EE134 1

Digital Integrated Circuit (IC) Layout and Digital Integrated Circuit (IC) Layout and DesignDesign

! EE 134 – Winter 05

" Lecture Tu & Thurs. 9:40 – 11am ENGR2 142

" 2 Lab sections– M 2:10pm – 5pm ENGR2 128

– F 11:10am – 2pm ENGR2 128

" NO LAB THIS WEEK

" FIRST LAB Friday Jan. 20

EE134 2

PeoplePeople

! Lecturer - Roger Lake" Office – ENGR2 Rm. 437" Office hours - MW 4-5pm" rlake@ee.ucr.edu

! TA – Faruk Yilmaz" Office – ENGR2 Rm. 222" Office Hours – TBD" faruk@ee.ucr.edu

EE134 3

EE134 WebEE134 Web--sitesite

! http://www.ee.ucr.edu/~rlake/EE134.html" Class lecture notes

" Assignments and solutions

" Lab and project information

" Exams and solutions

" Other useful links

EE134 4

Class OrganizationClass Organization

! Homework assignments (10%)

! Labs (20%)" Tutorials to learn the Cadence design software

! Final Project (50%)" Design a digital circuit (eg. 4 bit adder)

" Work in teams of 3

! Midterm (20%)

EE134

Digital Integrated Digital Integrated Circuits:Circuits:A Design Perspective,A Design Perspective,22ndnd Ed.Ed.Jan M. RabaeyAnantha ChandrakasanBorivoje Nikolic

Text BookText Book

EE134 6

SoftwareSoftware

! Cadence software" Online documentation and tutorials

" Sun4 UNIX Workstations

EE134 7

What is this book all about?What is this book all about?

! Introduction to digital integrated circuits." CMOS devices and manufacturing technology. " CMOS inverters and gates. " Propagation delay, " noise margins, and " power dissipation. " Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories.

! What will you learn?" Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits with

respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, and reliability

EE134 8

Digital Integrated CircuitsDigital Integrated Circuits

! Introduction: Issues in digital design! CMOS devices and manufacturing ! The CMOS inverter! Combinational logic structures! Propagation delay, noise margins, power! Sequential logic gates; timing! Interconnect: R, L and C! Arithmetic building blocks! Memories and array structures! Design methods

EE134 9

EE134 Winter 2006 EE134 Winter 2006 -- Lecture 1Lecture 1

! Introduction

EE134 10

IntroductionIntroduction

! Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before?

! Will it change in future?

EE134 11

The First Computer (1832)The First Computer (1832)

The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)

25,000 partscost: £17,470

EE134 12

ENIAC ENIAC -- The first electronic computer (1946)The first electronic computer (1946)

EE134 13

The Transistor RevolutionThe Transistor Revolution

First transistorBell Labs, 1948

EE134 14

The First Integrated Circuits The First Integrated Circuits

Bipolar logic1960’s

ECL 3-input GateMotorola 1966

EE134 15

Intel 4004 MicroIntel 4004 Micro--Processor (1971)Processor (1971)

19712,300 transistors108 KHz operation

EE134 16

Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor (2000)Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor (2000)

42 M transistors (217 mm2)

1.5 GHz

0.18 µm

180 nm technology node

EE134 17

What Happened over 30 Years?What Happened over 30 Years?

1971 2000

2,300 transistors108 KHz operation

42 M transistors1.5 GHz operation

~ 15,000 x

Automotive comparison: SF to NY in 13 seconds.

EE134 18

MooreMoore’’s Laws Law

# In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months.

# He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months

EE134 19

MooreMoore’’s Laws Law

16151413121110

9876543210

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

LO

G2 O

F T

HE

NU

MB

ER

OF

CO

MP

ON

EN

TS

PE

R IN

TE

GR

AT

ED

FU

NC

TIO

N

Electronics, April 19, 1965.

EE134 20

Evolution in ComplexityEvolution in Complexity

EE134 21

Transistor CountsTransistor Counts

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

10

100

11975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

8086

80286i386

i486Pentium®

Pentium® Pro

K1 Billion 1 Billion

TransistorsTransistors

Source: IntelSource: Intel

ProjectedProjected

Pentium® IIPentium® III

Courtesy, Intel

EE134 22

MooreMoore’’s law in Microprocessorss law in Microprocessors

40048008

80808085 8086

286386

486Pentium® proc

P6

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Tra

nsi

sto

rs (

MT

)

2X growth in 1.96 years!

Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 yearsTransistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years

Courtesy, Intel

EE134 23

Die Size GrowthDie Size Growth

40048008

80808085

8086286

386486 Pentium ® proc

P6

1

10

100

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Die

siz

e (m

m)

~7% growth per year~2X growth in 10 years

Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s LawDie size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law

Courtesy, Intel

EE134 24

FrequencyFrequency

P6Pentium ® proc

486386

28680868085

8080

80084004

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Fre

qu

ency

(M

hz)

Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 yearsLead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years

Doubles every2 years

Courtesy, Intel

EE134 25

Power DissipationPower Dissipation

P6Pentium ® proc

486

3862868086

80858080

80084004

0.1

1

10

100

1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000Year

Po

wer

(W

atts

)

Lead Microprocessors power continues to increaseLead Microprocessors power continues to increase

Courtesy, Intel

EE134 26

Power will be a major problemPower will be a major problem

5KW 18KW

1.5KW 500W

40048008

80808085

8086286

386486

Pentium® proc

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008Year

Po

wer

(W

atts

)

Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitivePower delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive

Courtesy, Intel

EE134 27

Power densityPower density

400480088080

8085

8086

286386

486Pentium® proc

P6

1

10

100

1000

10000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Po

wer

Den

sity

(W

/cm

2)

Hot Plate

NuclearReactor

RocketNozzle

Power density too high to keep junctions at low tempPower density too high to keep junctions at low temp

Courtesy, Intel

EE134 28

Not Only MicroprocessorsNot Only Microprocessors

Digital Cellular Market(Phones Shipped)

Analog Baseband

Digital Baseband

(DSP + MCU)

PowerManagement

Small Signal RF

PowerRF

CellPhone

(889)(836)(776)(703)64851343516248Units (M)

200820072006200520042003200019981996Year

EE134 29

Challenges in Digital DesignChallenges in Digital Design

“Microscopic Problems”• Ultra-high speed design• Interconnect• Noise, Crosstalk• Reliability, Manufacturability• Power Dissipation• Clock distribution.

Everything Looks a Little Different

“Macroscopic Issues”• Time-to-Market• Millions of Gates• High-Level Abstractions• Reuse & IP: Portability• Predictability• etc.

…and There’s a Lot of Them!

∝ (# Transistors)

∝ 1/(Transistor size)

?

EE134 30

Productivity TrendsProductivity Trends

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

2003

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2005

2007

2009

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

Logic Tr./ChipTr./Staff Month.

xxx

xxx

x

21%/Yr. compoundProductivity growth rate

x

58%/Yr. compoundedComplexity growth rate

10,000

1,000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

Lo

gic

Tra

nsi

sto

r p

er C

hip

(M)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

(K)

Tra

ns.

/Sta

ff -

Mo

.

Source: Sematech

Complexity outpaces design productivity

Co

mp

lexi

ty

Courtesy, ITRS Roadmap

EE134 31

Why Scaling?Why Scaling?

! Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation! With every generation can integrate 2x more

functions per chip; chip cost does not increase significantly

! Cost of a function decreases by 2x! But …

" How to design chips with more and more functions?" Design engineering population does not double every

two years…

! Hence, a need for more efficient design methods" Exploit different levels of abstraction

EE134 32

Design Abstraction LevelsDesign Abstraction Levels

n+n+S

GD

+

DEVICE

CIRCUIT

GATE

MODULE

SYSTEM

EE134 33

Next ClassNext Class

! Introduce basic metrics for design of integrated circuits – how to measure delay, power, etc.

! Introduction to IC manufacturing and design.

EE134 34