d.i. lecture

7/29/2019 D.I. Lecture

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Top Careers & You

DATA INTERPRETATION

Data TableHere data is presented in the form of simple table. While any type of data can be presented in table form, that

too in a very accurate manner, interpreting the data in table form is more difficult and time consuming than the

other modes, all of which are basically pictorial or graphical in presentation.

Data tables can be of number of types. They can be of a single-table variety or combination of tables.

Some examples of tables are given below.

TABLE 1

Movement of Goods by Different Modes of Transport

(in 000s of metric-ton-kms)

Year Road Rail Air Water Total

1985 1000 1500 120 20 2640

1986 1600 2000 129 24 3753

1987 2907 3090 139 28 6164

1988 4625 5200 152 27 10004

1989 6346 7540 174 33 14093

1990 7920 10250 212 40 18422

1991 9540 13780 266 50 23636

Note: All figures are fictitious.

From the table we can deduce the following

Rate of growth of each mode of transport in successive years as well as cumulative annual growth

Rate of growth of total haulage by all modes of transport together in any year.

Contribution by each mode of transport to the total haulage in any given year.

Trends of growth over time for various modes of transport.

Given the cost of transportation for each modes, we can calculate total annual cost of transportation `

over the years for various modes of transport as well make a cost comparison.

Finding out the mode of transportation in any given year that forms the largest percentage of total

haulage.

For a given mode of transport, finding out the year in which the percentage increase in haulage over the

previous year was the highest.


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Top Careers & You

East18% West

22%

Central

12%North23%

South25%

TABLE 2

Railway Time Table-Coromandel Express

Place Cumulative Arrival Time

(in hrs.)

Departure Time

(in hrs.)

Madras 0 ---- 08.00

Nellore 200 11.20 11.30Vijayawada 525 15.30 16.00

Rajamundry 700 19.20 19.30

Visakhapatanam 1100 01.10 01.30

Bhubaneshwar 1450 03.45 04.00

Kharagpur 1600 07.25 07.30

Kolkata 1925 09.30 ------

From the above Time Table, we can obtain the following

Distance between various stations.

Total idle time as a proportion of total travel time.

Average speed between stations as well as over the entire journey.

Minimum and maximum speeds between two stations.

Pie ChartsThis is probably the simplest of all pictorial forms of data presentation. Here, total quantity to be shown is

distributed over one complete circle or 360 degrees. In pie-charts, data is essentially presented with respect to

only one parameter (unlike in two and 3-dimensional graphs described later). This form essentially presents

shares of various elements as proportions or percentage of the total quantity. Each element or group in the

pie-chart is represented in terms of quantity (or value, as the case may be) or as the angle made by the sector

representing the elements or as a proportion of the total or as a percentage of the total.

Chartgives distribution of the population in different geographical zones.

CHART

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES

From the above pie chart, we can calculate the following

Population in any zone given the total population

Population of any zone as a percentage of another zone

Percentage increase in the total population given the

percentage increase in the population of one or more zones


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Top Careers & You

0

20

40

60

80100

120

140

1988 1989 1990 1991

300 ltr Model 165 ltr Model Double Door model

Pie Charts are also very frequently used in combination with other forms of data or along with other Pie

Charts.

Two-Dimensional GraphsThis is essentially used for continuous data, can also be used for depicting discrete data provided we

understand the limitation. Also known as Cartesian Graphs, they represent variation of one parameter withrespect of another parameter each shown on a different axis. These types of graphs are useful in studying the

rate of change or understanding the trends through extrapolations.

These graphs can be of various types. One of them is shown below:

From the above the chart we can calculate percentage increase/decrease in production or consumption,

surplus for any year etc.

Bar Charts

This is a type of graph used mostly to depict data in a discrete way. They are accurate and comparison of

variable is very convenient.

Following chart shows model wise sales of refrigerators during four years. From this graph we can obtain the

following:

Percentage contribution of each model to the company's total sales for four years.

Relative increase or decrease in the share of each model.

Sales trend of various models.

REFRIGERATOR SALES OF COMPANY ABC( in 000)

Production & Consumption of Tea

(in million kg)

480465

420

435

430375

370320

700

675625

655

650

585560560

1981 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

Production

Consumption


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Using this bar chart one can carry out a detailed performance evaluation of the company with respect to the

sales of the four year period 1988 to 1991 for any given model. These bar charts can also be depicted

horizontally. Another variation could be showing each product at one place (rather than each year at one

place).

Venn DiagramsYou must be familiar with the concept ofsets. Data is represented in the form of Venn-Diagrams whenoperations have to be carried out on different distinct sets of elements each following a different functional

rule. All the elements in a set follow the same functional rule. By set Union and Intersection operations, you

can establish new sets from the existing sets.

For example consider three of the courses Physics, Chemistry, Maths offered to B.Sc students of various

groups.

From the chart, you can arrive at the number of student who are studying only one out of the above three

subjects

42

25

1517

PHYSICS (175)CHEMISTRY (100)

MATHS (125)

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