diesel maintenance for your fleet
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Maintaining your Diesel Fleet for Biodiesel
National Biodiesel OEM Technician Training Program
updated Feb 2010
Today’s Topics
Biodiesel Definition Key Properties of Biodiesel Fuel System, Air Intake, &
Lubrication Starting, Charging, Cooling, &
Vacuum systems Exhaust & Emissions Controls Resources
Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of
mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D 6751, designated B100.
Biodiesel Blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.• This tight definition was needed in order to secure
vehicle, engine and fuel injection equipment company support for biodiesel, as well as to secure ASTM specs
Biodiesel (B100) Attributes
High Cetane (avg. over 50) Ultra Low Sulfur (avg. ~ 2 ppm) High Lubricity, even in blends as low as 1-2% High Energy Balance (4.5 to 1) Renewable, Sustainable, Domestically Produced Increases overall fuel production capacity in
USA Reduces HC, PM, CO in existing diesel engines
Enhanced Lubricity
Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
0100200300400500600700800
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Biodiesel Blend (%)
HFRR WSD (micron)
Equipment benefits Superior lubricity B2 has up to 66% more
lubricity than #2 Diesel EPA required sulfur
reduction in diesel No overdosing concerns
Cold Weather Performance Pure biodiesel does freeze faster than most
petrodiesel Your B20 supplier should provide blends of B20
that will not cause any cold flow issues in the winter Exactly the same way they do with #2 diesel fuel
There are a variety of tools at the disposal of distributors to improve the cold flow operability of #2 petrodiesel and biodiesel blends Blending with #1, cold flow additives, etc.
B20 has been used successfully in climates below -20ºF
Biodiesel Fuel Stability
The biodiesel specification contains parameters for insuring adequate fuel stability for normal applications
The shelf life of biodiesel blends is recommended by NBB as 6 months
Stability additives available on the open market
Solvency Effect
B20 & Under Monitor filters, less than 2% need to be
changed Mild cleaning effect Storage tanks may need to be cleaned, or
keep extra filters on hand at start up Housekeeping protocols for generic diesel
equally important prior to blending
Fuel System Material compatibility is key for higher blends Repair Fuel leaks to prevent impact to other systems! From the fuel sending unit in tank to injectors-primary & secondary fuel filters-Fuel lines (sending & return)-High pressure or low pressure injectors- o-rings-transfer & injection pumps
Lubrication System Change oil as recommended by
Engine manufacturer Use OEM recommended engine oil API, CI rating Regular oil analysis maintenance
program Inspect dipstick for biodiesel smell
Lube Oil Contamination Current ongoing research, SAE CI Engine
Performance with Alternative Fuels, 2008 A concern of engine manufacturers. Same mechanism for the oil dilution for heavier
fractions of diesel fuel as for biodiesel. Due to high boiling point of biodiesel, the fuel is
slower to vaporize after injection into the cylinder. Remaining compounds will be deposited on the
cylinder wall where they can be pulled into the crankcase by the normal scraping action of the piston's oil control rings.
Air Filtration In a diesel engine, the amount of air
remains constant while fuel amount is varied for speed and power control
Lean mixture at idle ( 80:1 ) Rich mixture under load (20:1) Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor VW TDI EGR/ Intake design Diesels thrive on air, lots of it, any air
restriction will cause performance problems
Starting & Charging System Properly charged battery Operating Starter or Alternator Fouled glow plugs can cause hard
starting Glow plugs factory recalls Dual Battery system
Vacuum System Older diesel maintenance issue Leaky & Inoperative vacuum system
can affect:Brakes, Fuel shutoff, & transmissions
Cooling System Cooling system helps your engine warm up
& cool down Operating at optimum temperature helpsfuel economy & engine life
Cooling system hoses are not always biodiesel compatible, repair fuel leaks immediately to prevent damage to other systems
Exhaust & Emissions Controls
EGR: exhaust gas recirculation Catalytic converters Diesel Particulate filters Diesel Oxidation Catalyst SCR: selective catalyst reduction (Urea) Emissions regulations dictating changing
engine and fuel injection design
Are you Smoking? Black smoke: injectors, air inlet restriction, engine
timing, internal engine timing, injection pump failure
Blue Smoke: insufficient fuel, contaminated fuel,High or low oil consumption, air in the fuel
White smoke: bad glow plugs, plugged return fuel line, insufficient fuel supply, low compression, air in fuel, injector or pump problem, engine timing
White smoke can be normal in cold weather before engine warms
Miscellaneous NOx Emissions see:NREL’s “NOx solutions for Biodiesel” Cold weather Operation Timing belts & chains- replace at
recommended intervals Educate your fellow technicians Bosch & Stanadyne & FIE/OEM
statement
B20 vs. Diesel: In the shop With in-spec B20 and lower, the issues you
can expect to see in your shop are the same as you will see with petrodiesel
Except: Expect to see less lubricity related issues Expect to see less problems with after-
treatment Filter related issues may be related to cleaning
effect upon first use, or are likely normal diesel issues or out of spec or imposter biodiesel
Less black smoke from exhaust!
OEM Warranty Statements and Biodiesel All major U.S. OEMs support at least B5 and lower blends,
provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM D 6751
More than 55% of U.S. manufacturers support B20 or higher blends in at least some of their equipment
Several more are completing testing and progressing toward support for B20 now that new ASTM standards for B6-B20 blends have been published (ASTM D7467)
Most are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier
For the Latest OEM Updates… Visit:
http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/oemsfor a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel, as well as the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List
NBB Resourceswww.biodiesel.org
Biodiesel Training Toolkit
News Releases & Information Resources
Technical Library, Spec Sheets & Videos
OEM Warranty Positions on Biodiesel
U.S. Diesel Vehicle List
www.BiodieselAutomotive.org Dedicated to information exchange for biodiesel & diesel technicians
www.BQ-9000.org Listing of BQ-9000 Certified Companies
www.biotrucker.comListing of BioTrucker retail sites