difficult road to mars
TRANSCRIPT
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The Difficult Road to Mars
A Br ief History of Mars Explorat ion in the Sov iet Union
By V.G. Perminov
Monographs in Aerospace History
Number 15
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National Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationHeadquarters
Washington, DC 20546
The Difficult Road to Mars
A Br ief History of Mars Explorat ion in the Sov iet Union
By V.G. Perminov
A Jo in t Pub l ica t ion o f theNASA H is tory D iv i s ion
Of f ice o f Po l icy and P lansand Of f ice o f Space Sc ience
MONOGRAPHS IN AEROSPACE HISTORYNumber 15Ju l y 1999
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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 1 Pioneers of Space Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7G"G %'+F&90 G6 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " U
G"R %'+F&90 R6L " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " W
Chapter 2 Space Marathon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11R"G [+'+2&,^ D')7(81 .*3 D'.4&3? " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GG
R"R C1.22&*4&/ &* _+70& 0+ 6.'/ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GZR"V D1& =&9+*3 #&*&'.0)+* +5 01& =8.9&9'.50 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GO
Chapter 3 Project M-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19V"G D1& `)'/0 !&'/)+* +5 01& %'&2)()*.'? J&/)4*" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GH
V"R D1& =&9+*3 !&'/)+* +5 01& %'&2)()*.'? J&/)4* " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " RG
V"V D1& #+,&'*(&*0 J&9)/)+* =1+723 L& T99+(82)/1&3 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " RV
V"Z D1& N*
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Chapter 5 The Last Thrust to Mars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 6 How to Deliver Martian Soil? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67O"G %'+F&90 IQ6" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " OUO"R %'+F&90 I6 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " UG
O"V D1& C+*0)*7.0)+* .*3 01& X*3 +5 01& I6 %'+F&90" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " UV
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Monographs in Aerospace History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4 The Difficult Road to Mars
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2.1 Korolev: Triumph and TragedyM* 01& 2.0& GHIPE/ .*3 01& &.'2? GHOPE/B N[LKGB 1&.3&3
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14 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 2: Space Marathon 15
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19
3.1 The First Version of the Preliminary DesignD1& &@1.7/0)*4 -+'; +5
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20 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 3: Project M-69 21
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22 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 3: Project M-69 23
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24 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 3: Project M-69 25
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26 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 3: Project M-69 27
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28 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 3: Project M-69 29
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30 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 3: Project M-69 31
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34 The Difficult Road to Mars
4.1 The Optional Routes to MarsD1& ?&.' GHUG -./ +*& +5 9+*F7*90)+*B -1&* X.'01 .*3 6.'/ -&'& .0 . ()*)(7(3)/0.*9& 5'+( &.91 +01&'" D1.0 1.88&*/ +*9& )* GI 0+ GU ?&.'/ .*3 )/ . ,&'? 5.,+'K
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Chapter 4: Project M-71 35
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36 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 4: Project M-71 37
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Chapter 4: Project M-71 39
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40 The Difficult Road to Mars
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Chapter 4: Project M-71 41
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Chapter 4: Project M-71 47
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