differentials in mortality
TRANSCRIPT
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Mortality
Regional differences
Urban and rural
differentials
Social statusdifferentials
Gender differentials
Important agedifferentials
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Regional Differences in Mortality
There are significant differences in mortality
among regions and countries in the world. Thesemay be attributable to various things such as theepidemiological transition or the societal wealthof a particular region.
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Death rates
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List of countries by death rates
1 Angola 23.40
2 Afghanistan 17.39
3 South Africa 17.09
4 Nigeria 16.06
5 Russia 16.046 Ukraine 15.74
7 Chad 15.47
8 Guinea-Bissau 15.27
9 Lesotho 15.1910 Central African
Republic 15.01
11 Somalia 14.87
12 Swaziland 14.60
13 Bulgaria 14.32
14 Mali 14.29
15 Niger 14.1116 Serbia 13.85
17 Belarus 13.77
18 Latvia 13.60
19 Zimbabwe 13.5820 Estonia 13.55
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List of countries by death rates
39 Germany 10.92
40 Japan 10.09
41 Italy 9.84
89 USA 8.38105 Canada 7.98
131 Hong Kong 7.07
132 China 7.03
133 Yemen 7.02
134 Taiwan 7.00
185 Philippines 5.02
188 Singapore 4.95
189 Malaysia 4.93
220 Jordan 2.69221 Bahrain 2.61
222 Qatar 2.43
223 Kuwait 2.11
224 UAE 2.06
World 8.12
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Death rates
Whether a country or a region has a high or
low death rate can be attributed to factors
such as its societal wealth, the advancement
in its medical technology, its health issues or
the age structure of its population.
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Life Expectancy
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List of countries by life expectancy
Country Overall Male Female
1 Monaco 89.73 85.77 93.84
2 Macau 84.41 81.45 87.52
3 San Marino 83.01 80.50 85.74
4 Andorra 82.43 80.35 84.64
5 Japan 82.25 78.96 85.72
6 Guernsey 82.16 79.50 84.95
7 Singapore 82.14 79.53 84.96
8 Hong Kong 82.04 79.32 84.979 Australia 81.81 79.40 84.35
10 Italy 81.77 79.16 84.53
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List of countries by life expectancy
Country Overall Male Female
11 Jersey 81.38 78.96 83.94
12 Canada 81.38 78.81 84.10
13 France 81.19 78.02 84.54
14 Spain 81.17 78.16 84.37
15 Switzerland 81.07 78.24 84.05
16 Sweden 81.07 78.78 83.51
17 Israel 80.96 78.79 83.24
18 Iceland 80.90 78.72 83.1719 Anguilla 80.87 78.32 83.51
20 Bermuda 80.71 77.49 83.99
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List of countries by life expectancy
Country Overall Male Female
44 European Union 78.82 75.70 82.13
50 USA 78.37 75.92 80.93
133 Philippines 71.66 68.72 74.74
160 World 67.07 65.21 69.05
162 Russia 66.29 59.80 73.17
216 South Africa 49.33 50.24 48.39
218 Swaziland 48.66 48.93 48.39
219 Chad 48.33 47.28 49.43220 Nigeria 47.56 46.76 48.41
221 Afghanistan 45.02 44.79 45.25
222 Angola 38.76 37.74 39.83
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Life expectancy
Whether a country or a region has a high or
low life expectancy can be attributed to
factors such as its societal wealth, the
advancement in its medical technology, itshealth issues, cultural practices and lifestyles
of its people.
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Regional Differences in Mortality
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Urban and Rural Differentials
More than a century
ago, urban areas
generally have lower life
expectancies and higherdeath rates due to
unfavorable living
conditions.
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Urban and Rural Differentials
For example, *i]n 1851, a boy born in inner
Liverpool had a life expectancy of only 26
years, compared with a boy born in the small
market town of Okehampton, who couldexpect to live to 57. (Daunton, 2004)
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Urban and Rural Differentials
Death rate in 19th century London was
high: 1840s: 25.2 per 1,000; 1850s: 23.6 per
1,000; 1860s: 24.3 per thousand. (Brown,
2004)
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Urban and Rural Differentials
However, urban areas benefited more from
the advances in medicine, sanitation and the
environment than the rural areas.
This led to better living conditions in the
urban areas.
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Urban and Rural Differentials
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Social Status Differentials
Even in mortality, there
are social status
inequalities.
Those who have betterstatuses in the society
are generally at lower
risk of death and may
expect a longer life.
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Social Status Differentials
On the other hand, those who have lower
statuses are at greater risk.
Moreover, Marx attributed the higher death
rate in the working classes to the evils of
capitalism and argued that mortality
differentials would disappear in a socialist
society. (pp. 191)
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Occupational Differentials
On average, laborers have higher mortality
rates than professional men and women.
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics,
the most dangerous jobs in the US include
fishers, timber cutters and loggers, and
aircraft pilots and engineers in 2009.
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Occupational Differentials
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Social Status Differentials: Occupation
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Occupational Differentials
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Income and Education
There is an inverse relationship between
income and mortality as well as between
educational attainment and mortality.
Poor and poorly educated generally have
lower life expectancies.
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Race and Ethnicity
In most societies, the
dominance of some
groups and the
subordination of othersgenerally put the
subordinated ones in a
socially and
economicallydisadvantaged position.
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Race and Ethnicity
Thus, subordinated
groups generally have
higher risks at death
and lower lifeexpectancies
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Life expectancy by race and ethnicity
in the USARace/ethnicity Females Males
Total population 74.5 79.8
White, non-Hispanic 75.0 80.1
Black, non-Hispanic 68.4 75.3
Hispanic 77.6 83.4
Asian/Pacific Islander 82.0 87.2
American Indian 77.0 82.2
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Marital Status
It is said that married
people tend to live
longer than married
people. There are two possible
explanations:
Marriage is selective of
healthy people.
Marriage is good for the
health.
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Is marriage good for the health?
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Social Status Differentials
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Sex and Gender Differentials
Sex differences in
mortality are said to be
strictly biological while
gender differentials aresocial.
Generally, women live
longer than men do.
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Maternal Mortality
However, unlike men,
women are at risk at
maternal death.
The probability that anaverage woman in the
world will die from
complications in
pregnancy is 1 in 75.
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Maternal Mortality
In Canada, 1 in 7 700
In the USA, 1 in 3 500
In Mexico, 1 in 220
In sub-Saharan Africa, 1
in 11
In Afghanistan and
Sierra Leone, 1 in 7
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Sex and Gender Differentials
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Age Differentials
Like other animals,
humans are considered
more vulnerable to
death at certain ages. The very young and the
old are the ones with
the highest mortality
rates compared withthose in the middle.
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Age Differentials
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Rectangularization of Mortality
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Rectangularization of Mortality
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Sources
Main reference:
Weeks, John. Population. 9th ed. 2005
Data on death rates and life expectancies by
country https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook
London Great Stink and Victorian Urban Planning
(Martin Daunton, 2004) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/victorian_britain/s
ocial_conditions/victorian_urban_planning_01.shtml
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Sources
The City in European History: London in 19th
Century (Robert Brown, 2004)
http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.ht
ml
Other sources: see notes. :-D
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