DID THE ENGLISH TREAT THE COLONISTS AS CHILDREN?

ECONOMY OF THE COLONIES AND OTHER

MISCELLANY

MERCANTILISM

• Policy following by European countries where they gained wealth by exporting more than they imported.• Colonies provided raw materials to mother

country• Colonies bought finished goods from mother

country• Mercantilism benefits the mother country

by severely restricting trade.

NAVIGATION ACTS: 1651-1673

• Laws passed to make mercantilism work and to control colonial trade.

1.Only English or English colonial ships could carry cargo between imperial ports.

2.Certain goods, including tobacco, rice, and furs, could not be shipped to foreign nations except through England or Scotland.

3.The English Parliament would pay “bounties” to Americans who produced certain raw goods, while raising protectionist tariffs on the same goods produced in other nations.

4.Americans could not compete with English manufacturers in large-scale manufacturing.

SALUTARY NEGLECT

• Trade restrictions lead to smuggling.• Eventually England develops a policy of Salutary

Neglect to keep Colonists Loyalty.• Concern over French presence in North America.

• Salutary Neglect: Trade laws not enforced. This lasted until the end of the French and Indian War.

MAKING A LIVING IN NEW ENGLAND

• Practiced only subsistence farming due to harsh climate and poor land. Raised enough for your family.

• Fishing an important occupation, some did whaling.• Timber abundance encouraged shipbuilding.• Triangular Trade Routes: New England to

West Indies to Back to New England and then to West Africa.

• Women often became merchants while husbands at sea.

• Economy is oriented toward the sea

TRIANGULAR TRADE

• Profitable for New England ship builders and tradesman• Spurred rise in Slave Trade• Increased merchant population, forming class

wealthy elites that dominate trade and policies in Colonies.

TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTES

SOUTHERN COLONIES

CASH CROP

• A crop raised and to be sold for a profit.• Examples: Tobacco, Rice, Indigo

PLANTATION

• large farms along the coastal waters of Virginia.

VIRGINIA

• Tobacco cultivation encouraged expansion

• Crop demanded large areas of farmland and quickly depleted the soil

• Starting in 1617 individuals could own land

• Headright policy: 50 acres of land and then additional 50 acres for every adult family member or servant

• Recurring problem in Virginia: Labor

• Headright system couldn’t provide adequate labor needs

• 1619 Dutch brought the first blacks to Virginia

• By 1664 some southern colonies declared slavery hereditary

• Only large cities are seaports

SUMMARY OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

• Agriculturally based society, with little manufacturing

• Limited number of large cities or towns. Plantations take their place

• More pronounced social strata than New England or Middle Colonies

• “Live and let live” attitude toward religion

• Dominated by slave labor

• Introduces representative government to the colonies

• Introduces slavery to the colonies

• Colonists gained political confidence and status through land ownership

• See precedent of rebellion against a non-responsive government

ZENGER TRIAL IN 1735.

• Zenger's New-York Weekly JOURNAL published articles critical of the royal governor, William Cosby• Sunday, November 17, 1734 Zenger was

arrested and charged with seditious libel. • His defense: That the truth is an absolute

defense against libel.

RESULTS OF TRIAL

• Established the precedent that a statement, even if defamatory, is not libelous if it can be proved. • Jury found Zenger not guilty• Case affirms freedom of the press in America.

OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES

• Religious Tolerance: welcomed Christians of all beliefs. No one dominant denomination• Became the “Bread Basket” of the colonies…

wheat the main crop• Ethnically diverse… Polish, French, English,

Dutch, and German peoples.• Fewer conflicts with Native Americans than

other colonies

VOCABULARY

• Tolerant: open minded• Apprentice: a trainee who is learning to become

a master craft worker• Huguenots: a term for French Protestants who

settle in Middle Colonies

ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES

• Exported grains, beef and pork• Merchant class develops in large cities• Small craft industries: wove linen, thread and

knit wool• Artisans: iron makers, tailors, glassblowers,

silversmiths• Sawmills, lumber• Small shops which sold goods: hats, tea, books

GROWTH OF MAJOR CITIES

Philadelphia• Major center for

shipping exports• Larger than most cities

in Great Britain• 1760 23,000 plus people• Emerged as an

intellectual center largely because of Benjamin Franklin

New York City• Major port city• 1750 15,000 peopleBaltimore • Major Port City• 1750 7000 people• Major wheat export

center

PENN’S HOLY EXPERIMENT

• William Penn, an English Quaker, sought to guarantee religious freedom, fair governance, a peaceful society, and equality for all citizens. • He did this by integrating Quaker beliefs

into Pennsylvania's system of government. • Penn called the endeavor his 'Holy

Experiment.'

PEACABLE KINGDOM BY EDWARD HICKS 1834 IN THE BACKGROUND PENN IS TREATING WITH NATIVE AMERICANS

SELECTED QUAKER BELIEFS

• Equality among men and women• Informality. Simple dress, language and

rejection of ceremony.• Toleration, they believed all men are

basically good. They were impressed by the extent to which Indian religion resembled their own.• Pacifist: rejected military service

WILLIAM PENN FOUNDER PENNSYLVANIA

• Known for Toleration • Treated Native

Population fairly• Paid the Native

tribes for land• Avoided many of the

conflicts other colonies had with Native Americans

• Written Constitution that limited power of Government

• Elected representative congress

• Provided Freedom of Press, Religion and Right to own private property

IMAGES OF FRANKLIN

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

• Most respected and versatile figures in colonial America. • American printer, author, diplomat, philosopher,

inventor, and scientist. • Poor Richard’s Almanack, a collection of

practical advice and humorous sayings, 1st published in 1732

FRANKLIN ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• 1729 he bought the Pennsylvania Gazette

• 1742 established 1st public library in America

• In 1743 he founded the American Philosophical Society, an organization for the promotion of useful knowledge in science and the humanities.

• In 1747 Franklin began his experiments in electricity

• 1751the Academy of Philadelphia, later to become the University of Pennsylvania, established

• proposed the Albany Plan, a strategy for colonial cooperation in many ways prophetic of the 1787 United States Constitution.