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Center for Diesel Research Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Tenth Annual Freight and Logistics Symposium Four Points Sheraton, Minneapolis December 1, 2006

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Page 1: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels

David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research

Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota

Tenth Annual

Freight and Logistics Symposium Four Points Sheraton, Minneapolis

December 1, 2006

Page 2: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Nanoparticle formation– In the engine– In the atmosphere

Fundamental studies– Kinetics of soot oxidation– Role of metals in Diesel

nanoparticle formation• C / Ce cluster

Engine, Fuel and Nanoparticle Research Center for Diesel Research

David B. Kittelson, Professor of Mechanical EngineeringDirector, Center for Diesel Research

Renewable fuels, biodiesel, ethanol, to reduce CO2 and ultrafine particles

Sensors for real time control of ultrafine particles and NOx

Page 3: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Outline

•  Introduction •  Biodiesel •  Future fuels – DME?

Page 4: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Emissions standards are becoming much tighter worldwide making exhaust aftertreatment essential

Plot courtesy Tim Johnson, Corning

• US 2010 levels correspond to about 99% reduction in PM and 98% reduction in NOx

• 2007 prototypes are better than the PM standard by factors of 5 to 20

Page 5: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Diesel Emission Control Pathways

Courtesy: Tim Johnson, Corning

European light duty US heavy duty 2007 2010? European light duty US heavy duty 2007 2010?

• Catalysts used in advanced aftertreatment require ultra low sulfur fuel • As of October 1, 2006 nearly all on-road fuel must be below 15 ppm S - down from 500 ppm

Page 6: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Typical exhaust filters – Johnson-Matthey CRT® and CCRT®

•  Most PM filtration systems being considered for 2007 are the wall flow type shown on the left. Without regeneration to oxidize soot these devices quickly plug.

•  Catalyzed filtration systems like the J-M CRT® shown on the right reduce regeneration temperature by producing NO2 from exhaust NO in an oxidizing catalyst upstream of filter

•  The J-M CCRT® has a catalyzed washcoat on the filter as well to further reduce regeneration temperature

•  In most applications active regeneration is also required •  NO2 in the exhaust is an issue

Figures courtesy Corning and Johnson-MattheyFigures courtesy Corning and Johnson-Matthey

Page 7: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Renewable Fuels for Engines

•  Diesel engine fuels –  Biodiesel – derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled fats/oils,

oil producing algae –  Fischer-Tropsch liquids – biomass gasification –  Dimethyl Ether (DME) – biomass gasification –  Ethanol – from corn, wheat, sugar by fermentation, cellulose digestion,

biomass gasification –  Butanol – sugar?

•  Gasoline engine fuels –  Ethanol – from corn, wheat, sugar by fermentation, cellulose digestion,

biomass gasification –  Biogas – anaerobic digestion of plant and animal waste –  Fischer-Tropsch liquids – biomass gasification –  Methanol – biomass gasification –  Butanol – sugar?

Page 8: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Soy Methyl Ester (SME) Biodiesel Production

100 lbs. of soybean oil +

10 lbs. methanol =

100 lbs. soy biodiesel (B100)

+ 10 lbs. of glycerin

Page 9: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Biodiesel Feedstocks

•  Soybean Oil, SME (USA) •  Rapeseed Oil, RME (EU) •  Other vegetable oils (palm, sunflower,

corn) •  Beef Tallow, pork lard •  Recycled restaurant grease (yellow

grease), FAME

Page 10: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Biodiesel Blends

0 50 100

B2

B5

B10

B20

B100

Biodiesel Petroleum diesel

B100B100 = 100% b iod ie se l

B20B20 = 20% b iod ie se l + 80% pe trole um d ie se lB10B10 = 10% b iod ie se l + 90% pe trole um d ie se l

B5B5 = 5% b iod ie se l + 95% pe trole um d ie se l

B2B2 = 2% b iod ie se l + 98% pe trole um d ie se l

Page 11: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Influence of Biodiesel on Diesel Emissions (Heavy-Duty)

US EPA 2002

Page 12: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Influence of Biodiesel on PM Emissions (Heavy-Duty)– range of results

US EPA 2002

Page 13: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Feedstock has an Impact on Emissions

NOx Emissions PM Emissions

US EPA 2002

Page 14: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Biodiesel Also Leads to Significant Decreases in Air Toxics

US EPA 2002

Page 15: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Comparison between biodiesel and petroleum diesel •  Little fuel consumption penalty •  Considerable engine to engine variation in emissions

–  Reduced emissions of HC, CO, and air toxics –  NOx emissions vary –  Sharply decreased soot emissions but increased volatile particle

emissions –  Uncertain performance in advanced engines with aftertreatment

•  Most manufacturers don’t recommend use of blends higher than B5 to B20 –  Solvency –  Cold flow –  Oxidative stability

•  Quality control and filter plugging still issues

Page 16: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

”Well-to-wheel” analysis (Volvo study) Energy efficiency and Greenhouse gases Courtesy - Anders Röj, Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants

Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants

Future Fuels for Commercial Vehicles

”Well-to-wheel” analysis (Volvo study)Energy efficiency and Greenhouse gases

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Diesel

(crude o

il)

DME (natu

ral gas

)

MeOH (natu

ral gas

)

CNG (natu

ral gas

)

Syntheti

c dies

el (natu

ral gas

)

DME (wood, b

lack l

iquor)

MeOH (w

ood, blac

k liquor)

Biogas (s

ewag

e)

DME (wood)

MeOH (w

ood)

Syntheti

c dies

el (w

ood)

RME (rape s

eed)

Ethanol (w

ood)

Ethanol (w

heat)

0

250

500

750

1000

Energy efficiency, %GHG, g/kWh

g/kWh

Fossil Renewables

These figure include production, transport, and end use. Ethanol figures are based on European practice from wood or wheat

Page 17: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

What is DME?

Page 18: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

DME properties

•  Physical properties similar to propane – LP gas •  Nontoxic •  DME is a gas at ambient conditions and unlike MTBE is

not a groundwater pollution threat •  Uses

–  Aerosol propellant in the cosmetic industry to replace CFC propellants

–  Diesel fuel •  High efficiency •  Soot free combustion •  Fuel system modifications required

–  Fuel cell fuel –  Propane replacement

•  May be produced from natural gas or biomass

Page 19: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Black liquor to engine fuels - Ideal use of low grade biomass Courtesy - Anders Röj, Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants

Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants

Future Fuels for Commercial Vehicles

Black liquor to engine fuels - Ideal use of low grade biomass

Pulp Mill

Green Liquor

Methanol/DME

Internal heat and powerBiomassfed power

boiler

BLGMF

AdditionalRenewable Energy

Pulp Wood

Pulp

Black Liquor

*

Production Efficiency = Methanol/ DMEAdditional Renewable Energy

> 65%*(Source:Chemrec)

Page 20: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

DME/Methanol Production Potential

•  From black liquor gasification using existing pulp mills –  Total use of black liquor in the mill

•  Finland 50% transportation fuels •  Sweden 30% transportation fuels •  Minnesota 4 – 7% transportation fuels

–  Adding a small booster plant to existing Minnesota mill •  7 million gallons per year DME – enough for about 700 urban buses

(MSP metro fleet ~ 900) •  Or 7 million gallons per year methanol – enough to supply all the

methanol needed by all Minnesota’s biodiesel plants (6.3 million gallons) with some left over

•  Estimated cost $2.20-2.30 / gallon gasoline equivalent with no subsidies

•  Chemrec are talking to mill owners in the MN / WI region about building such a plant. They are carrying out a conceptual study for one of them.

Page 21: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

DME/Methanol Production Potential

•  Using not just pulp mills but all readily available biomass sources –  NREL estimates that Minnesota has available biomass streams

the could produce the equivalent of 100-200% current gasoline use via gasification

–  This would require a number of large gasification plants but could be a very long term sustainable solution

–  It is likely that different states will have a different mix of long term renewable energy solutions. We will no longer have monolithic petroleum

•  A likely path to DME introduction will be initial use as a propane replacement followed by gradual introduction of DME vehicles

•  Production of “green methanol” for use in biodiesel production and for fuel cells may also play a role

Page 22: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

DME is an extremely clean Diesel fuel Second generation DME fueled truck from Volvo Courtesy - Anders Röj, Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants

20042004

Page 23: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Technology roadmap - DME Courtesy - Anders Röj, Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants

Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants

Future Fuels for Commercial Vehicles

Vehicle deliveryProduction proj.

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

External influences

Fuel productiondevelopment

Engine and vehicledevelopment

Piteå (BLG)

US02 EU4 US07 EU5Tier3EU4i US10

AFFORHD (FM9 truck)

Buss Demo Gen2

Field Test (3 trucks)

DME combustion res.

Vehicle start

RENEW (SP3)

Vehicles start

Vehicles start

Combustion system for Large Field Test

Bio DME project Fuel deliveryP

P

Large Field Test (circa 30 HD vehicles)

Vehicle start

Technology Roadmap - DME Issue: 2005

DME NOx EATS research

Växjö Värnamo Biomass Gasification Center

- - - - -Planned

Decided

Page 24: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Renewable Fuels for Diesels

•  Biodiesel is a near term solution –  No significant changes to engine –  Clean –  Cost effective –  High energy efficiency of production and modest greenhouse gas emissions –  Potential to replace up to 30% of petroleum diesel

•  Ethanol may play a role if ignition problems can be solved •  DME is a strong candidate for a longer term future fuel.

–  Requires substantial engine modification, mainly to fuel system –  Best well-to-wheel energy efficiency from bio source, 25% better than synthetic

diesel (Fischer-Tropsch) –  Close to CO2 neutral if produced from biomass –  Highest efficiency, lowest GWP and cost of the biomass to liquid (BTL) fuels –  Very low exhaust emissions (soot-free combustion, Euro 5) –  Energy dense and liquid at low pressure –  Non-toxic, biodegradable and harmless to the atmosphere

Page 25: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Hybrid vehicle concepts

•  Parallel - engine and electric motor generator work in parallel. –  Usually large engine –  Relatively small electric motor –  Honda Insight, Civic

•  Series – engine drive generator, electric motor drives wheels. –  Must have full performance electric drive. –  May have smaller engine. –  Most suited to plug in hybrid –  Close relative of electric vehicle

•  Series-parallel – combination of above. –  Toyota Prius, Ford Escape

•  Other hybrid types use hydraulic and flywheel energy storage –  Electric hybrid, high energy density, low power density

•  Long range – with large battery may be plug in •  Limited power for acceleration, braking

–  Hydraulic hybrid, high power density, low energy density •  Good for local start stop •  Effective regenerative braking

Page 26: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Types of plug in hybrid vehicles Parallel

From: http//www.hybridcenter.org

Page 27: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Types of plug in hybrid vehicles Series

From: http//www.hybridcenter.org

Page 28: Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels · Diesel engines: Emission control and biofuels David Kittelson Center for Diesel Research Department of Mechanical Engineering University

Center for Diesel Research

Types of plug in hybrid vehicles Series-Parallel

From: http//www.hybridcenter.org