Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy

Pregnancy

• It is a period of great physiological and stress for the woman-birth to a foetus

• Foetal development is accompanied –physiological , biochemical and hormonal changes in the maternal body –nutrients and efficiency

• Increases basal metabolic rate , gastrointestinal changes ,hormonal changes ,changes in the body fluid ,altered renal function

Risk factor- Onset of Pregnancy

• Age less than 15 yrs or more than 35• Frequent pregnancy• Poor obstetric history /poor foetal

performance• Poverty• Bizzare food habits• Abuse of caffine,nicotine,alcohol or drugs• Inadeguate wt

Risk Factor-During Pregnancy

• Low/ HP-Less than 12.0 g per 100 ml blood• Inadequate wt gain• Any wt loss• Wt gain less than 1 kg per month after 1

trimester• Excessive wt gain

Diet and feeding pattern

• Basic principle is same as normal adultsEarly 3 mths- suffers from vomiting,nausea• Physiological and hormonal changes occur• Small amt of food with increased frequency• Give -Biscuits, bread ,fruit etc• Avoid-Rich,fried ,strongly flavoured and highly

spiced food

Things to keep in mind

• 1st trimester-nutrient intake need not be increased• 2nd and 3rd trimester-extra food like snacks to be

given in between meals-increase the frequency of feeding-5 meals a day

• Protein food like milk,meat,egg,fish ,pulses,groundnuts,soyabean etc

• Calcium and iron need-whole grains , pulses ,leafy vegs, dried fruits etc

• Due to foetal pressure constipation is common• Large quantities of dietary fibre-freash fruits

and vegs ,whole grain cereals ,plenty of fluid• Full of nutritious and well balanced diet• Need of Iodine increases due to stress

Diet of Lactating Mother

• Lactation period is the duration when mother breastfeeds her child• Nutritional dietary intake shd be enough –milk

production for the baby• Inadequate intake –reduces milk secretion and

change the composition• Reqt:550 cal more than pregnant woman• Whole grain, juices, soups, veg and plenty of

water

Diet in an infancy –birth to 1 year

• Infant-rapid growth and development• Infant is completely dependent –develops fair

degree of physical and mental ability, motion deve, walks,hold objects along with emotional and psychological –near and dear ones

Breast Feeding

• Natural method of feeding-Breast feedingProvides all the nutrients –

• Contains Fats – is highly emulsified so easy to digest

• Lactose-Natural sweetness-Calcium and iron absorption

• Protein –Low amt –reduces pressure on kidney to excrete extra nitrogen

• Vit C content is retained

Anti –infective

• Breast feeding is very hygienic –straight from mother’s breast to child’s mouth

• No chance of contamination and infection• Contains antistaphylococcal factor –prevents

growth of bacteria in the infants intestines• Gastric juice of breast milk is acidic and hence

destroys micro-organisms that enter stomach

Source of natural immunity

• First 2 -3 days mothers milk is yellowish known as colostrum

• Contains antibodies- natural immunity in the child-protects from various infectious disease

• Colostrum is very rich in nutrients – shd not be discarded at all

• Anti –allergic properties does not affect the infants

Psychological advantages

• Healthy, happy and emotional relationship –mom and child

• Infants grow well on exclusively breast feeding• Baby does not even need water supplements

Weaning

• Is the art of gradually introducing food other than breast feeding• Mothers milk + additional food• Cereal porridge soaked in milk or water• Modified food-mashed rice-dal,dal-roti –sabji• Traditional Food-Khichedi,idli,upma,sujji• Home based instant food-roasted cereals and

pulses• Mashed fruits and cooked mashed veg

Intro new foods

• One food to be introduce at a time• Consistency of food as per child’s age-liquid-semi-solid-

solid• Small quantities ,gradually increase• Never force to feed the child• No spicy food or oily food• Include variety to make food appealing• To attract attention –consider colour, flavour, texture

and shape of the food• Don’t show personal prejudice towards food

Day’s Diet-Pregnant

• Breakfast• •½ cup (125 mL) cottage cheese•½ cup (125

mL) berries (fresh or frozen)•1 cup (250 mL) whole-grain cereal with skim or 1% milk•1 cup (250 mL) coffee or tea

• Snacks• 1 tbsp (15 mL) peanut butter•4 to 6 whole-

biscuits•1 cup (250 mL) skim or 1% milk

• Lunch:• Chana Curry,Stuffed Tindas,Mint

Raita,Salad,Rice/Chappatis• Snacks: Banana Shake,Poha• Dinner: Pea Paneer Curry, Mix

Veg(dry),Chapattis/Rice,Fruit Custard• Age: 25 Activity : Moderate Food Habit:

Vegetarian

Day’s Diet for Lactating Woman• Breakfast:

Tea,BesanRoti,Onion,Chutney,Jaggery• Mid Morning Snacks: Butter milk ,Dalia• Lunch:• Roti,Sprouted moong,Salad,Besan Laddoo• Snacks:Tea,Groundnut roasted• Dinner: Dal,Potato Onion Veg,Rice/Chapattis• Bed time: Milk