Key Questions...•What is development?

•What are the Patterns of Global Development?

•How do we measure it?

Development is...• Reducing levels of poverty

In pairs discuss: What are the advantages and disadvantages of these statements as a definition for development.

•Increasing levels of wealth

•Creating equal status for men and woman

•Creating justice, freedom of speech and political participation for everyone

•Ensuring that everyone is safe from conflict and terrorism

•Ensuring that everyone fulfils their basic needs: food, water and shelter

•Ensuring that all children have good standards of education

•Reducing the gap between the richest and poorest members of society

What four statements do you think give the best definition of development and why?Create your own statement / definition for development.

1. National wealth (GDP)1. National wealth (GDP)

The wealth of a country is usually measured by its Gross National Product (GNP) per person. The GNP per person of a country is calculated by:

Step 1: Add up the total value of goods and services produced by people living in that country and by people abroad who are still citizens of that country.

Step 2: Divide this figure by the total number of citizens of that country.

The Brandt Line

2. Health data2. Health dataHealth data is also often used to describe a country’s level of development. Two commonly used indicators are:

1.Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): the number of children who die before the age of one for every 1,000 that are born. The figure varies widely, from 270 in Sierra Leone to only 3 in Sweden.

2. Average Life Expectancy:the average age to which people can expect to live.

3. Human Development Index (HDI)3. Human Development Index (HDI)

A comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and

standards of living for countries worldwide.

Think..Think....What are the advantages and disadvantages of different indicators?

(Do they give a fair/realistic overview of the development of that country?)

Key Questions...•What are the patterns of development in Ghana?

•What are the reasons for this?

GHANA - Facts

• Located in Sub Saharan West Africa

• Poverty and Hunger problems in Ghana

• Gross National Income is $520 per person

• 45% of population live on less than $1 a day

• 55% of working population work on farms

• Farmers are Ghana’s poorest earners

• They have little savings

• 19% of Ghana’s children under 5 are malnourished

GHANA - Facts

• Located in Sub Saharan West Africa

• Poverty and Hunger problems in Ghana

• Gross National Income is $520 per person

• 45% of population live on less than $1 a day

• 55% of working population work on farms

• Farmers are Ghana’s poorest earners

• They have little savings

• 19% of Ghana’s children under 5 are malnourished

Very RuralLower IncomePoor Transport LinksLittle IndustryFew touristsPoor Rainfall

Farming main source of incomeLack of jobsPoor drinking waterHealth Care AvailablePlenty of TeachersDiseaseBad Malnutrition

plenty of jobsgood drinking waterHealth Care AvailablePlenty of TeachersHealthyPlenty of Food

Very UrbanHigher IncomeBetter Transport LinksLittle Industrylots of touristsReliable Rainfalltourism main source of income

Regional Patterns of Development in Ghana?

Ghana has a tropical climate. In the southern regions of the country, the long wet season means that farmers can grow food crops like sorghum, or cash crops like cocoa. Almost 90% of Ghana’s crop is grown on tiny farms by 2.5 million smallholders. However, the average farmer only earns about £160 a year.

The price of cocoa goes up and down on the world market. It’s difficult to make a profit and invest it in the farm. Further north the annual rainfall is much lower and it can be unreliable. This means that the land has to be used less intensively and farmers here can grow fewer food crops. Instead they keep a few goats.

Video What can be done to help?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lScsKYAuNHk

Plenary This is how Cadbury World Helps Ghana!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ktLtvinZBs

• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world's main development challenges.

• The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations-and signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000.

• The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators.

United Nations Millennium Goals

Key Questions...• What are the UN Development Goals?• How can these targets be achieved?

Who is helping countries reach their MDGs?

Working towards the MDGs is a major concern for many people working in government and in voluntary sector. A disaster like an earthquake is instantly reported around the world on the internet and by satellite. This creates enormous public sympathy and people from both rich and poor countries give generously to provide emergency aid.

However, emergency aid is only a small part of the aid given by both governments and Non Government Organisations (NGOs) such as Oxfam, Action Aid or Christian Aid. Most aid is in fact planned over a long period of time to tackle poverty and improve quality of life. This is known as long-term, or development aid. It is these long term projects, supported by both governments and NGOs, that address the MDGs.

What do you notice about this picture?

Progressing towards Goals 2 & 3 (Education and Gender Equality)

Progressing towards Goals 2 & 3 (Education and Gender Equality)

Progressing towards Goals 2 & 3 (Education and Gender Equality)Progressing towards Goals 2 & 3 (Education and Gender Equality)

An educated girl...

Marries later in life

Seeks medical attention sooner for herself and her children

Provides better care and nutrition for herself and her children

Has a higher probability of survival as do her children

Has fewer children

Provides good learning opportunities for her own children

Why is this important for development?

Why is this important for development?

How has literacy improved from 1990-2004?

1990 Male Female 2004 Male Female

Sub-Saharan Africa 60 40 69 53

Middle East & North Africa 66 39 74 52

South Asia 59 34 66 42

East Asia & Pacific 88 72 93 81

Latin America & Caribbean 87 83 90 88

Russia & the countries of Eastern Europe

98 94 98 95

Complete following statement in booklet:The lowest adult literacy in 2003 was in ......... . In this region female literacy improved from ........ per cent in 1960 to ........ per cent in 2004. Male literacy improved from ....... per cent in the same period.

How well is South Asia Progressing?Positive Progress Indicates more progress needed

Indian universities produce the third largest number of engineers each year.

The number of children missing from primary school in India was 25 million in 2003

India’s college/university system is one of the largest in the world with over 10 million students.

Rural children often have to travel long distances to secondary school. The cost of travel prevents many poor families from sending their children to school.

The number of children missing from primary school in India in 2007 was 9.6 million.

Less than 40% of Indian teenagers attend secondary schools.

The curriculum needs to change so that students become independent learners and critical thinkers.

Parents are often not willing to send teenage daughters to school where there are no female teachers

A survey in the late 1990’s found that 72% of schools in India did not have a library

Only 1 in 10 young people go into higher education. Most of these are from well-off families.

THINK...How can India progress towards reaching MDG 2 & 3?e.g. What strategies are needed for improving school attendance?

MDG 7 - Improving water supply in sub-Saharan Africa

MDG 7 - Improving water supply in sub-Saharan Africa

The UN has set the target to doubling the access to clean water and sanitation (the safe disposal of sewage) by 2015.

To meet this target we could:

1. Waste less water by fixing leeks

2. Use water more efficiently, for example using waste water from

washing to water the garden

3. Increase the amount of freshwater supplies

Action taken in Africa:Lesotho Highlands Water Project

1. What is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project?

2. What are the short term advantages and disadvantages of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP)?

3. What are the long term advantages and disadvantages of the LHWP?

4. What alternative strategies can be used to manage South Africa’s water?