diesel fuel refining and its advancement

7/26/2019 diesel fuel refining and its advancement

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Diesel Fuel Refining and its

Advancement

By : Er. Vivek Shrivastaw

Mtech st!r.

"hemical Engineering De#artment


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$ntr%ducti%n & "%ntents

$n the last several years' it has (ec%me clear that fuels

and vehicles must (e regulated t%gether t% achieve the

highest level %f #%lluti%n c%ntr%l

$n this #%rti%n %f the c%urse' we will discuss

"haracteristics %f crude %ils

)he refining #r%cess

)echn%l%gies f%r achieving *clean fuels+

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"rude ,ils

,n average' crude %ils are made u# %f the f%ll%wing elements %r

c%m#%unds:

"ar(%n - /0

1ydr%gen - /0

Sulfur - t% 20

3itr%gen 4 50 ,6ygen 4 50

Metals 4 50 7nickel' ir%n'vanadium' etc.8

Salts 4 50

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1ydr%car(%ns in "rude ,il

9araffins - methane' ethane' #r%#ane' (utane' etc.

Ar%matics - (enene' na#hthalene

3a#hthenes %r "ycl%alkenes - cycl%he6ane' methylcycl%#entane

Alkenes - ethylene' (utene' is%(utene

Dienes and Alkynes - acetylene' (utadienes

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9r%ducts Fr%m Refining

9etr%leum ;as - used f%r heating' c%%king' making

#lastics

3a#htha - an intermediate #r%duct used t% make

gas%line

;as%line - m%t%r fuel


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9r%ducts Fr%m Refining

;as ,il %r Diesel - used f%r diesel fuel and heating %il

and a starting material f%r making %ther #r%ducts

>u(ricating ,il - used f%r m%t%r %il' grease' %ther

lu(ricants

1eavy ;as %r Fuel ,il - used f%r industrial fuel and a

starting material f%r making %ther #r%ducts

Residuals - c%ke' as#halt' tar' wa6es' and a starting

material f%r making %ther #r%ducts

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Fl%w "hart %f the Distillati%n 9r%cess

"rude ,il Distillati%n: )he First Ste#

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S%urces and ?uality %f "rude

,il 9hysical characteristics %f crude %il streams differ

Streams with similar characteristics may c%me fr%m a

single reserv%ir' a field' %r s%metimes even a regi%n

"rude %ils are classified (y density and sulfur c%ntent

>ight

1eavy

Sweet

S%ur

9rice differentials reflect the relative ease %f refining

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,ther "haracteristics %f

"rude ,ils )he ty#e %f hydr%car(%n m%lecules may affect the c%st

%f #r%cessing %r suita(ility f%r s#ecific uses

9resence %f heavy metals is a c%ntaminant f%r the

#r%cessing and the finished #r%duct $t is n%t easy 7at least n%t #r%fita(ly8 t% su(stitute %ne

crude %il f%r an%ther' s% refineries tend t% (e designedand %#erated ar%und a s#ecific crude %il %r mi6 %f crude%ils

)%day@s demand is f%r lighter #r%ducts %f higher ualityfr%m a crude su##ly that is increasingly heavier' with ahigher sulfur c%ntent

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)he Refining 9r%cess

Bending' (reaking' and (%iling

Distillati%n se#arates crude %il int% vari%us c%m#%nents

7fracti%ns8 using the difference in (%iling tem#eratures

"hemical #r%cessing (reaks l%nger chain hydr%car(%ns

int% sh%rter %nes - makes diesel int% gas%line' f%r

e6am#le

Fracti%ns are treated t% rem%ve im#urities

Mi6tures are (lended t% meet market s#ecificati%ns

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"hemical 9r%cessing "racking

)akes larger hydr%car(%ns and makes them int% smaller %nes

)y#es %f cracking

)hermal - heats large hydr%car(%ns at high tem#eratures 7s%metimes high #ressures' as well8until they (reak a#art

"atalytic - uses a catalyst t% s#eed u# the (reaking #r%cess

Fluid catalytic cracking 7heavy gas %il t% diesel and gas%line8

1ydr%cracking - adds hydr%gen gas 7heavy %il t% gas%line and ker%sene8

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"hemical 9r%cessing

"atalytic Ref%rming

ses a catalyst t% rearrange m%lecules int% m%re valua(le

%nes %f generally the same sie and t% #r%duce ar%matics

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"hemical 9r%cessing

Alkylati%n

Small hydr%car(%ns 7is%(utane and an %lefin' usually

(utylene8 are c%m(ined t% #r%duce a larger m%lecule

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$ntermediate 9r%ducts

Refining #r%cessing generally #r%duces (lendst%cks

suita(le f%r making finished #r%ducts rather than

#r%ducing finished #r%ducts directly

Blendst%cks may (e traded (etween c%m#anies

,ther (lendst%cks may c%me fr%m %utside the

#etr%leum refining industry. E6am#les include fuel

ethan%l and (i%diesel fr%m agriculture and M)BE and

;)> 7gas t% liuids8 diesel fr%m natural gas

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Blending

Blending is a s%#histicated %#timiati%n #r%cess where

#r%ducers attem#t t% ma6imie #r%fit (y (lending the

m%st valua(le set %f finished #r%ducts #%ssi(le given

the (lendst%cks availa(le and the c%nstraints im#%sed(y #r%duct s#ecificati%ns 7including envir%nmental

regulati%ns8

3%t all (lending is d%ne at refineries %r (y refining

c%m#anies

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Salea(le 9r%ducts

$n additi%n t% gas%line and diesel fuel' refineries sell #etr%leum gas'ker%sene' heating %il'lu(ricating %il' industrial fuel' as#halt' tar'wa6es' and %ther #r%ducts.

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Diesel Fuel ?uality Regulati%n

)he intr%ducti%n %f catalyst4(ased diesel #articulate filters created aneed t% reduce the sulfur c%ntent %f diesel fuels

,#ti%ns t% reduce sulfur include:

$ncreasing the #r%#%rti%n %f l%w4sulfur crude %il

1ydr%4treating straight run diesel and thermally cracked diesel

Reducing the #r%#%rti%n %f F"" %il (lended int% the final #r%duct

$nstalling hydr%crackers

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1ydr%treating

)he #rimary means t% achieve >SD levels

9asses a mi6ture %f heated feedst%ck and hydr%gen thr%ugh a

catalyst4laden react%r t% rem%ve sulfur and %ther im#urities

1ydr%treating can %ccur at many #laces in the refining #r%cess - right

after distillati%n %r at vari%us #%ints %f chemical #r%cessing

)% achieve C ##m diesel' refineries must desulfurie essentially all

diesel (lending c%m#%nents

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Stage 9r%cess

9r%(a(ly will (e reuired at m%st refineries ststage - c%nventi%nal hydr%treating unit

ndstage - using higher #ressures' increasing hydr%gen rate and #urity'

newer catalysts

1igher #ressures may reuire new react%rs with thicker walls

1ydr%gen c%nsum#ti%n is the largest %#erating c%st - ##m sulfur

may reuire C t% /C0 m%re hydr%gen than C ##m

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3ew )echn%l%gies f%r Sulfur Reducti%n

Sulfur ads%r#ti%n

Bi%desulfuriati%n

Sulfur %6idati%n

)hese techn%l%gies are in e6#erimental stages %f devel%#ment

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References

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1%w Stuff %rks. GG. How Oil Refining Works?.H,nlineI.htt#:JJscience.h%wstuffw%rks.c%mJ%il4refining.htm

)S Energy "%r#%rati%n. C. Glossary. H,nlineI

htt#:JJwww.uts.caJgl%ssaryJ

www.gcsescience.c%m. C. Products of Oil. H,nlineIhtt#:JJwww.gcsescience.c%mJaJ%C.htm

Alan ;. >ucas. . Modern Petroleum Technology Volume . 3ew !%rk:

K%hn iley & S%ns $nc.

D%uglas M. Ruthren. GGL. Encycl%#aedia %f Se#arati%n )echn%l%gy V%lume. 3ew !%rk: K%hn iley & S%ns $nc.

diesel fuel refining and its advancement

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