developments of high energy resolution cryogenic detectors...
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Developments of high energy resolution Developments of high energy resolution cryogenic detectors for Xcryogenic detectors for X--ray ray
spectroscopy.spectroscopy.
Ezio Previtali INFN Sezione Milano Bicocca
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Short history of cryogenic particle detectorsShort history of cryogenic particle detectors
Workshop on Metastable Superconductor in Particle Physics Paris 14/15 April 1983
In 1984 two important papers were published: E. Fiorini and T. Niinikoski NIM 224 (1984) 83 S. H. Moseley, J. C. Mather, D. McCammon J. Appl. Phys. 56 (1984) 1257
history begin ~30 years ago
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Cryogenic Detector Basic IdeaCryogenic Detector Basic Idea
DT = E/C
Incoming Particle
Thermometer
Absorber Crystal
Thermal Conductance
C
G
E
Thermal bath Particle interaction in absorber produce
Using a suitable thermometer
DV/V ~ A (DT/T)
Where A is the thermometer sensitivity
Tlogd
)T(RlogdA
(in case of resistive sensors)
t = C/G
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Ultimate energy resolution for a CalorimeterUltimate energy resolution for a Calorimeter
Thermodynamic fluctuation noise C a Tg (1 < g < 3) Poisson fluctuation give N = (C T) / (kB T) energy fluctuation rms DUrms = √(N) (kB T) = √(C kB T2)
We need to consider the thermal sensor: DUrms = x √(C kB T2) where x = 2 √(6/A) for A > 6 A = 6 – 10 for semiconductor thermistor A = 20 – 100 for TES and other sensors
With 1 g Si crystal absorber @ 10 mK Thermometer sensitivity A = 10 We obtain DUrms < 1 eV
In reality there are contributions from: Johnson noise of sensors and polarization networks Phonon noise due to possible temperature gradients Electronic noise of amplifier Microphonism ...........
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Phonons: cL a (T/ TD)3 Debye law (TD - Debye temperature) Electrons: ce a (T/TF)
(TF - Fermi temperature) for superconductor @ T<Tc cs a exp(-2 Tc/T) (Tc - critical temperature) Paramagnetic components Spins Tunneling states Quasi particles
Heat Capacity contributionHeat Capacity contribution
To obtain large DT
We need small C
We must work at low T
Temperature range for Cryogenic Particle detectors
5 mK < T < 1 K
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Thermometers: ThermistorsThermometers: Thermistors
@ low temperature conduction in hopping regime R(T) = R0 exp (T0/T)g
realized in Si or Ge Read-out with standard FET front-end electronics
Temperature dependance of R Working point selection for signal maximization
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film operated near superconductor-conductor transition - strong variation in resistance after a particle interaction very high sensitivity: A ~ 100
Thermometer: Transition Edge Sensors (TES)Thermometer: Transition Edge Sensors (TES)
Read-out of low impedance sensors needs SQUID
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Thermometer: Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter (MMC)Thermometer: Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter (MMC)
Paramagnetic sensor placed in a weak external magnetic field. Particle absorption increases the temperature and thus decreases the sensor magnetization Change is read out by a low noise high-bandwidth SQUID magnetometer
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Thermometer: Superconducting Tunnel Thermometer: Superconducting Tunnel JuctionJuction STJSTJ
Al 2 O 3
200×200 μm2
Nb
Ta Absorber Al
SiO 2 Al Ta
X-ray Photon
Si Substrate
SiO 2
Signal = Current pulse
Al Al Ta Ta AlOx
ΔAl
ΔTa
Energy resolution ∆EFWHM = 2.355√(εE(F+1+1/<n>)
X-ray Photon interactions break cooper pairs -> electrons travel to barrier
Small energy gap (Δ ≈ 1meV) -> high energy resolution (<10 eV FWHM)
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Thermometer: Microwave Kinetics Inductance DetectorThermometer: Microwave Kinetics Inductance Detector
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A simple comparisonA simple comparison
Ionization detectors - Measure energy that goes into ionization (1/3 of energy) - Statistical fluctuation limits resolution (115 eV @ 6 keV for silicon) - Require good electron transport properties only few materials are suitable need strong control on impurities - Very well known technology electronic industries
Thermal detectors - Superconducting Tunnel Junction Analog of semiconductor ionization detector Smaller gap (>30 better energy resolution) More material (some transport problems) - Non Equilibrium phonon detector Wide selection of material Sensitivity to non ionizing events - Near equilibrium thermal detectors No energy branching Few material restriction High tolerance for impurities - Necessary complicated apparatus refrigerators LHe and LN gas liquefiers
FWHM(ID)~120 eV FWHM(TD)<10eV
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NTD
High energy resolution X rays spectroscopy IHigh energy resolution X rays spectroscopy I
Using 2 Neutron Transmutation Doped Thermistors with Tin absorbers
~5 eV FWHM energy resolution@ ~ 6 keV First separation of Kα lines of 55Mn using an energy dispersive detector
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High energy resolution X rays spectroscopy IIHigh energy resolution X rays spectroscopy II
Using MMC
Energy resolution of energy dispersive detectors match the energy resolution of wave dispersive detectors
Results obtained by ECHO experiment
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High energy resolution X rays spectroscopy IIHigh energy resolution X rays spectroscopy II
Results obtained by ECHO experiment
With specific MMC sensors it is also possible very fast signal responses This make such devices also suitable for high event rates
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High energy resolution X rays spectroscopy IIIHigh energy resolution X rays spectroscopy III
TES: Mo/Au=35/100 nm, RN=7 mohm, Tc=95 mK Au/Bi Absorber with stripes and stem ΔE= 1.8 eV @ 5.9 keV (in-suti:1.5 eV) (S. Bandler et al. 2007, Iyomoto et al. 2007, C. Kilbourne et al. 2007, etc...)
NASA/GSFC TES calorimeter array
TES will show energy resolutions of the order of few eV
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High energy resolution X rays spectroscopy IIIHigh energy resolution X rays spectroscopy III
Large arrays need -> Large Read-out system
To reduce the number of SQUIDs a cryogenic multiplexing process for the acquired signal will be used
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High energy resolution X rays spectroscopy IVHigh energy resolution X rays spectroscopy IV
112 pixels of 200 x 200 µm2 STJs
100
1000
104
105
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Counts/eV
Energy[eV]
BK
CK
NK
OK
FK Ni
La,b
AlKa
AlKb
AsLa,b
SeLa,b
CuLa,b
ZnLa,b
TaM
a1NiLi,h
AsLi,h
SeLi,h
WM
a1
FeLa
WM
b
High integration of STJ for large detector arrays For syncotron application it is necessary: increase area/pixels thicker adsorbers (Ta) array read-out systems
STAR Cryoelectronics
FWHM ~ 9 eV Rate ~ 5000 c/(s pixel)
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ionisation detectors
2 eV
6 eV
3.4 eV
C. Enss, J. Low Temp. Phys. 124, 353 (2001)
Cryogenic particle detectors show energy resolutions comparable with WDS but: detection efficiency of EDD is few order of magnitude larger then WDD
Eg = 6 keV
X rays spectroscopy evolutionX rays spectroscopy evolution
2.7 eV 2.0 eV
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X rays spectroscopy best performancesX rays spectroscopy best performances
maXs: 1d-array for soft x-rays (T=20 mK)
Heidelberg gruop, ECHO collaboration L. Gastaldo presentation
FWHMs obtained with the present generation of high energy resolution cryogenic detectors are at the limits of the intrinsic widths of the measured X-ray lines
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Applications: X rays absorption spectroscopy IApplications: X rays absorption spectroscopy I
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Applications: X rays absorption spectroscopy IIApplications: X rays absorption spectroscopy II
Microcalorimeters give complementary approach Preliminary test shows perfect compatibility A relative more simple approach will be possible
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Applications: X rays absorption spectroscopy IIIApplications: X rays absorption spectroscopy III
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The presence of lattice atoms produce an interference pattern for b electrons
The interference pattern modulate the energy distribution of b electrons
AgReO4 crystal
Applications: Beta Environmental Fine StructureApplications: Beta Environmental Fine Structure
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Applications: PIXEApplications: PIXE
Proton accelerator + High energy resolution TES
Better spectroscopic energy resolution
Better evaluation of elemental composition
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Applications: …….Applications: …….
Microcalorimeters for X ray Astrophysics
X ray fluorescence for material surface characterization
Measurements of radioactive elements with X rays emissions
Others ……………..
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ConclusionConclusion
- Cryogenic particle detectors were studied during the last 30 years
- Many thermal sensors were developed and optimized
- Energy resolution is today around 100 lower then semiconductor detectors
- With present performances microcalorimeter is comparable with WDS
- Fast detectors are now available with rise time of the order of 100 nsec
- Large arrays were realized to cover large surface area
- Microcalorimeters can be applied to many different fields of research