developmental - gbv · sea urchins 78 meroblastic cleavage types 98 amphibians 82 discoidal...
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Developmental SCOTT F. GILBERT BiologySWARTHMORE COLLEGE
Preface xii
PART I :PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 1 :An introduction to animal development
3
Introduction
4
Origins of sexual reproduction
1 5Principal features of development
4
Colonial eukaryotes : The evolution o fOur eukaryotic heritage
7
differentiation
1 9Development among the unicellular
The Volvocales
1 9eukaryotes
10
Dictyostelium
23Control of developmental
Developmental patterns among metazoans
26morphogenesis in Acetabularia
10
Protostomes and deuterostomes
26Differentiation in the amoeboflagellate
Naegleria
1 3
Chapter 2 :Fertilization : beginning a new organism
31
Introduction
32
Gamete fusion and prevention o fStructure of the gametes
32
polyspermy
5 0Sperm
32
Fusion between sperm and oocyte cellEgg
36
membranes
50Recognition of sperm and egg : Action at a
Prevention of polyspermy
5 3distance
40
Fusion of the genetic material
58Sperm attraction
40
Early responses
6 3The acrosome reaction
41
Late responses
6 5Recognition of sperm and egg : Contact of
Rearrangement of egg cytoplasm
66gametes
44
Sidelights & Speculations : The nonequivalence ofSpecies-specific recognition in sea
mammalian pronuclei
6 1urchins
44
Activation of egg metabolism
62Gamete binding in mammals
47
Chapter 3 :Cleavage: creating multicellularity
73
introduction
74
Sidelights & Speculations : The cell surface andPATTERNS OF EMBRYONIC CLEAVAGE
75
the mechanism of compaction
94Radial holoblastic cleavage
77
Formation of the inner cell mass
94The sea cucumber, Synapta
77
Sidelights & Speculations : Twins
97Sea urchins
78
Meroblastic cleavage types
98Amphibians
82
Discoidal cleavage
98Spiral holoblastic cleavage
84
Superficial cleavage
98Bilateral holoblastic cleavage
88
MECHANISMS OF CLEAVAGE
102Rotational holoblastic cleavage
89
Summary
107
Chapter 4 :Gastrulation: reorganizing the embryonic cells
110
Introduction: General features of
Cell movements and construction of thegastrulation
111
archenteron
12 6Sea urchin gastrulation
112
Epiboly of the ectoderm
13 0Ingression of primary mesenchyme
112
Gastrulation in birds
13 1First stage of archenteron invagination
116
Overview of avian gastrulation
13 1Second stage of archenteron
Mechanisms of avian gastrulation
13 7invagination
117
Gastrulation in mammals
139Amphibian gastrulation
118
Overview of mammalian gastrulation
139Cell movements during amphibian
Sidelights & Speculations : The roles of thegastrulation-an overview
118
chorion
144End of the blastula stage and
positioning of the blastopore
122
Chapter 5:Early vertebrate development : neurulation and ectoderm
149
The vertebrate pattern of development
150
Development of the eye
17 2Neurulation
152
The neural crest and its derivatives
17 8The neural tube and the origins of the
Sidelights & Speculations : The mechanism forcentral nervous system
155
neural crest migration
183Mechanism of neural tube formation
158
Pluripotentiality of neural crest cells
183Differentiation of the neural tube
159
The epidermis and the origin of cutaneou sSidelights & Speculations : The evolution of
structures
184cerebral development
165
Cutaneous appendages
18 6
Chapter 6 :Early vertebrate development: mesoderm and endoderm
190
Introduction
191
Sidelights & Speculations : Differentiation an dMESODERM
191
the cell cycle
201
Dorsal mesoderm: Differentiation of somites 191
Osteogenesis : Development of bones
202Myogenesis : Differentiation of skeletal
Lateral plate mesoderm
204muscle
196
Formation of extraembryonic membranes
205
Heart and circulatory system
208
Sites of hematopoiesis
222The heart
208
ENDODERM
223Formation of blood vessels
209
Pharynx
223Sidelights & Speculations : Redirecting blood flow
The digestive tube and its derivatives
226at birth
216
Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
227Sidelights & Speculations : Tumor-induced
The respiratory tube
228angiogenesis
216
Sidelights & Speculations : Teratocarcinoma
229Development of blood cells
21 8Pluripotential stem cells and
hematopoietic microenvironments
21 8
PART II :MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION
Chapter 7 :Progressive determination
237
Introduction
238
Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold :
Preformation and epigenesis
238
Primary embryonic induction
25 9
August Weismann : The germ-plasm theory 241
Regional specificity of induction
260Wilhelm Roux: Mosaic development
243
Sidelights & Speculations : The mechanism ofHans Driesch : Regulative development
244
primary embryonic induction
26 3
Sven Hörstadius: Potency and oocyte
Competence and secondary induction
265gradients
24 7Hans Spemann : Progressive determinatio n
of embryonic cells
25 4
Chapter 8 :Determination by cytoplasmic specification
269
Cytoplasmic specification: Mosaic
Sidelights & Speculations : Intracellula rdevelopment
270
localization and movements of
Cytoplasmic specification in tunicate
morphogenic determinants
276
embryos
270
Cytoplasmic localization in mollusc embryos 277
Cytoplasmic localization of germ cell
Germ cell determination in amphibians 28 8
determinants
281
The nature of cytoplasmic determinants
29 0Germ cell determination in nematodes
281
Summary
29 3Germ cell determination in insects
283
Chapter 9 :
Genomic equivalence and differential gene expression : embryological investigations
297
Introduction
298
Amphibian cloning : Restriction of cell
Genomic equivalence
298
potency
30 5
Transdetermination
300
Amphibian cloning : Exceptions to restriction 308
Metaplasia
300
Sidelights & Speculations : Cloning
314
Chapter 10:Genomic equivalence and differential gene expression: molecular investigations
318
Introduction
319
Changes in lymphocyte genes
329Molecular biology techniques : Nucleic acid
Sidelights & Speculations : Gene alterations
33 8hybridization and gene cloning
319
Differential RNA synthesis
339Differential gene expression
325
Chapter 11:Transcriptional regulation of gene expression : the nature of eukaryotic genes
348
Introduction
349
RNA polymerase III recognition
36 8Structure of the eukaryotic genome
349
RNA polymerase I recognition
369Structure of eukaryotic chromatin :
Sidelights & Speculations : Promoter structur eNucleosomes
355
and differentiation
370Regulation of gene accessibility on the
DNA methylation
370nucleosome
357
Sidelights & Speculations : Z-DNA andSidelights & Speculations : Transcriptional
nucleosome structure
372regulation by the nuclear matrix
362
Structure of eukaryotic genes : Exons andStructure of eukaryotic genes : RNA
introns
373polymerase recognition sites
362
Mechanism for RNA splicing
379RNA polymerase II recognition
363
Summary
38 1Sidelights & Speculations : Enhancers
36 6
Chapter 12 :Transcriptional regulation of gene expression: transcriptional changes in developing cells 38 6
Introduction
387
Visualization of transcription fro mHeterochromatin
387
amplified genes
397Paternal heterochromatin in meally
Drosophila chorion genes
39 9bugs
387
Selective gene transcription
39 9
Mammalian X chromosome inactivation 389
Chromosomal puffs and lampbrushSidelights & Speculations : Mechanism of X
chromosomes
400chromosome inactivation
393
Ovalbumin synthesis
403Amplified genes
393
Sidelights & Speculations : Coordinated geneAmplification of ribosomal RNA genes
393
expression
407Mechanism of ribosomal gene
Globin gene transcription
40 9amplification
394
Chapter 13 :
Control of development by RNA processing
413
Introduction
414
Control of development by nRNATranscriptional model of developmental
processing
420regulation
414
Sidelights & Speculations : Mechanisms forHeterogeneous nuclear RNA
417
specific nuclear RNA processing
425
Complexity of nuclear and messenger RNAs 419
Evidence for unprocessed messageprecursors in the nucleus
427
Selection of alternative proteins by RNA,
Sidelights & Speculations : Other roles ofprocessing
428
differential RNA processing in antibod yWidespread use of differential RNA
gene regulation
429processing
428
Summary
43 1
Chapter 14:Translational and posttranslational regulation of developmental processes
433
TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION OF
Translational control of casein synthesis
453DEVELOPMENT
434
The widespread use of translationa lMechanism of eukaryotic translation
434
regulation
45 4Translational control of coordinated protein
Sidelights & Speculations : Other types ofsynthesis : Ribosomes and
translational control
45 5hemoglobin
437
POSTTRANSLATIONAL REGULATION O FTranslational control of oocyte messages
441
GENE EXPRESSION
456 .Evidence of maternal regulation of early
Activation of proteins by posttranslationa ldevelopment
441
modifications
456Stored messenger RNA
443
Inactivation of proteins by posttranslationa lCharacterization of maternal messages
447
modifications
456Mechanisms for translational control of
Subcellular localization of proteins b yoocyte messages
448
posttranslational modifications
46 1Maternal mRNA and embryonic
Supramolecular assembly
46. 2cleavage
452
Collagen : An epitome of posttranslationa lSidelights & Speculations : Maternal RNA in
regulation
463mammals
453
PART III :CELL INTERACTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 15 :Spatial development: the role of the cell surface
471
Introduction
472
Sidelights & Speculations : Cell sorting and self-Structure of the cell surface
472
assembly
4. 9 6Cell membrane
472
Sidelights & Speculations : Two systems ofCell membrane changes during
adhesive specificity and thei rdevelopment
477
developmental significance
49 9Extracellular matrix
479
Differential cell affinity in anima lSidelights & Speculations : Oncofetal antigens
480
development
50 0Cell surface modifications
485
Sea urchin gastrulation
504Locomotion
487
The reeler and staggerer mutants of theDifferential cell affinity
489
mouse
502Stationary cultures
489
Cell recognition in vivo : The T-complexRotary cultures
491
of the mouse
504The thermodynamic model of sorting out
493
Sidelights & Speculations : Glycosyltransferase sAdhesive specificity model of sorting out
495
and intercellular recognition
508
Chapter 16 :Proximate tissue interactions : secondary induction
515
Introduction
516
Coordinated differentiation andInstructive and permissive interactions
516
morphogenesis in the pancreas
530Intercellular coordination in proximate
The nature of proximity in epithelio-interactions
518
mesenchymal inductions
53 1
Epithelio-mesenchymal interactions
521
Mechanism of branching in the formation o f
Regional specificity of induction
522
parenchymal organs
537
Genetic specificity of induction
523
Induction of plasma cells
540Sidelights & Speculations : Development and
Sidelights & Speculations : Crosslinking andmacroevolution
525
induction
543Formation of parenchymal organs
526
Induction of the chick limb
547
Chapter 17 :Pattern formation
555
Introduction
556
Specification of positional informatio n
Pattern formation during limb development 556
in imaginal discs
57 6The limb field
557
Pattern formation in the vertebrate nervou sPolarization along the limb axes
558
system
57 9Regeneration of limb tissues
563
Direction of axonal growth
57 9Polar coordinate model of pattern
Mechanisms of synaptic specificity
582
formation
565
Qualitative neuronal differences
58 9Genetics of pattern formation in Drosophila
569
Sidelights & Speculations : Cell surface addressCompartmentalization in insect
markers and lymphocyte migration
590development
569
Development of behaviors
59 1Mutations affecting the number of
Sidelights & Speculations : Morphogenesis bysegments
572
specific cell death
593Mutations affecting segmentation : The
Pattern formation in Hydra and Duglesia :bithorax complex
574
Morphallaxis
594
Sidelights & Speculations : Genetic control ofsegmentation
576
Chapter 18:Cell interactions at a distance : hormones as mediators of development
603
Introduction
604
Hormonal control of insectMetamorphosis : The hormonal reactivation
metamorphosis
622of development
604
Sidelights & Speculations : Precocenes
62 5Amphibian metamorphosis
605
Multiple hormonal interactions in mammaryThe phenomenon of amphibian
gland development
62 6metamorphosis
605
The embryonic stage
62 6Hormonal control of amphibian
Adolescence
62 9metamorphosis
607
Pregnancy
63 0Sidelights & Speculations : Neoteny
615
Puberty as a variation on the theme ofMetamorphosis in insects
616
metamorphosis
63 0. Control of cell proliferation : Chalones
634
Chapter 19:Sex determination
638
Introduction
639
Sidelights & Speculations : The development of
Chromosomal sex determinant in mammals 639
sexual behaviors
65 5The developing gonads
641
Environmental sex determination
65 7
The H-Y antigen
643
Temperature-dependent se x
The H-Y receptor
646
determination in reptiles
65 7
Sidelights & Speculations : The hormone-like
Sidelights & Speculations : The extinction ofeffects of H-Y
649
dinosaurs
65 8
Secondary sex determination
649
Location-dependent sex determinatio n
Chromosomal sex determination in
in Bonellia and Crepidula
65 8
Drosophila
654
Hermaphroditism
66 0
Chapter 20:The saga of the germ line
664
Introduction
665
Oogenesis
678Germ cell formation
665
Oogenic meiosis
678Germ cell migration in amphibians
665
The maturation of the oocyte inGerm cell migration in mammals
667
amphibians
680Germ cell migration in birds and
Sidelights & Speculations : Natura lreptiles
668
parthenogenesis
68 1Meiosis
670
Oogenesis in meroistic insects
68 7Spermatogenesis
673
Oogenesis in humans
69 1Spermiogenesis
676
Sidelights & Speculations : The maintenance andGene expression during sperm
breaking of meiotic arrest
69 6development
67 6
Sources for Chapter-Opening Quotations
703
Author Index
705
Subject Index
712