Digital Mobile Communications

and the TETRA System

Digital Mobile Communications

and the TETRA System

John Dunlop Demessie Girma

James Irvine University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scot/and

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Library o/CO"Crt'H Ca/ulog;IIC-in-Pllbficu/ion Dum Dunlop. John

Digual mobite commumca! ion~ and thc TETRA SySKOYl f John Dunlop, Dcmcssle Girma. hlTlCl< Irvine.

p. cm. IncludCli bibllogr.tphlcMI rc rerenco:-s. IS IlN0-47 1-98792- \ (al~. paper) I . TETRA \sIandard) Z. ~Iobilc Cl.>Illmumcal,on sys tems Standards.

3. Digi tal communication systo:-ms- Stnnd3rds. I. Girma. D.:mcssle. II. Irv1lle. James. 111. Tillo: TK5103.-188. D86 1999 62 1.3ll4S'02 I 8---dcZ I

8rit;sh Libra,)' Ca/aloguing in Pllblicu/ioll Dam

99-324611 CIr

A catalogue record ( 01" this book is 8\"lIilable from the Bntish Library

ISBN 0-47 1·98792-1

Contents

Preface List of Abbreviations and Symbols

Abbreviations Symbols

Chapter I Principles of Digital Mobile Radio

L J Introduction I 1.2 Modulation Methods I 1.3 Frequency and Time Di vision Multiplexing 4 1.4 Analogue to Digital Conversion 7 1.5 Spectral Properties of Digilal Signals 8 1.6 Pulse Shaping 10 1.7 Digital Modulation 12

1.7.1 AmplilUde Shift Keying (AS K) 12 1.7.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 13 1.7.3 Differential Phase Shlft Keying (DPSK) 13 1.7.4 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 15 1.7.5 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 16 1.7.6 Differential QPSK (DQPSK) 17 1.7.7 7tl4-DQPSK [8 1.7.8 Linear Amplifiers 20 1.7.9 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 21 1.7.10 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 22 1.7. 11 MSK considered in tenns o f Phase Modulation 23 1.7. 12 Bandwidth of GMSK 26 1.7. 13 III-ary Modulalion 27

1.8 Pulse Shaping in Carrier Modulated Systems 27 1.9 Bandwidth Efficiency 28 1.10 The Radio En vironment 29 1. 11 Plane Earth Propagation Model 3 1 1.12 Fast Fading 34 1.1 3 SlowFading 37 1.14 Pathloss Models 39 1. 15 Link Budgets 40 1. 16 Fading in Digital Mobile Communications 4 1 1.17 The Cellular Concept 42 1.18 Typical Cell Operation 43 1. 19 Capacity of a Cellular System 44

xv xix xix

XXI';

vi CQntents

1.20 Frequency Re-use Distance 45 1. 21 Cellular Coverage 47 1.22 Sectoring 5 1 1.23 Statistical Issues 53 1.24 Conclusions 55

Chapter 2 Public Digital Mobile Radio Systems and Environment

2.1 Digital Cellular Radio 56 2.2 The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 56 2.3 The GSM Network Architecture 57 2.4 The GSM Radio Interface 58 2.5 Logical Channels in GSM 58

2.5. 1 Burst Structure for GSM 6 1 2.5.2 Mapping of Logical Channels in GSM 62 2.5.3 Mapping of Traffic Channels and Associaled Control Channels 65 2.5.4 Mapping of the BCCl-VCCCH 65 2.5.5 Mapping of the SDCCHISACCH 66 2.5.6 Mapping of Logical Channels in Low Capacity Systems 67

2.6 Security in GSM 67 2.6. 1 Authentication 68 2.6.2 Encryption 68 2.6.3 User Identity Protection 69 2.6.4 Sequence of Events 69

2.7 Operation of the GSM System 70 2.7.1 Location Updating 7 1 2.7.2 Call Establishment from a Mobile 73 2.7.3 Call Establishment to a Mobile 76 2.7.4 Call Release 76

2.8 Voice Coding in GSM 76 2.9 Non Voice Services 77

2.9. 1 Data Transmission Transparent Mode 78 2.9.2 Data Transmission (Non Transparent Mode) 78 2.9.3 The GSM Short Message Service 79

2. 10 Error Protection 80 2. 10. 1 Channel Coding in GSM 80 2.1 0.2 Interleaving 82

2. II Handover in GSM 83 2.1 2 GSM Handover Measurements 84 2. 13 Features of the GSM System 86

2. 13. 1 Adaptive Frame Alignment 86 2.13.2 Adaptive Power Control 86 2.13.3 Slow Frequency Hopping 87 2.1 3.4 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX) 88 2.13.5 GSM Evolution 88

2. 14 Cordless Communication Systems 89 2.1 5 The Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommurucalions System (DEer) 89 2. 16 Voice Coding in DECf 90

56

2.17 The DECT Physical Layer 91 2.18 DECf Medium Access Control 92 2. 19 Call Management in DECf 92 2.20 Handover in DECT 94 2.21 Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS) 94 2.22 Spread Spectrum Systems 96 2.23 Code Division Multiple Access 96

2.23.1 Power Control in CDMA 97 2.23.2 Di versity in COMA 97 2.23.3 Frequency Diversity 97 2.23.4 Spatial Diversity 98 2.23.5 Time Di versity 98

2.24 The Forward (Base to Mobile) Link in cdmaOne™ 99 2.24. 1 Synchronisation Channel 100 2.24.2 Pagi ng Channels 100 2.24.3 Quad Cover 100

2.25 The cdmaOne™ Reverse Link 10 I 2.25. 1 Access Channel 101 2.25.2 Payload Data 101 2.25.3 Signalling 102

2.26 The Rake Receiver 102 2.27 Power Control Loops in cdmaOne™ 103

2.27. 1 Open Loop Power Control 104 2.27.2 Closed Loop Power Control 104 2.27.3 Base Station Transmi ssion Power Control 104

2.28 Mobile Access in cdmaOne™ 105 2.29 Conclusion 105

Chapter 3 The Private Mobile Radio Environment

3. 1 Introduction 107 3.2 The PMR User Community 108

3.2. 1 Emergency Services I JO 3.2.2 Utilities III 3.2.3 National Government III 3.2.4 Local Government III 3.2.5 On-site III 3.2.6 PAMR Operators II I 3.2.7 Transpon 11 2

3.3 Requirements of PMR Services 11 3 3.4 PMR Configurations 116 3.5 Compari son Between PMR and Cellular 11 9 3.6 PMR standards 122

3.6.1 The Need for and Development of Standards 122 3.6.2 Analogue PMR 122 3.6.3 Digital PMR 123

3.7 PMR Market Evolution 126

COlllelllS I 'i i

107

"iii COllletlts

Chapter 4 An O\'er\'iew of the TETRA System

4. 1 Introduction 129 4.2 The Basic Services of the Tetra System 130 4.3 TETRA Network Architecture 13 1 4.4 TETRA Circuit Mode (V+D) 132

4.4.1 Burst Structure 134 4.5 Logical Channels Hierarchy 135

4.5. 1 Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH) 137 4.5.2 Common Control CHannel (CCCH) 137 4.5.3 Associated Control CHannel (ACCH) 138 4.5.4 Access Assignment CHannel (AACH) 138 4.5.5 Common Linearisation CHannel (CLCH) 139 4.5.6 Traffic CHannels (TCH) 139 4.5.7 Signall.ing CHannel (SCH) 139

4.6 Mapping of Logical Channels in TETRA 140 4.7 Operation of the TETRA V+D Mode 141

4.7. 1 Location Regisu:uion 14 1 4.7.2 Random Access 142 4.7.3 Call set-up Procedure 144

4.8 Special Features of me V+D Mode 146 4.9 Voice Coding in TETRA 147

4.9. 1 Algebraic Code Excited Liner Predicti ve Coding (ACELP) 148 4.9.2 Error Concealment 150

4.10 DATA Services in V+D Mode 151 4. 11 Direct Mode 152

4. 11 . 1 The Direct Mode Channel 154 4. 11.2 Call Set-up in Direct Mode 155 4. 11 .3 Control Channels in Direct Mode Operation 157

4. 12 Summary 157 4.13 Spectral Efficiency 157

Chapter 5 TETRA System Architecture, Components and Services

5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 The TETRA User Groups 162

5.2. 1 Potential User Groups 162 5.2.2 The TETRA MoU 163

5.3 System Architecture and Components 164 5.3.1 TETRA System Architecture 164 5.3.2 System Components 165 5.3.3 TETRA Network 165 5.3.4 Mobile Station 165 5.3.5 Classes of MS 165 5.3.6 Line Station 168 5.3.7 Direct Mode Mobile Stalion 168 5.3.8 Gateway 169 5.3.9 Network Management Unit 170

129

161

5.4 System Imerfaces 170 5.5 TETRA Reference Configuration 171

5.5. 1 Basic Concepts 171 5.5.2 Refc rence Points in TETRA 172

5.6 Subscriber Access Imerfaces 172 5.6. 1 The ISDN Reference Configuration 173 5.6.2 Circuit Mode TETRA Reference Configurations 174 5.6.3 Packet Mode Reference Configurations 176

5.7 Pcripheral Equipment Interface 178 5.7. 1 Overview 178 5.7.2 The TETRA PEl 178 5.7.3 PEl Componems 179

5.8 Addressing and Identities 181 5.8. 1 TETRA Equipment Idemity (TEl) 181 5.8.2 Mobile Network Identity (MNI) 182 5.8.3 TETRA Managemenlldentilies (TMI) 183 5.8.4 TETRA Subscriber Identity (TSJ) 183 5.8.5 Network-Layer SAP Addresses (NS AP) 184

5.9 TETRA Network Services 185 5.9. 1 Overview 185 5.9.2 Circuit Mode Data 186 5.9.3 Packet Mode Data 186 5.9.4 Short Data Service 186 5.9.5 Teleservices 187 5.9.6 Supplementary Services 188

5. 10 Mobility Management 19 1 5.10. 1 Basic Principles 19 1 5.10.2 Basic Mobility Procedures 194

5.11 TETRA Inter-System Interface 195 5. 11.1 lSI Overview 195 5. 11 .2 PISN Architecture 196 5.11.3 TETRA 151 Signalling 197

5. 12 TETRA Comparisons with GSM 198 5.12. 1 System Level Comparison 198 5.12.2 System Parameters and Others 199

5. 13 Summary of TETRA Parameters 200 5. 14 TETRA Confommnce Testing 201

5.14. 1 Scope of Conformance Testing 201 5. 14.2 Conformance Statement 202

5. 15 Conclusions 203

Cbapter 6 The Physical Layer

6.1 Overview. Function and Requirements 205 6.2 Frequency allocation 206 6.3 Choice of Multiplexing Method 207

6.3.1 COMA Operation of PMR Systems 208 6.3.2 FDM Operation of PMR Systems 208

Colltell ts ix

205

x COlllelllS

6.3.3 TOM Operation for PMR Systems 209 6.4 Choice of TDMA Parameters 212 6.5 Modulation 2 15 6.6 Frame. Slot and Burst Structures 220

6.6. 1 TETRA Frame Structure 220 6.6.2 TETRA Burst Structure 22 1 6.6.3 Types of Burst of the Physical Layer 224 6.6.4 Logical Physical Layer Logical Burst Types 227

6.7 Synchronisation 227 6.8 Transmission Delays 229 6.9 Scrambling 233 6. 10 Transmission Power and Power Control 235

6. 10.1 Power Classes 235 6. 10.2 Power Control 236

6.1 1 Channel Quality Measurement 237 6. 11 .1 Received Signal Strength Measurement 237 6. 11 .2 Signal Quality Measurement 237 6. 11 .3 Round-trip MS-BS Path Delay 238

6. 12 Physical Layer Perfonnance 238 6.12 .1 TETR A Receiver Sensiti vity 238 6.12 .2 TETRA Reference Channels 239 6.12.3 TETRA Receiver Classes 240 6. 12.4 Link Budget 24 J

6. 12.5 Area Coverage 243 6. 12.6 Area Coverage in the Noise Limited Case 245 6. 12.7 Area Coverage in Ihe Interference Limited Case 247

6. 13 Intelference to Other Systems 248 6. 13. 1 Limits on Adjacent Canier Interference 249 6. 13.2 Limits on Emissions Far from the CanierWithin the TETRA Band 250 6. 13.3 Li mits on Emissions OUlside the TETRA Band 250

6.14 Area Coverage Techniques 250 6.1 4 .1 Si ngle site wide area coverage 251 6. 14.2 Cell ular Channel Re-use 251 6. 14.3 Quasi-synchronous Transmission 251 6. 14.4 Time-sharing Transmi ssion 253 6. 14.5 Antenna Di ve rsity 254 6. 14.6 Site Di versity 254 6.14.7 On-Frequency Repeaters 255 6.14.8 Direct Mode f Trunked Gateway 256

6. 15 Conclusions 257

Chapter 7 The Data Link Layer

7. 1 Introduction 259 7.2 Organi sation of the D3ta Link Layer 259 7.3 Organisation of the MAC 26 J

7.4 Coding and Interleaving 264 7.4. 1 Error Control Strategies 265

259

Comel/IS xi

7.4.2 Forward Error Correction and Detection 266 7.4.3 TETRA Data and Signalling Channel Coding Schemes 280 7.4.4 Coding Parameters for Data and Control Channels 285 7.4 .5 TETRA Speech Coding Scheme 286 7.4.6 Mapping on the Physical Layer Channels 289 7.4.7 Example of Coding Steps 289 7.4.8 Coding Perfoml:mce 290

7.5 Stealing 291 7.5.1 Use of Stealing on the Uplink 292 7.5.2 Use of Steali ng on the Downlink 293

7.6 Trunking Methods 293 7.6.1 Message Trunking 294 7.6.2 Transmission Trunking 294 7.6.3 Quasi-transmission Trunking 295

7.7 Random Access 295 7.7.1 Random Access for Direct Mode Operation 297 7.7.2 Random Access for V +D Mode Operation 297 7.7.3 Access Frames 299 7.7.4 Access Control Channels 30 J 7.7.5 Reserved Access Procedures 303 7.7.6 Independent Allocation of Slots on the Uplink and Downl ink 303

7.8 Logical Channel Routing 304 7.8.1 Introduction 304 7.8.2 Logica l Channels Passed to the Upper MAC 304 7.8.3 Logical Channels Generated Within the Upper MAC 308 7.8.4 Logical Channel Routing to the Lower MAC 309 7.8.5 Channel Mapping in the Lower MAC 3 11 7.8.6 Inter-working Between MAC Layers 3D

7.9 Air Interface Encryption 3 15 7.10 Logical Link Control 317

7. 10. 1 lmroduction 3 17 7. 10.2 ARQ318 7. 10.3 LLC Operation 321

7.11 Syste m Modes of Operation 325 7. 11 . 1 Normal Mode 326 7. 11 .2 Extended Mode 326 7. 11 .3 Minimum Mode 327 7. J 1.4 Discontinuous Transmission - Time. Carrier and MCCH Sharing 328

7. 12 Mobile Station Modes of Operation 329 7. 12.1 Idle Mode 329 7. 12.2 Signalling and Packet Mode Data 329 7 .12.3 Traffic Mode 330 7. 12.4 Energy Economy Mode 330

7.13 Concl usions 331

Chapter 8 TETRA Network Layer Protocols

8.1 Introduction 333

333

xii Co"te"ts

8.2 Network Layer Concepts 333 8.2.1 Generic Functions of the Network Layer 333 8. 2.2 Control and User Plane Separation 335 8.2.3 User.; View of the Network Layer 336

8.3 Overview of TETRA Network Layer 336 8.3. 1 Types of Information Transported 336 8.3.2 TETRA Protocol Stacks 337 8.3.3 V+D Protocol Stack 338 8.3.4 PDO Protocol Stack 339 8.3.5 DMO Protocol Stack 340 8.3.6 Remarks on Air Interface Protocols 342

8.' Mobile to Base Link Entity 342 8.4.1 Overview 342 8.4.2 MLE Functions 342 8.4.3 Attachment Management 345 8.4.4 MLE Services and Access Points 353 8.4.5 MLE PDU Descriptions 354 8.4.6 Concluding Remarks on MLE 359

8.5 Mobility Management Protocols 360 8.5. 1 Mobility Management Functions 360 8.5.2 MM Subsystem Elements 361 8.5.3 Functional Organisation of the MS-MM 361 8.5.4 MM at the LMM-SAP 362 8.5.5 MM at the TNMM-SAP 364 8.5.6 MM with Network-MM Peer 364 8.5.7 Overview of MM Procedures 365 8.5.8 Description of Selected MM PDUs 365 8.5.9 Concluding Remarking on MM Protocols 37 1

8.6 Circuit Mode Connection Entity 372 8.6.1 Overview 372 8.6.2 MLE functions al CMCE SAP 372

8.7 Packet Mode Data Services 375 8.7. 1 InlToduction 375 8.7.2 Overview of X.25 Data Services 376 8.7.3 Overview of TETRA Data Services 378 8.7.4 Specific Connectionless Network Protocol (SCLNP) 379 8.7.5 TETRA Inter-network Protocols 379

8.8 Layers 4 to 7 380 8.8. 1 Transport Layer Protocol 380 8.8 .2 Session Layer Prolocol381 8.8.3 Presentation Layer Protocol 381 8.8.4 Application Layer Protocol 38 1

8.9 Conclusion 381

Chapter 9 Operational Aspects of the TETRA Network 383

9.1 Introduction 383 9.2 Network Security Management 383

9.2. 1 Overview of TETRA Network Security 383 9.2.2 Principles of Encryption and Authentication 385 9.2.3 Types of Encryption 387 9.2.4 Principles of Authenti cation 388 9.2.5 TETRA Encryption Algorithms 389 9.2.6 Protection Differences in TETRA Systems 389 9.2.7 Authentication in TETRA 390 9.2.8 Authentication POU Examples 393 9.2.9 Encryption Keys 394 9.2.10 Over The Air Re-keying 395 9.2.1 1 OTAR POU Examples 397 9.2. 12 Transfer of Authentication Information 398 9.2. 13 Overview of Air Interface Encryption 398 9.2. 14 Overview of End-to-End Encryption 399 9.2.15 L.'1wfullnterception 400

9.3 TETRA Inter-System Signalling 400 9.3. 1 The TETRA lSI Reference Configuration 400 9.3.2 Q and C Reference Points 401 9.3.3 Private Signalling System 1 for TETRA 402 9.3.4 PSS I Protocol Stack 403

9.4 TETRA Network Management 405 9.4. 1 Overview 405 9.4. 2 Principles of Networl:: Management 406 9.4.3 Network Management Protocols 408 9.4.4 The SNMP Model 408 9.4.5 TETRA Network Management Methodology4 10

9.5 Conclusions 411

Appendices

AI The TETRA Technical Specifications 414 A.2 TETRA MoU Members 4 15

A.2. 1 Manufacturers 4 15 A.2.2 Users 4 18 A.2.3 Regulators 420 A2.4 Accredi ted lest houses 420

A.3 Erlang B Table (for Blocked-Calis-Cleared) 421 A.3_1 Overview of Basic Concepts 421 A3.2 Erlang B Table 422

AA Erlang C Table (for Blocked-Calls- Delayed) 424 A4.1 Overview of Basic Concepts .. 24 A4.2 Erlang C Table 425

COI/UI/IS xiii

413

Index 427