxygen to cells
Generalization about circulation in the different phyla and stages of evolution of the heart are possible
We will follow development from fish to mammals
Hearts of Vertebrates
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Simplest vertebrate heart
Two chambers; one atrium and one ventricle
Blood is oxygenated and the passed around body
Single circulation
Fish Heart - Structure
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System provides sufficient oxygen and nutrients to cells
Fish Heart - Function
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Amphibian Heart - Structure
Double circulation
Made of left and right atria and single ventricle
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood kept separate
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Amphibian Heart - Function
More efficient that fish heart
Oxygen and nutrients pumped to cell more quickly
Allows for a higher metabolic rate than fish
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Structurally similar to amphibian heart
Difference is that the ventricles are partially divided
Number of chambers can be disputed
Reptile Heart – Structure
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System minimises the mixture of atrial and venous blood, though doesn’t stop mixing
Atrial blood is not saturated with oxygen
More efficient that amphibian heart
Reptile Heart – Function
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Double circulation
Four chambers; two atria and two ventricles
Septum prevents mixing
In one heart beat, blood goes to lungs and body
Bird and Mammalian Heart - Structure
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Atrial blood is saturated with oxygen
Oxygen and nutrients passed to cell quickly
Very high metabolic rate
Most efficient system of circulation
Bird and Mammalian Heart - Function
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At around day 21 , the heart is a tubular structure formed from the fusion of two endothelial tubes which originated from the cardiogenic mesoderm region.
Development of the Heart
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After the four chambers start to appear the heart starts bending into an ‘S’ shape . The heart starts pumping at this stage / (ineffective)
Occurs at about day 23 .
Looping of the Heart
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Looping of the heart The bulbus cordis
moves inferiorly , anteriorly and to the right.
Ventricle moves to the left.
Atrium and sinus venosus moves superiorly and posteriorly.
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During month 2 , the heart divides into its four chambers by the formation of the septum and valves, made from endocardial cushions , conus cushion and muscular septum.
Development of the heart -2
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Septum primium grows from Endocardial cushion at day 28.
Septum secundum forms , but doesnt fuse with primum until after birth
Atrial Partitioning
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Both ventricles grow and expand rapidly during week 7/8.
the walls of each ventricle grow opposing to each other giving rise to the muscular septum
Ventricular Septation
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12573922
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The End