dichotomy between private and public experience: a case of polish wierzyć ‘believe‘
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Dichotomy between private and public experience: A case of Polish wierzyć ‘believe‘. Małgorzata Fabiszak Anna Hebda Barbara Konat Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan. Private vs public experience. 1) COGNITION AS BRAIN metaphor: individual autistic brain - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Dichotomy between private and public experience: A case of Polish wierzyć ‘believe‘
Małgorzata FabiszakAnna Hebda
Barbara KonatAdam Mickiewicz University, Poznan
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Private vs public experience
1) COGNITION AS BRAIN metaphor: individual autistic brainCOGNITION AS ACTIVITY: body, context, other individuals and tools, accumulated knowledge [Bernardez 2007]
2) Intersubjectivity as the sharing of experiential content (e.g. feelings, perceptions, thoughts and linguistic meanings) among a plurality of subjects [Zlatev et al 2008]
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Polish wierzyć ‘to believe’: dictionary senses
• wierzyć1) to consider sth true 2) to follow a religion
3) to consider what sb says true 4) to trust sb 5) to see sb’s potential and be convinced of their future success [SJP PWN online]
Cx1)+2) wierzyć w+ACC ‘to believe in...’; wierzyć,
że ‘to believe that’3) wierzyć komuś, że ‘to believe sb that...’4) wierzyć komuś ‘to believe sb’5) wierzyć w kogoś ‘to believe in sb’
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Prefixed forms: uwierzyć, dowierzać, zawierzyć/ać
• u- in one of its image schemas the LM is construed as a collection of entities among which the selected TR is located; thus, the TR constitutes part of the LM (aspectual pair with senses 1) and 2))
• do- indicates an approximation to a goal or result; some effort; reaching the goal may involve encountering certain difficulties along the way, where the trajector (TR) makes every effort to achieve the goal despite any obstacles; (sense 3))
• za- can represent a construal of ‘excess’ with intransitive perfective verbs, being extended from the sense of ‘going beyond a boundary’
• (Dickey 2006, 2009, p.c.; Przybylska 2001, 2006; Piernikarski 1975; Śmiech 1986; Tabakowska 2003)
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Hypotheses
1) Individual cognition co-occurs more frequently with 1st Person Sg Subjects
2) Social Cognition co-occurs more frequently with NP Objects
3) Individual Cognition co-occurs more frequently with that-Clausal Objects
4) Individual Cognition co-occurs more frequently with 1st Person Sg IObjects
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Data• PWN Corpus• extracts from 386 books, 977 issues of
185 newspapers and magazines, 84 recorded conversations, 207 websites and several hundred promotional leaflets
• 40 million words; demo online version of the corpus used – 7.5 million words
• wierzyć: 384, uwierzyć: 466, dowierzać: 11, zawierzać: 7, zawierzyć: 6
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Formal variables• Negation: Neg, Pos• V_Pers: V1, V2, V3 [impersonal forms
disregarded]• V_Number: VSg, VPl• Obj_Form: ObjNP, ObjClause, ObjPRO (w
siebie) [intransitive and other PRO disregarded]
• Obj_Case: ACC, w+ACC• IObjForm: IObjNP, IObjPRO• IObjNum: IObjSg, IObjPl• IObjPerson: IObj1, IObj2, IObj3
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Semantic variables• Obj_NP_Sem: ObjCONCR, ObjHUM, ObjABSTR• Obj_Clause_Sem: ObjACCOM, ObjACH, ObjACT, ObjST,
ObjHYPO, e.g. Uwierzyłaś, że wszystko jest twoją winą [You believed that everything was your fault], Niech się pan stara aby uwierzyła że będzie zdrowa [Do whatever you can to make her believe she will get better]
• IObjSem: IObjHUM, IObjABSTR, IObjCONCR• Obj_Cog: Indiv, Soc, e.g. A ja mu uwierzyłem, że go
zrujnowałem [And I believed him that I ruined him], Zdaje mi się, że uwierzyłem w duchy [It seems to me I have started to believe in ghosts]
• Disc_Function: Disc, Lex
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Hypothesis 1
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Hypothesis 1• Indiv: dowierzać, uwierzyć, V2, VSg, e.g.
Wydawało się, że ciągle nie dowierza własnemu szczęściu [It seemed he still couldn’t believe his luck]
• Soc: zawierzać, zawierzyć, wierzyć, VPl, VSg, e.g. Wierzymy w dziennikarzy, ale w każdego z osobna [We believe in journalists, but in each of them separately]
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Hypotheses 2 and 3
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Hypothesis 2 and 3
• Soc cognition: ACC NP Objects
• Indiv: Object that clauses
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Hypothesis 4
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Hypothesis 4
• Indiv: ObjHUM, IObj1
• Soc: IObjABSTR, e.g. Nie, wy już i Bogu nie wierzycie [No, even God-DAT you do not believe any longer], Zawierzyli partii, a przestali wierzyć mnie [They started to believe the (political – AH) party-DAT, and stopped believing me]
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Individual vs Social Cognition: Logistic Regression Analysis
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Results• Indiv (-): VSg, SemObjHUM, e.g., Od razu
uwierzyłam w Felka i „nowy ustrój” [I believed in Felek and the „new political system” at once]
• Soc: ObjClauseSemHYPO, ObjClauseSemST, IObj3e.g., Dzięki panu uwierzyłam, że Rosjan można kochać [Thanks to you I believed that it’s possible to love Russians]; Chyba pierwszy raz uwierzyłem, że świat jest piękny [I guess for the first time I believed that the world was beutiful]; Mało kto mu wierzy [Hardly anyone believes him]
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Summary• Only Hypothesis 1 has been partially
confirmed with a statistically significant result: Individual cognition co-occurs more frequently with Sg Subjects
• Hypotheses 2 and 3: there is a correspondence, but no statistically significant result
• Unpredicted results: 5) HYPO and ST semantics of object clauses co-
occur with Social Cognition6) IObj3 co-occurs with Social Cognition
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Further research• Grammaticalization of Dative IObj into discourse
markers as a reflection of attempts to communicate one’s Individual Cognitive Experience to Other Minds and to change their Cognitive State
• Uwierz, że; uwierz w, e.g., Uwierz, że może być pozytywnym doświadczeniem [It can be a positive experience, believe it], Uwierz w nieskończoność [Believe in eternity]
• Uwierz mi, że, e.g. Uwierz mi, że kiedy ciebie nie ma, uwodzi twoich kumpli aż miło [Believe me (when I say) that when you are not here, she seduces your buddies all she wants]
• Uwierz mi (Disc), e.g. Mariola, uwierz mi, ja naprawdę nie robię niczego złego [Mariola, believe me, I am not doing anything wrong]
• Uwierz (Disc), e.g. Tak będzie lepiej, uwierz [It will be better that way, believe me]
• ...pragmatic meanings come to be reanalyzed as semantic polysemies [Traugott – Dasher 2005: 1)