difference in the reaction to stimuli between chinese and

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Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan 46 Difference in the Reaction to Stimuli between Chinese and Japanese: An Effect of National Identity Yoshinori ADACHI 1 , Yukiko SASAYAMA 2 and Kazuhide UESUGI 3 1 Chubu University (Kasugai, Japan) 2 Seinan Jo Gakuin University (Kokura, Japan) 3 Kumamoto National College (Kumamoto, Japan) Abstract: Many reports have noted that individuals react to stimuli differently. 1-10) We also thought reaction is different depending on national identity, so we compared the responses of Chinese students and Japanese students to various stimuli. We examined stimuli for the visual system, auditory system, motor system, and brain system and analyzed the results of the LF/HF value which is a stress index, and the wavelet coefficients strength diagram. We clearly found differences which appear to arise from the national identity. Keywords: stimuli, stress, LF/HF, wavelet analysis, FFT 1. Introduction It is sometimes said that "Japanese common sense is nonsense to others." In other words, what is reasonable for Japanese may sometimes be stressful to non-Japanese. And vice versa, what is reasonable for non-Japanese may sometimes be stressful to Japanese. Differences in the culture and the environment in which a person is raised (referred to as national property) may have an influence on the reaction to stimuli. Such things may also be the cause of cultural friction. In this study, we examined the response to stimuli by Chinese and Japanese students, and in addition to personal difference, we investigated whether any differences are derived from the differences in the national identity. 2. Experimental method There were eight subjects: four Chinese university students (Subject A, a 26-year-old man with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 1; Subject B, a 24-year- old man with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2; Subject C, a 25-year-old woman with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2; Subject D, a 25-year-old woman with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2) and four Japanese university students (Subjects E, F, G, and H, all 21-22-year-old women). The following stimuli were used. Visual system: subjects looked at periodically flashing lights for Yoshinori ADACHI, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 JAPAN, Phone: +81-568-51-1111 FAX: +81-568-52-1505, E-mail: [email protected] 2minutes. 378 red LEDs that flashed at 6Hz were placed in a black board of 18cm x 21cm. Auditory system: subjects listened to two types of music for 3 minutes each; quiet music, “A comme amour” or “Canon in D major” and lively music, “You give love a bad name” or “Needled 24/7”. Motor system: foot-up stimulation, subjects held one leg extended and horizontal to the floor for 2 minutes. Brain system: the Chinese subjects watched different types of movie scenes for 5 minutes; a comedy, Mr. Bean in “The hairdresser” and a horror movie “JUON”. For “JUON” - that saw scenes of a hand of a child coming out of a chest in sealed locked room, or of a child standing behind in a mirror image, or black milk pouring out from newly opened milk carton. Additionally, they read a story written in classical Chinese (Three Kingdoms) and a Japanese newspaper story describing the press conference held by McDonald's about contamination of some meals served at their restaurants, each for 2 minutes. The Japanese students read a cartoon for 5 minutes and read an English-language newspaper story for 2 minutes. Reference system: rest, subjects sat in a chair with the eyes closed for 2 minutes as a reference. We measured reaction to the stimuli using the pulse wave of a fingertip. We used the BACS advance (made by TAOS Laboratories) to measure the pulse wave for the left hand index finger. Analysis was performed by FFT and wavelet analysis of time series data of the RR interval, LF/HF value and the wavelet coefficients strength diagram was obtained and studied. 3. Experimental results Because of familiarity with Buddhist ideology,

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Page 1: Difference in the Reaction to Stimuli between Chinese and

Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science

March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

46

Difference in the Reaction to Stimuli between Chinese and Japanese:

An Effect of National Identity

Yoshinori ADACHI1, Yukiko SASAYAMA2 and Kazuhide UESUGI3

1 Chubu University (Kasugai, Japan) 2 Seinan Jo Gakuin University (Kokura, Japan)

3 Kumamoto National College (Kumamoto, Japan)

Abstract: Many reports have noted that individuals react to stimuli differently.1-10) We also thought reaction is different depending on national identity, so we compared the responses of Chinese students and Japanese students to various stimuli. We examined stimuli for the visual system, auditory system, motor system, and brain system and analyzed the results of the LF/HF value which is a stress index, and the wavelet coefficients strength diagram. We clearly found differences which appear to arise from the national identity. Keywords: stimuli, stress, LF/HF, wavelet analysis, FFT

1. Introduction It is sometimes said that "Japanese common sense is nonsense to others." In other words, what is reasonable for Japanese may sometimes be stressful to non-Japanese. And vice versa, what is reasonable for non-Japanese may sometimes be stressful to Japanese. Differences in the culture and the environment in which a person is raised (referred to as national property) may have an influence on the reaction to stimuli. Such things may also be the cause of cultural friction. In this study, we examined the response to stimuli by Chinese and Japanese students, and in addition to personal difference, we investigated whether any differences are derived from the differences in the national identity.

2. Experimental method There were eight subjects: four Chinese university students (Subject A, a 26-year-old man with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 1; Subject B, a 24-year-old man with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2; Subject C, a 25-year-old woman with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2; Subject D, a 25-year-old woman with the Japanese Language Proficiency Test Level 2) and four Japanese university students (Subjects E, F, G, and H, all 21-22-year-old women). The following stimuli were used. Visual system: subjects looked at periodically flashing lights for Yoshinori ADACHI, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 JAPAN, Phone: +81-568-51-1111 FAX: +81-568-52-1505, E-mail: [email protected]

2minutes. 378 red LEDs that flashed at 6Hz were placed in a black board of 18cm x 21cm. Auditory system: subjects listened to two types of music for 3 minutes each; quiet music, “A comme amour” or “Canon in D major” and lively music, “You give love a bad name” or “Needled 24/7”. Motor system: foot-up stimulation, subjects held one leg extended and horizontal to the floor for 2 minutes. Brain system: the Chinese subjects watched different types of movie scenes for 5 minutes; a comedy, Mr. Bean in “The hairdresser” and a horror movie “JUON”. For “JUON” - that saw scenes of a hand of a child coming out of a chest in sealed locked room, or of a child standing behind in a mirror image, or black milk pouring out from newly opened milk carton. Additionally, they read a story written in classical Chinese (Three Kingdoms) and a Japanese newspaper story describing the press conference held by McDonald's about contamination of some meals served at their restaurants, each for 2 minutes. The Japanese students read a cartoon for 5 minutes and read an English-language newspaper story for 2 minutes. Reference system: rest, subjects sat in a chair with the eyes closed for 2 minutes as a reference. We measured reaction to the stimuli using the pulse wave of a fingertip. We used the BACS advance (made by TAOS Laboratories) to measure the pulse wave for the left hand index finger. Analysis was performed by FFT and wavelet analysis of time series data of the RR interval, LF/HF value and the wavelet coefficients strength diagram was obtained and studied.

3. Experimental results Because of familiarity with Buddhist ideology,

Page 2: Difference in the Reaction to Stimuli between Chinese and

47Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science

March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

switching between the static and dynamic may be easy for the Japanese. On the other hand, it may be difficult for the Chinese because the Buddhist culture has been denied for almost XXX years. In Figs. 1 and 2, the results when resting (reference system) for Chinese and Japanese students are compared. In Fig. 1, the LF/HF values and heart rate are shown by

bar graph. Although there was little difference in heart rate, LF/HF values of the Japanese subjects was smaller. In Fig. 2, the Morlet Wavelet (4, 16) coefficient strengths (upper part represents HF, the bottom LF) are shown. Two of the Chinese subjects seemed not to be in a relaxed state. The active Chinese subjects might not have experienced a resting state.

Then in Fig. 3, the responses to blinking red LED lights are compared. The same tendency as resting was confirmed in the Chinese subjects (two did not seem to be relaxed). Meanwhile, the Japanese subjects seemed not to have obtained much pleasure from a mere mechanical rhythm. Reaction from both groups of subjects for quiet music and lively music as the auditory stimulation showed the same tendency overall. For the motor system stimulus (foot-up) foot-up again, both groups showed a similar tendency overall.

Reactions to the comedy and horror movies scenes by the Chinese subjects had almost no change. Since humor and fear are subject to cultural influences, we think that cultural differences are reflected in these reactions. Fig. 4 compares the results for the brain system stimuli. Japanese subjects could relax watching the comedy but they were nervous watching the horror movie, the results of Chinese subjects were contrasting.

Also for the brain system, the results are shown in Figs. 5 (a) and (b) when the story written in classical Chinese and the Japanese newspaper story were given as stimuli

Fig. 1 Comparison of LF/HF and heart rate (HR) between Chinese and Japanese students for the reference system (rest state).

Subject E Subject F Subject G Subject H

Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D

Fig. 2 Comparison of map of Wavelet coefficients for the reference system (rest state).

HF

LF

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Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science

March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

48

for the Chinese subjects, and in Figs. 5 (c) when the English-language newspaper was given as stimulus for the Japanese subjects. When the Chinese subjects were reading, the images were very similar indicating similar reactions were occurring. Even though Chinese is the subjects’ native language, classic Chinese might be almost

a foreign language, the same as Japanese. On the other hand, the reaction when the Japanese subjects read the English-language newspaper was relatively relaxed. After years of English education, we think tension when reading it is relaxed.

Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D

Subject E Subject F Subject G Subject H

Fig. 3 Comparison of map of wavelet coefficients for periodical LED blinking.

Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (a) Comedy

Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (b) Horror

Fig. 4 Comparison of reaction to comedy and horror scenes for Chinese subjects.

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49Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science

March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

In Figs. 6 and 7, the reactions to various stimuli are shown as two ratios at rest: the ratio of LF/HF in Fig. 6 and the ratio of the heart rate in Fig. 7. From Fig. 6, we understand that LF/HF values under stimulation and under rest were very different. In particular, for Japanese subjects the LF/HF values by flashing light and foot-up became large. Only when viewing the comedy scene, were all subjects able to relax more than at rest. Some of the Chinese subjects were able to relax during the stimuli of blinking lights and watching a horror movie. However, reading classical Chinese and reading Japanese gave the same tension, and the stimuli of watching the comedy movie and the foot-up also gave the same tension. Music has been found to have a relaxing effect for both classical music and rock music. In Fig. 7, all Chinese subjects showed the same variations of heart rate. We can easily guess the foot up and classical Chinese and Japanese news reading caused heart rate increase. But in the music stimulation, we

were surprised the heart rate increased as opposed to the LF/HF values. However, this trend was the same for Japanese subjects. For Japanese subjects, it was the same trend with foot-up and the English newspaper reading, in other cases, it differed for each individual, and diversity of the heart rate variability was observed.

4. Conclusion

We examined differences in the reactions of Chinese and Japanese subjects to different kinds of stimuli. We found the Chinese subjects were not tensed by watching horror movie scenes and they were not relaxed by watching comedy scenes, either. This was completely opposite the behavior of Japanese subjects, and we considered it reflected the cultural environment. In addition, the resting state was a state that could be relaxing for the Japanese subjects, but for the active Chinese subjects it was not necessarily the case. On the contrary,

Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (a) Classical Chinese

Subject A Subject B Subject C Subject D (b) Japanese news

Subject E Subject F Subject G Subject H (c) English newspaper

Fig. 5 Comparison of foreign language reading.

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Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science

March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

50

periodic blinking light was a relaxing stimulus for the Chinese subjects, but it was a stimulus and caused tension for the Japanese. Music was the stimulus that gave the relaxed state to both groups. In particular, quiet music (classical music) was more effective. Since this study had a very limited number of subjects, it is necessary to consider more subjects in the future.

References 1) Aoki T. and Adachi Y.: Influence of Jasmine Fragrance on

Heartbeat Fluctuation, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 24(1), pp.121-123, 2006.

2) Adachi Y., Aoki T., and Suzuki S.: Influence of Three Kinds of Stimuli on Pulse Wave Shape - Music, Flashing light, and Perfume -, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 26(1), pp.99-102, 2008.

3) Aoki T., Adachi Y., and Suzuki S.: Influence of Periodically Flashing Light Stimulation on Heartbeat Fluctuation and Pyodoraku Electrodermal Activities, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 26(1), pp.89-93, 2008.

4) Adachi Y., Aoki T., and Suzuki S.: Analysis of a Pulse Wave

Fractal under Various Stimulations, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 27(1), pp. 55-58, 2009.

5) Aoki T., Adachi Y., Suzuki S.; Influence of Music Stimulation on Heartbeat Fluctuation, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 27(1), pp. 48-51, 2009.

6) Adachi Y.: Change in Relaxation Level by Various Stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 29(1), pp.82-84, 2011.

7) Adachi Y.: Chaotic Analysis of Biological Reactions Originating from Various Stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 30(1), pp. 61-65, 2012.

8) Adachi Y. and Sasayama Y.: Characterization of Various Stimuli with Fingertip Pulse Waves, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 32(1), pp. 64-69, 2014.

9) Adachi Y.: Measurement of Time-Dependent Stress Levels by Wavelet Analysis, IIAI-AAI, pp. 948-953, 2014.

10) Adachi Y., Sasayama Y., and Uesugi K.: Wavelet analysis of the pulse waveform change due to three types of stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 33(1), pp. 53-58, 2015.

(a) Chinese subjects (b) Japanese subjects

Fig. 6 LF/HF ratios for various stimuli.

(a) Chinese subjects (b) Japanese subjects

Fig. 7 HR ratios for various stimuli.

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51Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science

March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

中国人と日本人の刺激に対する反応の違い (Difference in the Reaction to Stimuli between Chinese and Japanese: An Effect of National Identity)

足達義則 1、笹山雪子 2、上杉一秀 3

(Yoshinori ADACHI1, Yukiko SASAYAMA2 and Kazuhide UESUGI3)

1中部大学(春日井、日本)、2西南女学院大学(小倉、日本)、 3熊本高等専門学校(熊本、日本)

要旨: 刺激に対する反応は、個人個人異なることは研究されてきていた 1-10)が、国民性によ

っても異なるものと考え、中国人留学生と日本人学生の刺激に対する反応を比較することに

した。刺激として、視覚系、聴覚系、運動系、頭脳系について調べ、結果をストレス指標で

ある LF/HF 値、およびウェーブレット係数強度図によって解析した。その結果、明らかに国

民性と考えられるものを見出した。 Keywords: 刺激、ストレス、LF/HF、ウェーブレット解析、FFT

1.はじめに 「日本人の常識は世界の非常識」と言われること

がある。日本人にとって何でもないことが、外国人

にとってストレスになり、逆に外国人にとって何で

もないことが日本人にはストレスと感じられたりす

る。こうした育った文化や環境(国民性と呼ぶ)の

違いが、刺激に対する反応を変えていると考えられ

るし、文化的摩擦を引き起こす原因にもなっている

可能性がある。 本研究では、中国人留学生と日本人学生の刺激に

対する反応を調べることで、個人的な違いの他に、

国民性による違いが存在するかどうかについて検討

した。

2.実験方法 被験者は、中国人留学生 4 人(被験者 A:26 歳男性

で日本語能力試験 1 級、被験者 B:24 歳男性で日本語

能力試験 2 級、被験者 C:25 歳女性で日本語能力試験

2 級、被験者 D:25 歳女性で日本語能力試験 2 級)、

日本人大学生 4 人(被験者 E,F,G,H:21 歳~22 歳女

性)であった。 刺激は、視覚系である 2 分間の周期的点滅光(6Hzで点滅する赤色 LED、18cm x 21cm の黒色ボードに378 個を配置した)、聴覚系である 3 分間の静かな音楽(A comme amour または Canon in D major)と賑やかな音楽(You give love a bad name または Needled 24/7)、運動系である 2 分間の足上げ(床に水平に足を上げる)、頭脳系として、中国人に対して 5 分間の

喜劇(Mr. Bean – The hairdresser)と恐怖映画(呪怨–終わりの始まり:封印された部屋の中で箪笥から子供の手が出たり、鏡の中で背後に子供が立っていたり、パックを開けた牛乳が黒かったりする場面)、また 2 分間の中国古典(三国志)と日本語のニュース(マクドナルドの異物混入に関する記者会見)を読む、そして日本人に対して 5 分間の漫画(「ジャ・ぱん」)を読む、および英字新聞を 2 分間読む、参照系として 2 分間の安静(閉眼で椅子に掛ける)を実施した。 刺激に対する反応は、指尖脈波で計測した。測定

装置は BACS advance (TAOS 研究所製)で、左手人

差し指で測定した。解析は、R-R 間隔の時系列デー

タを FFT とウェーブレット解析で行い、LF/HF 値お

よびウェーブレット係数強度図を求め、これらを検

討した。

3.実験結果 日本人にとっては静と動の切り替えは仏教的な思

想から容易であるが、仏教文化を長く否定してきた

中国人にとって難しいかもしれない。 Fig. 1 と Fig. 2 に安静時の中国人と日本人の結果

を比較する。Fig. 1 には、LF/HF 値と心拍数を棒グラ

フで示した。心拍数に違いはないが、LF/HF 値は日

本 人 の 方 が 小 さ か っ た 。 Fig. 2 に は Morlet Wavelet(4,16)のウェーブレット係数強度(上部が HF、下部が LF を表す)を示したが、中国人でリラック

スできていないと思われるものが半数おり、アクテ

ィブな中国人には安静状態という経験がないものと

思われる。 次に、無機的な赤色 LED 光の点滅に対する反応を

Fig. 3 に比較する。中国人では、安静時と同様な傾向

______________________________________ 足達義則,中部大学経営情報学部, 487-8501 春日井市 松本町 1200, 電話 0568-51-1111 FAX 0568-52-1505

Page 7: Difference in the Reaction to Stimuli between Chinese and

Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci.    Vol.34, No.1, March 2016 The 41st Symposium on Life information Science

March 19-20, 2016, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

52

が確認された。一方、日本人では単なるリズムにそ

れ程快感を得ることがないようである。 聴覚刺激の静かな音楽や賑やかな音楽に対する両

国の学生の反応は、全体として同じような傾向を示

した。 運動系の刺激である足上げについても、どちらも

全体として似たような反応を示した。ただし、安静

状態で緊張気味な被験者 Bが比較的リラックスして

いる傾向が見られた。 中国人に見てもらった喜劇と恐怖映画に対する反

応は、どちらもほとんど変わらなかった。ユーモア

や怖いという感情は、多分に文化的なものであり、

文化の相違がこうした反応に表れているものと考え

る。Fig. 4 に比較した結果を示す。日本人が喜劇に対

してリラックスでき、恐怖映画に対して緊張するの

と対照的な結果であった。 頭脳系のうち、中国人に中国古典と日本のニュー

ス、日本人に対して英字新聞を読む刺激を与えた時

の反応を Fig. 5 に示す。(a)と(b)は中国人留学生が読

んでいるときの反応であるが、どちらの図も非常に

似ており、同様な反応を示していることが分かる。

母国語である中国語でも、古典は日本語と同じく外

国語なのかもしれない。一方、日本人の英字新聞を

読むときの反応は、比較的リラックスできており、

長年の英語教育により、読むことへの緊張感が緩和

されているものと考えられる。 各種刺激に対する反応を安静時に対する比率で示

す。Fig. 6 には LF/HF 値の比率を Fig. 7 には心拍数

の比率を示した。 Fig. 6 から、安静時と刺激を受けているときの

LF/HF 値が大きく異なっていることが分かる。特に、

日本人学生において顕著であり、光の点滅と足上げ

で大きくなった。全員が安静時よりもリラックスで

きたのは、コミックを読んでいるときだけであった。

中国人留学生では、恐怖映画と光の点滅でリラック

スするものが多かった。しかし、中国語の読みが日

本語の読みと同じ程度の緊張を伴い、喜劇と足上げ

が同じように緊張をもたらしていた。音楽は 2 種類

(クラシック音楽とロック音楽)ともリラックス効

果があることが分かった。 Fig. 7 では、中国人留学生が全員同じような心拍

数の変動示していることが分かる。足上げや中国古

典と日本語ニュースの読みで心拍数が増加するのは

容易に推測できるが、音楽で LF/HF 値と反対に心拍

数が増加したことは意外であった。ただし、この傾

向は日本人学生でも同じであった。日本人学生の場

合、足上げと英字新聞で同じような傾向であったが、

それ以外では個人ごとに大きく異なっており、心拍

数変動の多様性が見られた。

4.まとめ 刺激に対する中国人留学生と日本人学生の反応の

違いについて検討した。その結果、中国人学生にと

って恐怖映画では緊張しないこと、および喜劇でリ

ラックスしないことが分かった。これは日本人学生

とは真逆であり、文化的な環境が影響していると考

えられる。また、安静状態は日本人学生にはリラッ

クスできる状態であるが、アクティブな中国人留学

生には必ずしもそうではなかった。逆に、周期的点

滅光は中国人留学生にはリラックスできる刺激であ

るが、日本人学生には緊張する刺激であった。音楽

はどちらの民族にもリラックス状態を実現できる刺

激であった。特に、静かな音楽(クラシック音楽)

は効果的であった。 被験者数が少なかったので、今後はもっと多くの

被験者で検討する必要がある。

参考文献 1) Aoki T. and Adachi Y.: Influence of Jasmine Fragrance on

Heartbeat Fluctuation, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 24(1), pp.121-123, 2006.

2) Adachi Y., Aoki T., and Suzuki S.: Influence of Three Kinds of Stimuli on Pulse Wave Shape - Music, Flashing light, and Perfume -, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 26(1), pp.99-102, 2008.

3) Aoki T., Adachi Y., and Suzuki S.: Influence of Periodically Flashing Light Stimulation on Heartbeat Fluctuation and Pyodoraku Electrodermal Activities, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 26(1), pp.89-93, 2008.

4) Adachi Y., Aoki T., and Suzuki S.: Analysis of a Pulse Wave Fractal under Various Stimulations, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 27(1), pp. 55-58, 2009.

5) Aoki T., Adachi Y., Suzuki S.; Influence of Music Stimulation on Heartbeat Fluctuation, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 27(1), pp. 48-51, 2009.

6) Adachi Y.: Change in Relaxation Level by Various Stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 29(1), pp.82-84, 2011.

7) Adachi Y.: Chaotic Analysis of Biological Reactions Originating from Various Stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 30(1), pp. 61-65, 2012.

8) Adachi Y. and Sasayama Y.: Characterization of Various Stimuli with Fingertip Pulse Waves, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 32(1), pp. 64-69, 2014.

9) Adachi Y.: Measurement of Time-Dependent Stress Levels by Wavelet Analysis, IIAI-AAI, pp. 948-953, 2014.

10) Adachi Y., Sasayama Y., and Uesugi K.: Wavelet analysis of the pulse waveform change due to three types of stimuli, J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci., 33(1), pp. 53-58, 2015.

(Fig.1 – 7 英文頁参照)