Bottom-Up Reading Model:

Let’s learn the bottom-up reading model

Bottom-up reading model,also known as part-to-whole model,considers the importance of the written or printed text as it brings about reading.The views of the following researchers about the bottom-up reading model helps in understanding it better:

Leonard Bloomfield: Reading starts with the understanding of the code. Analysis of the code helps in getting easily the meaning of the text. Writing only records speech.

Emerald Dechant: The hierarchical organization of the written text is important in reading. Reading starts with the processing of the smallest linguistic unit,and moves gradually to putting together the smaller unit,which result in recognizing and understanding the higher units.

Charles Fries: Learning to transfer from auditory signs for language signals to a set of visual signs for the same signals is needed in reading. Responding automatically to the visual patterns is essential to reading.with the cumulative comprehension of the meaning signaled,he reader is able to fill in the gaps or those parts of the signals which he does not see in the graphic representation.

Philip B.Gough: Developing a considerable range of habitual responses to a specific set of patterns suggests ability to learn to read.

T.McCormick: Positive recognition of every word through phonemic encoding results from processing letter-by letter visual analysis. In reading,we apply lexical,syntactic,and semantic rules to the phonemic output which itself has been encoded from print.

Interactive Reading Model

Emerald Dechant:Meaning is constructed by the selective use of information from various sources,without relying on anyone

set order.these sources may be graphemic,phonemic,morphemic syntax and semantics.All levels of processing are used although the reader can rely on one source at a given time.

Kenneth Goodman:Reading is understood at once as both a perceptual and cognitive process.

Literary Appreciation Skills

Literature tells you many things.It tells you the stories of real people who grapple with problems that the urgency in today’s living brings.it recount the experiences of ordinary country folk who delight at the simple joys of life.it narrates the exploits or adventures of the immortals and the supernatural beings who thrill us with their incredible powers.

Literatures relates all these things through its elements such as poetic language,tone and mood,character,setting,plot,and theme.

1.Poetic language

Words or phrases that conjure up vivid pictures in your mind,that appeal to your emotions,or hat communicate ideas beyond the literal meaning of the words are called poetic or figurative language.

Images appeal to the senses of sight, touch,and hearing,although the majority of images are visual.

Examples:

Plain chip ware on a plain and creeking wood. Tin flatware. ….As they lean over the beans in their rented back room. That is full of beads and receipts and dolls and cloths, tobacco crumbs,vases and fringes.