Development of the Hurricane Development of the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using a Systems Engineering Approach a Systems Engineering Approach

6161stst Interdepartmental Hurricane Interdepartmental Hurricane ConferenceConference

6 March 20076 March 2007

ScientificSystems

Engineering

Systems Engineering Approach

DeveloperSolutions

Customer Requirements

Innovative NASA Technologies

HIRAD Team

Ocean Surface Vector Winds

Call for Improved Understanding Call for Improved Understanding and Predictability of Hurricane and Predictability of Hurricane

IntensityIntensity• Key focus of Hurricane Intensity Research Working Group

of the NOAA Science Advisory Board - to reduce the error in 48-hour intensity forecasts for hurricane-strength storms by at least 10kt within the next five years

• High priority of National Science Board (NSB) report, “Hurricane Warning: A Critical Need for a National Hurricane Research Initiative” - Predicting hurricane intensification and size, and reducing the uncertainty associated with where and when hurricanes will make landfall

• Key operational forecasting needs outlined by Joint Action Group for Tropical Cyclone Research – Intensity, Structure, Track, Sea State, Storm Surge, Precipitation, Observations

NRC Decadal StudyNRC Decadal Study

• QuikSCAT is aging beyond its expected life span

• NASA/NOAA should develop better collaborations

• NOAA should assume responsibility for the next operational scatterometer

• NASA should explore innovative remote sensing technologies– Venture class of satellites– Suborbital demonstrations

Operational Ocean Surface Vector Wind Operational Ocean Surface Vector Wind requirements summaryrequirements summary

• All-weather retrievals (i.e. accurate retrievals in rain)• Accuracy levied upon the selected 10 meter 1 minute

sustained wind– 4-165kts wind speed range

• 10 -165kts: +/- 2 kts and +/- 10 degrees (2 sigma)• 4 -10kts: +/- 2 kts and +/- 20 degrees (2 sigma)

• Revisit time interval: every 6 hours (1-3 hour goal)– Reduced product latency: 45 - 60 minutes from

measurement to product availability (15 min goal)• < = 2.5 km horizontal grid resolution (1 km goal)• < = 2.5 km from coast (1km goal)• Wind fields must be delivered into the operational

environment, i.e., NAWIPS, AWIPS and data assimilation systems

• Product documentation / tutorial / training

HIRAD Team ResponsibilitiesHIRAD Team Responsibilities

• NASA Marshall Space Flight Center – Project Science and Systems Integration

• NOAA Hurricane Research Division – Hurricane Expertise

• University of Central Florida – Modeling and Algorithm Development

• University of Michigan – System Design and Calibration

• RTI – Antenna Array Design and Analysis

Measurement HeritageMeasurement HeritageSFMR Tb for Hurricane

KatrinaSFMR

Freq

Tapp

Horn Antenn

a

SFMR wing pod

Electronics

SFMR on NOAA WP-3D Aircraft

Partners: NASA LaRC, UMass., NOAA HRD, and ProSensing

Innovations from the NASA Innovations from the NASA Earth Science Technology Earth Science Technology

PortfolioPortfolio• Instrument Incubator Program

Synthetic thinned array antenna and correlated receiver technologies utilized by the Lightweight Rain Radiometer (LRR)

Agile Digital Detection for RFI mitigation

• Advanced Information Systems Technology Program

Sensor Management for Applied Research Technologies (SMART) On-Demand Modeling (ODM) for flexible, autonomous integration of Earth observations and model results during real-time decision-making

LRR-X Deployed on NASA DC-8LRR-X Deployed on NASA DC-8Engineering Demonstration of ImagingEngineering Demonstration of Imaging

• Point Reyes National Seashore, CA

DC-8 nadir video camera (upper left)

LRR-X TB image at 10.7 GHz, H-Pol (upper right)

Sensor Web Today Sensor Web Tomorrow

Observing Strategy Roadmap

HIRAD Instrument DescriptionHIRAD Instrument Description

• Multi-frequency (4-7 GHz) interferometric radiometer

• Synthetic thinned array technology• Push broom imager with wide (+/- 60 deg) cross

track field of view• Low profile planar array antenna• Software beam forming with no moving parts• Internal hot, cold, and noise diode based calibration• Continuous gap free imaging• Real-time wind and rain retrieval algorithms with

one second update at 1 km spatial resolution• Sensor web enablement (SWE) technology based on

Open Geospatial Consortium protocols

Technology Transfer Operational Reconnaissance Hurricane Aircraft (optional)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Demonstration (optional)

Technology Brassboard Demonstration in Laboratory

Satellite Demonstration of Improved Hurricane Ocean Surface Vector Winds and Rain Rate

Technology Investment RoadmapTechnology Investment Roadmap

Aircraft Demonstration

Next Steps Next Steps

• NASA MSFC Investment fundingLaboratory and anechoic chamber testing of antennaBrassboard demonstrations of full systemModeling simulated observationsNOAA AOC assistance with off-nadir SFMR demoObserving Systems Simulation Experiment with HWINDFull aircraft system development

• Proposals for competed fundingAircraft integration and test flightsField deployments in hurricane scenarios

Planning for SuccessPlanning for SuccessReplacing Hurricane Floyd simulations with real Replacing Hurricane Floyd simulations with real

observationsobservations

Long

Lat

High Spacial Resolution WS 2D Plot

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High Spacial Resolution RR 2D Plot

50 100 150 200 250 300

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Simulated aircraft wind speed observations

Simulated wind speed product at 1 km

Simulated aircraft rain rate observations

Simulated rain rate product at 1 km

Backup SlidesBackup Slides

Chris Ruf, Univ. Michigan, ver. 15 Dec 2006

USER INPUTS: AIRCRAFT (1 m aperture) SPACECRAFT (5 m aperture) SPACECRAFT (15 m aperture) ***** System Design ***** freq (GHz) 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 altitude (km) (a/c ~ 11 km, s/c ~ 350 km) 11 11 11 11 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 ground track velocity (km/s) (0.2 km/s ~ 450 mph) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 integration time (s) 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

***** Antenna Design ***** cross track interelement spacing (m) 0.9" 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 # of STAR sub-arrays 10 10 10 10 25 25 25 25 41 41 41 41 # of synthesized baselines 36 36 36 36 208 208 208 208 650 650 650 650 along track interelement spacing (m) 1.5" 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 # of along track elements 16 16 16 16 128 128 128 128 375 375 375 375

***** Receiver Design ***** bandw idth (MHz) 85 60 60 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 150 150 pre-Rx antenna & cable losses (dB) 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 receiver noise f igure (dB) 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

DERIVED PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS: ***** Spatial Resolution ***** Nadir (km) (geometric mean of principle planes) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 7.1 5.8 5.0 4.4 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.4 30 deg cross track off-nadir (km) 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 9.3 7.6 6.5 5.7 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.9 60 deg cross track off-nadir (km) 5.6 4.5 3.8 3.3 26.8 21.7 18.4 16.0 8.8 7.2 6.1 5.3

***** Brightness Temperature ***** NEDT (K) (assuming 290K scene brightness) 0.19 0.25 0.27 0.22 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.36 2.18 2.28 2.39 2.50

***** Antenna Aperture Size ***** Cross track (synthesized) dimension (m) 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 14.86 14.86 14.86 14.86 Along track (real) dimension (m) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29

STAR Technology HeritageSTAR Technology Heritage

•ESTAR• Soil Moisture• David LeVine, GSFC• w. U.Mass.

•LRR• Rainfall• Chris Ruf, U. Michigan

Original HIRADTechnology Road Original HIRADTechnology Road MapMap

HIRAD Aircraft Instrument

16 Element Partial Array

32 Element Full Array

Dual Linear Array/Integral Feed Test Article

Modeling and trade studies

or

Now

Near Term

2 – 3 Years

or

Tasks

LRR Technology

}

Current HIRAD PartnersCurrent HIRAD Partners

• University of Central Florida:

– Linwood Jones and James Johnson• University of Michigan:

– Chris Ruf and team• RTI:

– M.C. Bailey and Chi Nuygen• NOAA Hurricane Research Division:

– Peter Black and Eric Uhlhorn• NASA MSFC:

– VP61: Robbie Hood, Frank LaFontaine, Tim Miller– VP51: Karen Stephens– EI51: Mark James – UAH: David Simmons and Sue O’Brien– USRA: Vanessa Rohwedder

Satellite Hurricane Imager

Microwave RadiometerHurricane Winds and Rain

Instrument Development

Partnership

NASA

NOAA

UCF

U. Michigan

Wind Analysis ExamplesWind Analysis Examples

QuikSCAT information for Hurricane Erin compiled by Remote Sensing Solutions

NOAA HRD Hurricane Wind (HWIND) Analysis for Hurricane Katrina

Air Force29 Aug 0930 UTC

NOAASFMR29 Aug 0930 UTC

Original Hurricane Imaging Radiometer Team (HIRAD)

Prof. Chris RufU- Michigan

System Design and Calibration

Dr. MC BaileyRTI

Array Design and Analysis

Dr. Linwood JonesCFRSL

Algorithms and Modeling

Mr. James JohnsonCFRSL

Project Management

Wide Swath Imaging of Strong Wind and

Heavy Rain Hurricane Conditions

HeritageHeritage

• Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer/ 4-7 GHz non-scanning instrumentation developed at LaRC and currently flown on NOAA P-3 and USAFR 53rd WRS C-130

• Lightweight Rain Radiometer/10 GHz developed with NASA Instrument Incubator Program funding

• NASA MSFC and LaRC aircraft instrument development expertise

• NOAA and NASA aircraft hurricane sampling expertise and collaborations

• NOAA is establishing a requirement for improved hurricane wind observations

HIRad ConceptHIRad Concept

Top Side

HIRad Array Element Concept

HiRad Swath

NOAA’s Gulfstream-IV SP

SFMR Swath

HIRad wind speed simulation of Hurricane Floyd

Concept• HIRad offers wide swath and high resolution imaging from Gulfstream IV or a UAV.• Potential for spaceborne application. Technology• The multi-frequency, microstrip, stacked patch, thinned array is the technology challenge for HIRad.

Strategic PlanningStrategic Planning

• Technology Demonstration

– Laboratory brassboard demonstration at NSSTC– Definition of design, testing, and performance

requirements• Aircraft Demonstration

– Fast track technology demonstration on NASA ER-2, DC-8, or NOAA P-3 in non-hurricane conditions in 2008

• Operational Aircraft Reconnaissance

– NOAA P-3, G-IV, or USAFR C-130– NASA/NOAA UAS (Global Hawk, Predator, Airship)

• Satellite Demonstration

– Small special-focus satellites for temporal coverage– Sensor web enabled

Updated Project ActivitiesUpdated Project Activities

• HIRAD simulations and physical-based emission models– Opportunity to collect off-nadir information on

P-3– Opportunity to develop skill in Observing

Systems Simulation Experiment• Antenna design and testing

– Opportunity to start dual-polarized design during coming months

Measurement RequestMeasurement Request

EIA

0

R

EIA = 0 + R

Antenna Off-set Angle 0 = 50 deg.

A/C Roll Angle R = ± 30 deg.

Nadir

To Complete HIRad Radiative Transfer Model

Surface Emissivity Incidence Angle Dependence

Roll Angle Plane

SFMR Hurricane Aircraft SFMR Hurricane Aircraft ManeuverManeuver

Hurricane Eye-wall

Wind

Potential HIRAD Aircraft PlatformsPotential HIRAD Aircraft Platforms

Specifications DC-8 ER-2 Altair Ikhana Global Hawk Predator B Block 20/30/40

Wingspan 148 ft 103 ft 86 ft 66 ft 130.9 ft

Length 157 ft 62 ft 36 ft 36 ft 47.6 ft

Height 43 ft 12 ft 12 ft 15.3 ft

Max GTOW 334,000 lbs 40,000 lbs 8,000 lbs 10,500 lbs 32,250 lbs

Max Altitude 41,000 ft More than 70,000 ft 52,000 ft 50,000 ft More than 60,000 ft

Max Endurance 12 hours 12 hours 32 hours More than 30 hours 36 hours

Airspeed 490 kts TAS 410 kts More than 220 kts More than 220 kts TAS 310 kts TAS

Power 40 kVA 30 kVA, 10 kVA 2,500 W at 28 VDC 2,500 W at 28 VDC

Range 5,400 Nmi 6,000 Nmi 3,400 Nmi 3,500 Nmi 12,300 Nmi

Payload Capacity 30,000 lbs Nose: 600 lbs/ 47.8 ft3 Internal: 800 lbs Internal: 800 lbs 3,000 lbs

Wing pylons: 100 lbs Q-bay: 750 lbs/ 64.6 ft3 External: 1,200 lbs External: 3,000 lbs

on each wing Wing Pods: 1,360 lbs/ 86 ft3

NASA User Cost: $4,000/Flight Hour $3,700/Flight Hour TBD $3,000/Flight Hour TBD

Aircraft Specification Comparison

WP3D Tail Doppler (now)- 3D winds over 80 km swath from 1-10 km alt. in precipitation regions only (NOAA)

GIV Tail Doppler (2008)- 3D winds over 40 km swath from 5-18 km alt. in precipitation regions only (NOAA)

Satellite Doppler (2020)- 3D winds from 1-20 km alt over 500 km swath similar to TRMM coverage (NOAA/NASA)

Satellite Scan SAR (2013)- Surface winds over 500 km swath similar to TRMM coverage (NASA/JPL)

WP3D ARAP (2008)- Dual mode Doppler profiler/scatterometer ( Big & Heavy). 20 km wind swath width (surface to 5 km alt) from 10 km alt. Saturates at 40 m/s (CAT2) winds. (NOAA/RSS)

Global Hawk HWrap (2012)- AUV based dual mode Doppler profiler/scatterometer (light and compact). 20 km wind swath width (surface to 10 km alt) from 20 km alt. Saturates at 40 m/s (CAT2) winds. (GSFC/RSS)

Lagrangian Drifters- pillow size balloons to map winds (1-20km alt point source with 5 day lifetime, I.e. continuous in time): winds, temperature, humidity throughout hurricane with 95% chance max wind detection with 500 balloons (ENSCO Corp.)

3D Hurricane Winds- 3D Hurricane Winds- Competition/CollaborationCompetition/Collaboration