DIFFERENT ROADS:DIFFERENT ROADS:Personal Mobility in the 21st CenturyPersonal Mobility in the 21st Century

DIFFERENT ROADS:DIFFERENT ROADS:Personal Mobility in the 21st CenturyPersonal Mobility in the 21st Century

byby

Robert Q. RileyRobert Q. Riley

Ford hybrid-electric concept car

GROWING DEMAND DRIVES WEALTH TO OIL-RICH REGIONS

GROWING DEMAND DRIVES WEALTH TO OIL-RICH REGIONS

-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

BillionBarrels

Total Remaining

Total Recovered

Un

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Total Oil Recovered Since 1859 & Total Remaining as of 1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

CARS IN REST OF WORLD

CARS IN U.S.

Developing World 300% Increase 1995 to 2020

WORLD CAR POPULATION

Million

GREENHOUSE EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE EMISSIONS& GLOBAL WARMING& GLOBAL WARMING

GREENHOUSE EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE EMISSIONS& GLOBAL WARMING& GLOBAL WARMING

IndustrialProcesses

10.9%

Fuel Combustion5.5%

Miscellaneous10.9%

Transportation 76.6%

Source of U.S. COSource of U.S. CO22 Emissions Emissions19971997

Global Carbon EmissionsGlobal Carbon Emissions1820 to 20201820 to 2020

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

202019801940190018601820

ProjectedHistory

OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLEMOBILITY

OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLEMOBILITY

TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Battery Electric CarsBattery Electric Cars Hybrid Power SystemsHybrid Power Systems Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles

DESIGN SOLUTIONS New Vehicle TypesNew Vehicle Types

SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS Station CarsStation Cars Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)

XR-3 Tilting Three Wheel Vehicle Concept

Robert Q. Riley Enterprises

Product Design Affects Product Design Affects

Attitudes & LifestylesAttitudes & Lifestyles

BATTERY-ELECTRIC VEHICLESBATTERY-ELECTRIC VEHICLES

NiHM Battery NiHM Battery (Ovonic & SAFT)(Ovonic & SAFT)

Lithium-Ion Battery Lithium-Ion Battery (SAFT)(SAFT)

Lithium-Polymer BatteryLithium-Polymer Battery (3M & Hydro-Quebec)(3M & Hydro-Quebec) Ovonic NiMH Battery Pack

NiMH = 150 mile range on a 1,000 pound battery pack

Lithium-Polymer = 300 mile range on a 450 pound battery pack

300-Mile Range on 450-lb Battery Pack

Solid State Design No Liquid Electrolyte Packaged in a Variety

of Shapes

LITHIUM BATTERY COUPLELITHIUM BATTERY COUPLE

Developed by 3M & Hydro Quebec

FEATURES OF LPB

HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLESHYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Combustion HybridsCombustion Hybrids

Charge-DepletingCharge-Depleting

Charge-SustainingCharge-Sustaining Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles

Pure HydrogenPure Hydrogen

Reformed HydrogenReformed Hydrogen

Direct MethanolDirect Methanol

Early Quincy-Lynn charge-depleting hybrid (circa 1980)

Ford Hybrid Concept Car

PRODUCTION HYBRIDSPRODUCTION HYBRIDS

Honda Insight, courtesy American Honda

61 mpg City61 mpg City 71 mpg Highway71 mpg Highway 1.0-Liter Gasoline Engine 1.0-Liter Gasoline Engine 10kw Electric Motor10kw Electric Motor Regenerative BrakingRegenerative Braking NiMH Batteries (144v)NiMH Batteries (144v)

Honda Insight with Integrated Motor AssistHonda Insight with Integrated Motor Assist

FUEL CELL VEHICLESReacts Oxygen From Air With On-Board

Hydrogen

FUEL CELL VEHICLESReacts Oxygen From Air With On-Board

Hydrogen

Ford Focus FC5 Fuel Cell Concept Car

Runs on Hydrogen By-Product is Water Up to Twice as Efficient as ICE Hydrogen Can Come From a Variety of Carrier Fuels

DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLDIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1

OTTO

CYCLE

DIESEL

CYCLE

DIRECT

METHANOL

FUEL CELL

EFFICIENCY IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONHYDROGEN PEM FUEL CELL STACK

DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS ARE LESS COMPLEX AND MAY BE MORE EFFICIENT THAN PURE HYDROGEN PEM CELLS

EXPECTED

LIFESTYLE VEHICLES“Design” Alone Can Affect Energy Intensity

LIFESTYLE VEHICLES“Design” Alone Can Affect Energy Intensity

Chrysler’s Jeepster Concept Vehicle

VW Beetle

Smart Car

High Energy Intensity

Lower Energy Intensity

Lowest Energy Intensity

PERSONAL URBAN COMMUTERThree-Wheel Platform Provides Product

Differentiation

PERSONAL URBAN COMMUTERThree-Wheel Platform Provides Product

Differentiation

100 mpg City 70 mph 800 lb Curb Weight Side-by-Side Seating

SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER CARS

Lower Energy Intensity

Fewer Harmful Emissions

Improved Traffic Flow

Increases Parking Capacity� Less Hazardous to Pedestrians

SPECIFICATIONS FOR

ICE-POWERED CAR

TRIMUTER

Quincy-Lynn Enterprises, 1979

OUTSIDE-THE-BOX IDEAS IN VEHICLE DESIGNOUTSIDE-THE-BOX IDEAS IN VEHICLE DESIGN

Zark 1500 design study by Paul Morrow

Mercedes F300 Life Jet

Vandenbrink Carver

TILTING THREE-WHEELERS

PROJECT 32 SLALOM Tilting Three-WheelerTilting Three-Wheeler

PROJECT 32 SLALOM Tilting Three-WheelerTilting Three-Wheeler

Courtesy Transit InnovationsCourtesy Transit Innovations - - www.www. p32fun.comp32fun.com

1000-lb curb weight Leans into curves for greater cornering power Little or no side force on occupants Seats two side-by-side Electric or ICE Power

FeaturesFeatures

HUMAN POWERED VEHICLESHUMAN POWERED VEHICLES

Human Powered Vehicles Human Powered Vehicles Are Lifestyle VehiclesAre Lifestyle Vehicles

Energy-Efficient Personal Energy-Efficient Personal Transportation Can Be Transportation Can Be Lifestyle Driven as Well Lifestyle Driven as Well as Technology Drivenas Technology Driven

Ground Hugger XR2 Recumbent Bicycle - www. rqriley.com

Courtesy Bicycle Transportation Systems, Inc.

www.biketrans.com

Cars charged and maintained by fleet operator.

Users billed monthly. Available at colleges, apartment & office

complexes, shopping centers & transit stations.

Individual vehicles are better utilized. Transit systems becomes more usable.

STATION CARSA Subsystem of Mass Transit Systems

STATION CARSA Subsystem of Mass Transit Systems

National Station Car Association - www.stncar.com

FEATURES

Honda ICVS City Pal

Station Car

Bay Area Rapid Transit District

Prototype Station Car

Toyota E-Com

PERSONAL MOBILITY AS A COMMODITYPERSONAL MOBILITY AS A COMMODITY

SkyTran PRT System - www.skytran.net

Keeps Private cars Out of Cities Downtown Land Better Utilized Pedestrians Not Mixed With Motorized Traffic No Local Emissions Traffic Noise Eliminated Superior Energy Efficiency

PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT (PRT)

PERSONAL MOBILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

PERSONAL MOBILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Advanced Power Systems New Materials for Lower Mass New Ideas in Vehicle Design,

Packaging, and Personality Subsystems for Transit Systems Personal Mobility Ultimately

Becomes a Commodity

GM’s Ultralite Carbon Fiber Car

GM’s Ultralite 1400-lb Curb Weight 81 mpg Highway 0-60 mph in 7.8 sec Seats Four