diabetic thy by dr. mostafa zahir raihani
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DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
PRESENTED
BY
DR.MOSTAFA ZAHIR RAIHANI
EYE SPECIALIST
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Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes thatis caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina.
When blood vessels in the retina are damaged, they mayleak blood and grow fragile, brush-like branches andscar tissue.
This can blur or distort the vision images that the retinasends to the brain.
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P h i f di b i
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Micro-vascularocclusion
Micro-vascularleakage
Pathogenesis of diabetic
retinopathy
Mi l
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Micro-vascularocclusion
C f ti l i h i
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Consequences of retinal ischaemia
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MICROVASCULAR LEAKAGE
PATHOGENESIS :
BREAK DOWN OF INNER BLOOD
RETINAL BARRIER
MICROANEURYSMS
CONSEQUENCE:
DIFFUSE RETINAL OEDEMA
LOCALIZED RETINAL OEDEMA
Micro vascular leakage & it
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Micro-vascular leakage & its
Consequences
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RISK FACTORS :
DURATION OF DM
POOR METABOLIC CONTROL
PREGNANCY
HYPERTENSION
NEPHROPATHY
OTHERS:
OBESITY
SMOKING
HYPERLIPIDAEMIA
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Based on dilated fundus examination
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Signs of background diabetic retinopathy
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Signs of background diabetic retinopathy
Microaneurysms usually
temporal to foveaIntraretinal dot andblot haemorrhages
Hard exudates frequentlyarranged in clumps or rings
Retinal oedema seen asthickening on biomicroscopy
Location of lesions in
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Location of lesions in
backgrounddiabetic retinopathy
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Focal diabetic maculopathy
• Circumscribed retinal thickening
• Associated complete or incompletecircinate hard exudates
• Focal leakage on FA
•
Focal photocoagulation• Good prognosis
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Diffuse diabetic maculopathy
• Diffuse retinal thickening • Generalized leakage on FA
• Guarded prognosis• Grid photocoagulation• Frequent cystoid macular oedema
• Variable impairment of visual acuity
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Ischaemic diabetic maculopathy
• Macula appears relatively normal • Capillary non-perfusion on FA
• Poor visual acuity • Treatment not appropriate
Clinically significant macular oedema
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Clinically significant macular oedema
Hard exudateswithin 500 m
of centre of fovea with adjaceoedema which mabe outside 500 mlimit
Retinal oedema one disc area or larger anypart of which is within one disc diameter(1500 m) of centre of fovea
Retinal oedemawithin 500 mof centre of fovea
Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy
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Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy
• Cotton-wool spots
• Venous irregularities
• Dark blot haemorrhages
• Intraretinal microvascularabnormalities (IRMA)
Signs
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Cotton wool spotsRepresent focalinfarcts of the
retinal NFL, due toocclusion of pre-capillary arterioles.
Small whitish,fluffy superficial
lesions whichobscureunderlying bloodvessels.
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IRMA
Represent shunts that run fromretinal arterioles to venules thus
by passing the capillary bed.
Seen adjacent to areas of capillaryclosure.
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Dark blot hemorrhage
Represent hemorrhagic retinalinfarcts
Located within the middle retinal
layers.
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Beading
Venous looping
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Treatment - not required
but watch for
proliferative disease
Preproliferative diabetic
retinopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
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p y
• Flat or elevated
• Severity determined by comparing with area of disc
Neovascularization
Neovascularization of disc = NVD
• Affects 5-10% of diabetics• IDD at increased risk (60% after 30 years)
Neovascularization elsewhere = NVE
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Laser panretinal photocoagulation
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•
•Spot size (200-500 m) dependson contact lens magnification
•Gentle intensity burn (0.10-0.05 sec)
•Follow-up 4 to 8 weeks
•Area covered by complete PRP
•Initial treatment is 2000-3000 burns
Assessment after photocoagulation
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• Persistent neovascularization
• Haemorrhage
Poor involution
• Re-treatment required
• Regression of neovascularization
• Residual ‘ghost’ vessels orfibrous tissue
Good involution
• Disc pallor
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50% stable of Vision
50% decreased of vision
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If PDR not treated by PRP complicationsdevelops
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Advanced Diabetic eye
disease
Serious vision threatening
complication of DR.
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Pre-retinalhemorrhage
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Tractional retinal
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Tractional retinaldetachment
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Opaque membrane
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Opaque membrane
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Rubeosis iridis
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Advanced Diabetic eye disease treatmentis mainly vitreoretinal surgery
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Surgery often slows or stops the progression of diabetic
retinopathy, but it's not a cure. Because diabetes is a
lifelong condition, future retinal damage and vision loss ispossible.
Even after treatment for diabetic retinopathy, patient need
regular eye exams. So there is safe pathway of management is……………………..
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People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes should have adilated eye exam every year. The American DiabetesAssociation (ADA) recommends that anyone who'sover 10 years old with type 1 diabetes have his or herfirst eye exam within five years of being diagnosedwith diabetes. For people with type 2 diabetes, theADA advises getting the initial eye exam soon afterdiagnosed with diabetes, because may have haddiabetes for some time without knowing it.
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Women with diabetes who become pregnant need tohave an eye exam during the first trimester ofpregnancy and possibly again later in the pregnancy,depending on the results of the first exam. The reasonfor this is that pregnancy can sometimes worsendiabetic retinopathy.
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Patient of diabetes, reduce risk of getting diabeticretinopathy by doing the following:
Make a commitment to managing diabetes. Makehealthy eating and physical activity part of daily
routine. Take oral diabetes medications or insulin asdirected.
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Monitor blood sugar level. Patient need to checkand record blood sugar level as requered—morefrequent measurements may be required if patientare ill or under stress.
Careful monitoring is the only way to make sure thatblood sugar level remains within target range.
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Glycosylated hemoglobin test. The glycosylatedhemoglobin test or hemoglobin A1C test reflectsaverage blood sugar level for the two- to three-monthperiod before the test. For most people, the HbA1Cgoal is to be under 7 percent. Perform this test twice ayear. But, if it is higher than goal, more frequenttesting is recommended. So, blood sugar level as closeto normal as possible slows the progression ofdiabetic retinopathy and reduces the need for
surgery.
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Keep blood pressure and cholesterol under control. High blood pressure and high cholesterol increase therisk of vision loss. Eating healthy foods, exercisingregularly and losing excess weight can help.Sometimes medication is needed, too.
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Stop smoking & other types of tobacco.
Pay attention to vision changes. Urgent contact toeye doctor right away if experience sudden vision
changes or vision becomes blurry, spotty or hazy.
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Diabetes doesn't necessarily lead to poor vision.Taking an active role in diabetes management can go along way toward preventing complications
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Thanks
for attention