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William playfair (1786 –bar diagram)

(1801-pie chart)

Bar diagramTHE TERM ‘BAR’ IS USED FOR A THICK

WIDE LINE.THE WIDTH OF THE BAR SHOWN MERELY TO MAKE THE DIAGRAM ;

MORE ATTRACTIVE BEAUTIFULL, AND EXPLANATORY

BARS MAY BE VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL NO RIGID RULES CAN BE CITED FOR

PREFERRING VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL POSITION WHICH EVER THE PLAN, SAME RULE IS USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF BAR DIAGRAMS

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING BAR DIAGRAMS 1.IT IS BETTER TO CONSTRUCT A DIAGRAM ON A GRAPH

PAPER ,IN AS MUCH AS IT FACILITATE ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE OF THE BAR,AND FACILITATE THE IR COMPARISON

2.ALL BARS ARE DRAWN IN A SINGLE STUDY SHOULD BE OF THE SAME WIDTH.

3.THE DIFFERENT BAR SHOULD BE SEPERATED BY EQUAL DISTANCE .THIS GIVES IT A PLEASING EFFECT

4.ALL THE BARS SHOULD BE REST ON A SAME LINE CALLED THE BASE

5.THE BAR SHOULD BE ARRANGED FROM LEFT TO RIGHT (or from top to bottom in the case of horizontal position)

6.THE SCALE CAPTION,OR DESIGNATION MUST BE WRITTEN ON THE TOP OF THE DIAGRAM

7.ALL DIAGRAM SHOULD BE DRAWN ON SUCH A SCALE SO AS TO SHOW MOST EFFECTIVELY THE VARIABLE UNDER STUDY

SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM

A SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM IS A ONE DIMENTIONAL DIAGRAM IN WHICH THE BARS REPRESENTS THE WHOLE OF MAGNITUDE

(QUESTION:-THE BIRTH RATE OF FEW COUNTRIESOF THE WORLD.IN THIS ;THE FIGURES THE BARS ARE IN VERTICAL POSITION)

SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM OR VERTICAL BAR DIAGRAM -(BIRTH RATE OF FEW COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD)

MALA

YSIA IRAN

MEXICO

LIBYA

KENYA

SWEDEN

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Chart Title

BIRTH RATE

COUNTRY BIRTH RATE

MALAYSIA 40

IRAN 33

MEXICO 30

LIBYA 20

KENYA 16

SWEDEN 15

HORIZONTAL BAR DIAGRAM IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO DRAW

HORIZONTAL BAR DIAGRAM .. WHICH MEANS THAT THE LONGER THE BAR,LARGER THE CATEGORY.

IT IS AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF PRESENTING DATA WHEN THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES HAVE LONG TITLES,THAT WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO INCLUDE BELOW A VERTICAL BAR.(OR WHEN THERE ARE LARGE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES) AND THERE IS ENOUGH SPACE TO FIT ALL COLOUMN REQUIRED FOR A VERTICAL BAR CHART ACROSS THE PAGE

HORIZONTAL BAR DIAGRAM

MALAYSIA

IRAN

MEXICO

LIBYA

KENYA

SWEDEN

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

BIRTH RATE

BIRTH RATE

SUB DIVIDED BARDIAGRAM THE BARDIAGRAM USED TO EXHIBIT

THE DIVISIONS OF WHOLE IN TO COMPARTMENTS(THE GIVEN MAGNITUDE CAN BE DIVIDED IN TO SUB DIVISIONS OR A SIPLE BAR MAY BE SUBDIVIDED IN THE RATIO OF THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS TO EXHIBIT THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PART S TOTHE WHOLE)

IT SHOULD REMEMBERED THAT THE ORDER IN WHICH THE COMPONENTS ARE SHOWN IN A BAR IS FOLLOWED IN ALL THE BARS USED IN THE DIAGRAM

THE QUANTITY OF WHEAT,BARLEY,OATS DURING THE YEAR OF 2011-2014

YEARS WHEAT BARLEY OATS

2011 34 18 27

2012 43 14 24

2013 43 16 27

2014 45 13 34

THE QUANTITY OF WHEAT, BARLEY ,OATS DURING THE YEAR OF 2011-2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

SUB DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM

OATSBARLEYWHEAT

PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM THIS IS THE BARDIAGRAM

CONSTRUCTED ON PERCENTAGE BASIS

THIS DIAGRAM IS USEFUL WHEN RELATIVE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES IN THE SIZE OF THEIR COMPONENTS ARE TO BE HIGHLIGHTED

IN THIS TYPE A SINGLE BAR MAY BE DIVIDED INTO TWO OR MORE THAN TWO COMPONENTS

PERCENTAGE DIAGRAM (monthly expenditure of two families)

FAMILY 1 500 RSINCOME % CUM %

FOOD 140 28 28

CLOTHING 80 16 44

RENT 100 20 64

EDUCATION 30 6 70

FUEL 40 8 78

ELECTRICITY 40 8 86

SAVINGS 70 14 100

FAMILY 2 800 RS

INCOME % CUM %FOOD 240 30 30

CLOTHING 160 20 50

RENT 120 15 65

EDUCATION 80 10 75

FUEL 40 5 80

ELECTRICITY 80 10 90

SAVINGS 80 10 100

PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM

FAMILY 1 FAMILY 20%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

SAVINGELECTRICITYFUELEDUCATIONRENTCLOTHINGF00D

MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM IN MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM TWO OR

MORE SETS OF DATA INTER-RELATED ARE PRESENTED

THE TECHINIQUE OF DRAWING DIAGRAM IS THAT OF A SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM

THE DIFFERENT BAR ARE DIFFERENTIATED USING DIFFERENT COLOURS,SHADES,DOTS,OR CROSSING

MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAMYEARS IMPORTS EXPORTS

2010 7930 4260

2011 8850 5225

2012 9780 6150

2013 11720 7340

2014 12150 8145

MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM(MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING IMPORTS &EXPORTS FOR THE YEAR 2010-2014)

2010 2011 2012 2013 20140

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

importsexports

Bilateral bar diagram

BILATERAL CHARTS,ALSO CALLED “GAIN OR LOSS”CHARTS;EMPLOY BARS TO SHOW PLUS AND MINUS DIRECTION FROM THE POINT OF REFERENCE.

PIE DIAGRAM PIE DIAGRAM REPRESENT BY MEANS

OF SECTORS AND CIRCLES,WHERE THE ANGLE OF SECTORS ARE PROPOTIONAL TOTHE RESPECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS

PERCENTAGE=FREQUENCY/TOTAL X100

DEGREE=FREQUENCY/TOTAL X360

HOW TO CONSTRUCT PIE DIAGRAM

• GATHER YOUR NUMERICAL DATA AND LABEL INFORMATION AND WRITE IT DOWN WITH ONE DATA POINT PER LINE

• ADD THE DATA ALL TOGETHER CALCULATETHE TOTAL .THIS NUMBER WILL BE DENOMINATOR

• CALCULATE THE % OF THE TOTAL FOR EACH DATA POINT BY DIVIDING EACH ONE BY THE DENOMINATOR CALCULATED .

• CALCULATE THE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM BY MULTIPLY WITH 360

• USE MATHEMATICAL COMPASS TO DRAW DATA• DRAW THE RADIUS• USE PROTRACTER TO POSITION THE ANGLE• DRAW EACH SECTION• COLOUR EACH SEGMENT

PIE DIAGRAMDISEASE FREQUENCY

(NO .DIED)PERCENTAGE DEGREE

CANCER 18 36 129.6

TB 13 26 93.6

DENGUE FEVER 4 8 28.8

CHOLERA 15 30 108

TOTAL 50 100 360

PIE DIAGRAM

(FREQUENCY)

CANCERTBDENGUECHOLERA

THANK YOU