Differential Diagnosis of Digestive Tract Disorders

DR. O. M. RADOSTITSDepartment o f Veterinary Clinical Studies

Western College o f Veterinary Medicine University o f Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

The Causes of Manifestations of Diseases of Alimentary Tract of Cattle

1. InanitionChronic disease (Anorexia or malabsorption)

2. Dehydration Acute diseaseSevere enteritis, intestinal accident and obstruction of forestomachs and abomasum resulting in loss of fluid from body or accumulation within gastrointestinal tract.

3. Shock Peracute diseaseSevere intestinal or gastric accident Accute diffuse peritonitis D-lactic acidosis

4. Abdominal Pain Usually subacuteDistention of stomachs and intestines Peritonitis

5. Abnormalities of Prehension, Mastication and SwallowingStomatitis Painful teeth Pharyngeal lesions Esophageal disease

6 . Alterations in Fecesa. Diarrhea

EnteritisIndigestible nutrients Congestive heart failure

b. ConstipationTrue constipation not common

c. Scant Feces

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Partial obstruction Inappetence - Anorexia

7. TachicardiaSevere acid-base imbalance, toxemia and dehydration

8. Fever Peritonitis Enteritis

9. Cud-droppingPainful teethDiseases of esophagus, reticulum and rumen causing abnormalities in regurgitation.

10 . V om itingNot common in cattle

11. Hem orrhage Abomasal - Black feces Intestinal - Brown - Black feces Colonic - Pink fecesRectal - Bright red feces

12. T enesm us Disease of rectum Intestinal obstructions

13. D isten tion (Accumulation of fluid, gas or ingesta)Defects in motor functionTrapping of normal gases of fermentation in frothy bloat. Obstruction of forestomachs and abomasum Obstruction of large colon Peritonitis

14. A bnorm alities o f M otor F u n ctionHypermotility - enteritis

- distention of stomachs or intestines Hypomotility - obstruction

- paralytic ileus- peritonitis

15 . A bnorm alities o f D igestive F unctionChanges in ruminal pH, protozoan activity, ruminal bacteria due to lack of feed, excessive substrate or toxic agents.

Clinical Examination of the Alimentary Tract of Ruminant Cattle

1. Historya. Time of Occurrence

Pregnant and dry Recent parturition AnytimeSeason of the year

b. Nature of Ration Consistency Composition

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c. Speed of Onsetd. Response to Treatment Systemic StateTemperature, pulse, respiration ToxemiaWeakness - recumbency State of hydration Acid-base imbalance Visual Inspection of Abdomen Shape, Size and Symmetry of Abdomen

NormalDistended - Asymmetrical

- SymmetricalGauntness

Close Examination of Left Side of Abdomen Palpation

Rumen - Ingesta Fluid Gas

AuscultationPrimary and secondary contractions of reticulo rumen

Percussion RumenLeft-sided displacement of abomasum

Rumen ContentsRumen juice pH Protozoan activity

Close Examination of Right Abdomen PalpationPercussion and Auscultation

Upper half Lower half Distended abomasum Torsion coiled colon Torsion of cecum Gravid uterus Ventral sac of rumen Enlarged liver

Presence of Abdominal PainGrunt on percussion or deep palpation just posterior to xiphoid sternum or anywhere over abdomen.Rectal Exploration Four quadrants of abdomen Amount and character of feces Palpate in Normal State

Rectal wall Rumen

8 .

9.

10.

11.

12 .

Kidneys Lymph nodes Uterus Peritoneum

Palpate in Abnormal State Rectal wallRumen - distended and distortedAbomasum - distention andimpactionCecal torsionTorsion of coiled colonSmall Intestines - distentionPeritoneum - adhesionsKidney - enlargementUreters - enlargedUterus - Hydrops

Exploratory LaparotomyAnterior

right-sided displacement

Direction

From left flankRumenSpleenReticulumDiaphragm

From right flankDuodenum Greater omentum LiverAbomasumOmasum

PosteriorDirection

Kidney - UreterUterusIntestinesLiver - Gall Bladder Abomasum

ParacentesisPeritoneal fluidStomach and intestinal fluidRectal BiopsyClinical PathologyHemogramSerum biochemistryTerminate PregnancyNormal parturitionCaesarean sectionInduce parturition

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■ t S rv lO F R C D E IS J■ L A B O R A T T D R I E S

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