Shelby County ATCMedical TerminologySherry Allen

ObjectivesObjectivesLabel the major organs of the digestive systemLabel the major organs of the digestive systemCite two functions of the salivary glandsCite two functions of the salivary glandsDescribe how gastric juices act on foodDescribe how gastric juices act on foodExplain how food is absorbed into the body by the Explain how food is absorbed into the body by the

villi in the small intestinevilli in the small intestineList at least three functions of the large intestineList at least three functions of the large intestineList four functions of the liverList four functions of the liverExplain how the pancreas helps digest foodsExplain how the pancreas helps digest foodsDescribe at least 5 diseases of the digestive systemDescribe at least 5 diseases of the digestive systemSpell, Define and Pronounce all Key TermsSpell, Define and Pronounce all Key Terms

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive SystemAlso called the:Also called the:

Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)Alimentary canalAlimentary canal

FunctionFunction::Break down foodBreak down foodPrepare it for absorptionPrepare it for absorptionEliminate wasteEliminate waste

Mouth

Salivary glands

Stomach

Pancreas (behind stomach)Large intestine

Small intestine

Rectum

Gallbladder (behind liver)

Liver

Esophagus

Pharynx

The Process of DigestionThe Process of DigestionTwo types of digestion:Two types of digestion: MechanicalMechanical - physical breakdown of food - physical breakdown of food ChemicalChemical - chemical breakdown of food - chemical breakdown of food

A.A. Oral (Buccal) cavity Oral (Buccal) cavity - The Mouth- The Mouth

1.1. Teeth – begins the mechanical digestionTeeth – begins the mechanical digestion

2.2. Saliva – contains digestive enzymes that Saliva – contains digestive enzymes that help begin the chemical digestive processhelp begin the chemical digestive process

B.B.Hard palate Hard palate – anterior roof of the mouth– anterior roof of the mouth

C.C.Soft palate Soft palate – posterior roof of the mouth– posterior roof of the mouth

PharynxPharynx – back of the throat – back of the throatEsophagusEsophagus – carries food from the pharynx to – carries food from the pharynx to

the stomachthe stomachStomachStomach – saclike structure located in the left – saclike structure located in the left

upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae (folds) (folds) 3 main parts:3 main parts:

FundusFundus – upper part – upper part BodyBody-large central part-large central part PylorusPylorus-funnel shaped part at the lower -funnel shaped part at the lower

end of the stomachend of the stomach Chemical Digestion Chemical Digestion – hydrochloric acid and – hydrochloric acid and

enzymesenzymes Mechanical DigestionMechanical Digestion

Small IntestinesSmall Intestines• 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric

sphincter to the large intestinessphincter to the large intestines• Consists of 3 parts:Consists of 3 parts:

• Duodenum – upper most part – approx. 10 Duodenum – upper most part – approx. 10 inches longinches long

• Jejunum – middle part - approx. 8 feet longJejunum – middle part - approx. 8 feet long• Ileum – lower part - approx. 12 feet longIleum – lower part - approx. 12 feet long

Digestion is completed here along Digestion is completed here along with enzymes from the pancreas with enzymes from the pancreas and liver and liver

Contains finger-like projections Contains finger-like projections called villi that aid in absorption called villi that aid in absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream of nutrients into the bloodstream

Small Intestine Villus

Circular folds

Villi

Epithelial cells

Capillaries

Lacteal

Vein

Artery

Section 38-2

Large IntestinesLarge IntestinesPassageway for waste products beginning at the Passageway for waste products beginning at the

end of the ileum and extending to the anusend of the ileum and extending to the anusAbout 5 feet in lengthAbout 5 feet in lengthFunction is to absorb water and minerals and Function is to absorb water and minerals and

eliminate wasteeliminate wasteCecum – 2-3 inchesCecum – 2-3 inchesAppendix – small appendageAppendix – small appendageAscending colonAscending colonTransverse colonTransverse colonDescending colonDescending colonSigmoid colonSigmoid colonRectumRectumAnus Anus

Liver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Bile duct

Pancreas

Pancreatic duct

To small intestine

Diseases of the Digestive SystemDiseases of the Digestive System

AppendicitisAppendicitisCholecystitisCholecystitisCirrhosisCirrhosisConstipationConstipationDiarrheaDiarrheaDiverticulitisDiverticulitisGastroenteritisGastroenteritisHemorrhoidsHemorrhoidsHepatitisHepatitisHerniaHernia

Hernia

•Protusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained•Inguinal - groin•Umbilical - umbilicus•Diaphragmatic - abdomen•Hiatal - abdomen•S/S

•Varies according to site•Tx

•Surgical repair

Hemorrhoids

•Enlarged veins in the anal canal caused by pressure from straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, prolonged sitting•S/S

•Bleeding, pain, itching•Tx

•Cold compresses•Stool softeners•Analgesic ointments•Surgical removal

Hepatitis

•Inflammation of the liver•Hepatitis A - Infectious Hepatitis •Hepatitis B or C - Serum Hepatitis

•S/S•Hepatitis A – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea•Hepatitis B, C – possible flu-like symptoms, by may remain asymptomatic for years•Both - Jaundice

•Tx•Hepatitis A – no specific tx available •Hepatitis B- vaccination or immune globulin after exposure

Diverticulitis

•Small, blisterlike pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestines and may balloon through the intestinal wall•S/S

•Usually asymptomatic unless they become inflamed •Pain in the LLQ, extreme constipation, or diarrhea, fever, occasional blood in the stool

•Tx•Antibiotics•Soft diet•Surgery in severe cases

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

•Open sore in the digestive tract caused by:•Action of the hydrochloric acid•Helicobacter pylori bacteria

•S/S•Heartburn, abdominal pain

•Tx•Antibiotics•Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs•Avoiding caffeine, smoking, and alcohol

CareersCareersDentistDentistDental HygienistDental HygienistDental AssistantDental AssistantDieticianDieticianDietetic AssistantDietetic AssistantGastroenterologistGastroenterologistHepatologistHepatologistInternistInternistProctologistProctologist