digestive system terms
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TERMS
Robert AdamsBiology 120
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Colonoscopy
Procedure where a gastroenterologist examines the inner lining of the large intestine, colon, and rectum.
Doctor takes pictures and tissue samples.
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Colonoscopy
Considered to be a semi invasive procedure
Examines the entire length of the colon (5 feet)
Used as a means of visual diagnosis
Checks for polyps or abnormal growths
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Colonoscopy
Mostly painless procedure performed on an outpatient basis
Usually takes less than 45 minutes
Everyone should have a colonoscopy by the age of 50
Patients should have a colonoscopy every 10 years after the age of 50
African Americans and patients with a family history of colon cancer should be tested sooner and more frequently.
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ColonoscopyBowel Prep. Bowel prep takes
place at least 24 hours before the procedure.
Sometimes the doctor prescribes a laxative or an enema.
Nothing should be ingested 6 hours prior to the procedure.
Bowel prep is the removal of solid wastes from the digestive tract.
A clear liquid diet is mandatory.
Water , Gatorade, fat free broth, and strained fruit juices are permissible.
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Colonoscopy
Patient will be given a sedative by IV.
Patient must lie on left side with knees drawn to the chest.
Doctor will insert a thin flexible lighted tube or the colonoscope into the anus until it reaches the cecum.
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Colonoscopy
The colonoscope allows the doctor to add or remove water and air for additional cleansing of the colon.
It transmits an image to a computer screen.
The design also allows instruments to pass through the channel of the scope to remove tissue.
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Colonoscopy
Risks Inform Doctor if…
Bleeding Infection Nausea Intestinal perforation Abdominal pain Bloating Gas Fever
Require blood thinners
Hypertension Diabetes Heart disease Arthritis medications Pregnant
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ColonoscopyWhy? Colorectal caner
screening Used to diagnose
inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Used to investigate
changes in bowel habits Rectal bleeding Abdominal pain Unexplained weight loss
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Hematochezia
The passage of fresh blood through the anus.
This blood is usually contained in the stool.
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Hematochezia
The color of the blood during rectal bleeding is an indication of the location of the bleed.
Blood from the anus , rectum, and the sigmoid colon tends to be bright red.
Blood from the transverse colon and the right colon tends to be a dark red.
Blood from the upper GI tract tends to be dark black.
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Hematochezia
The black looking blood in stool is called melena.
Melena is caused by blood being in the colon long enough for bacteria to start breaking it down chemically.
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HematocheziaCauses Burst blood
vessels Dysentery Hemorrhoids Diverticulitis Colorectal cancer Inflammatory
bowel disease Ulcerative colitis
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Hernioplasty
Hernia repair surgery
Surgical operation for the correction of a hernia.
A hernia is a bulging of internal organs or tissue through a defect in the body cavity.
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Hernioplasty
There are many surgical procedures to correct hernias.
Hernioplasty specifically uses a synthetic mesh patch to reinforce the surrounding tissues.
Hernioplasty is considered to be a tension free repair.
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HernioplastyProcedure During inguinal
hernioplasty a single long incision is made in the groin area.
Patches are sown over the weakened area in the abdominal wall after the hernia is posted back into position.
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Hernioplasty
Who is at risk? Symptoms
Pregnant women People with family
history Patients suffering
from obesity
Bulge in area on the side of the pubic bone
Heavy feeling in the groin area
Pain in the groin area when coughing, lifting, or bending
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Hernioplasty
Possible Complications Babies are at risk for
heart and lung complications
Reaction to anesthesia
Infection and bleeding Nerve damage Loss of blood supply
to the scrotum resulting in testicular atrophy
Damage to the cord that carries sperm from testicles to the penis that results in inability to father children
Damage to the femoral artery or vein
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Hernioplasty
Other methods
Tension repair – the edges of the defect are sewn back together without any reinforcement or prosthesis
Laparoscopic repair - a telescope attached to a camera is inserted through a small incision that is made under the patient's belly button. The hernia defect is reinforced with a mesh and secured in position.
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Serum Bilirubin
Bilirubin Serum Bilirubin
Yellowish pigment found in bile
Fluid made and broke down by the liver
A liver function blood test
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Serum Bilirubin
How is it formed? Characteristics
A small amount of old red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells daily
Bilirubin is left over after these older blood cells are removed
Bilirubin is tested for in the blood and wastes.
Broken down by light Bilirubin is responsible
for the yellow color of urine and the color of feces as well.
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Serum Bilirubin
Why would I be tested?
Normal Levels
Jaundice is the most common reason to check bilirubin levels
If suspected of having liver or gallbladder disease
0.3 to 1.9 mg/ dL
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Serum Bilirubin
Causes for abnormal result Many drugs can change the
bilirubin levels in your blood. Erythroblastosis Hemolytic anemia Transfusion reaction Cirrhosis Hepatitis Cancer of the pancreas and
gallbladder Gilbert’s disease gallstones