digital sustainability of open source communities
TRANSCRIPT
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesFOSSC Oman, 19 February 2015 1
Digital sustainability of open source communities
Dr. Matthias Stürmer
Head of Research Center for Digital Sustainability at the
Institute of Information Systems at University of Bern
Free and Open Source Software Conference FOSSC Oman
19 February 2015 in Muscat, Oman
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Research Center for Digital Sustainability
Research, teaching and consulting on
● Open Source Software: Community governance, business models etc.
● Open Data: Visualization apps, open finance, participatory budgeting etc.
● Open Government: open government apps, Open Government Partnership etc.
● Net politics: net neutrality, copyright, data security, Internet governance etc.
● IT procurement: vendor dependencies, transparency, WTO regulations etc.
Dr. Matthias StürmerHead of the Research Centerfor Digital Sustainability
University of BernInstitute of Information SystemsEngehaldenstrasse 8CH-3012 BernSwitzerland
Office phone: +41 31 631 38 09Swiss mobile: +41 76 368 81 65Oman mobile: +968 9669 3607matthias.stuermer@iwi.unibe.chwww.digitale-nachhaltigkeit.unibe.ch
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Agenda
1. The concept of digital sustainability
2. A historic example of digital sustainability
3. Elements of a sustainable open source community
4. Conclusions
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Definition of 'sustainability'
Original idea of sustainability: Only cut as much wood so it can grow again.(Hans Carl von Carlowitz, 1713)
Today's definition of sustainable development from the United Nation's Brundtlandt report:
„Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“Source: Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) 1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development
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Differenty types of sustainability
EcologicalSustainability
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Differenty types of sustainability
EcologicalSustainability
SocialSustainability
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesFOSSC Oman, 19 February 2015 7
Differenty types of sustainability
EcologicalSustainability
SocialSustainability
EconomicSustainability
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesFOSSC Oman, 19 February 2015 8
Differenty types of sustainability
EcologicalSustainability
SocialSustainability
EconomicSustainability
DigitalSustainability
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What is digital sustainability?
Definition of digital sustainability:
● Digital resources are handled sustainably if their utility for society is maximized, so that digital needs of contemporary and future generations are equally met.
● Digital needs are optimally met if resources are accessible to the largest number and reuseable with minimal restrictions.
● Digital resources encompass knowledge and cultural artefacts represented in digital form, e.g. text, image, audio, video, or software.
In German: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Nachhaltigkeit
Source: Marcus Dapp, 2013. Open Government Data and Free Software – Cornerstones of a Digital Sustainability Agenda. In The 2013 Open Reader – Stories and articles inspired by OKCon 2013: Open Data, Broad, Deep, Connected.
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Classification of goods
Rivalry
Access
Source: N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Dryden 1998.
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Classification of goods
Rivalrynon-rivalrousrivalrous
excludable
non-excludable
Access
Source: N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Dryden 1998.
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Classification of goods
Private Good Club Good
CommonResources
Public Good
Rivalrynon-rivalrousrivalrous
excludable
non-excludable
Access
Source: N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Dryden 1998.
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Classification of goods
Private Good Club Good
CommonResources
Source: N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Dryden 1998.
Public Good
Rivalrynon-rivalrousrivalrous
excludable
non-excludable
Accesse.g. proprietary software
e.g. open source software
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Characteristics of digital sustainability
1. Intergenerational justice: No legal obstacles
2. Regenerative capacity: Distributed tacit knowledge
3. Economic use of resources: Reuse of digital assets
4. Risk reduction: No firm dependencies, transparency
5. Absorptive capacity: Comprehensible content
6. Highest added value: Ideal policy conditions
Source: Stuermer, M. 2014 Characteristics of Digital Sustainability – Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance ICEGOV 2014 – Link
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Why not 'informational sustainability'?
Source: IDC's Digital Universe Study, sponsored by EMC, December 2012http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/idc-the-digital-universe-in-2020.pdf
Today's information is digital:
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Agenda
1. The concept of digital sustainability
2. A historic example of digital sustainability
3. Elements of a sustainable open source community
4. Conclusions
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Voyager Golden Record (1977)
● Gramophone records included in Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts
● A „bottle in the cosmic ocean“ intended to communicate to extra-terrestrials a story of the world of humans on Earth
● Content: 116 images, natural sounds, classical music, spoken languages
● Travelling at 60'000 km/h, now around 20 billion km away
● In about 40'000 years Voyager 1 and 2 will be within 1.8 light-years of other stars
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
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Method how to read the content
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
EXPLANATION OF RECORDING COVER DIAGRAM
THE DIAGRAMS BELOW DEFINE THE VIDEO PORTION OF THE RECORDING
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF WAVE FORM OF VIDEO SIGNALS FOUND ON THE RECORDING
BINARY CODE TELLS TIME OF THE SCAN (~8 msec)
SCAN TRIGGERING
VIDEO IMAGE FRAME SHOWING DIRECTION OF SCAN. BINARY CODE INDICATES TIME OF EACH SCAN SWEEP (512 VERTICAL LINES PER COMPLETE PICTURE)
IF PROPERLY DECODED, THE FIRST IMAGE WHICH WILL APPEAR IS A CIRCLE
THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE TWO LOWEST STATES OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM. THE VERTICAL LINES WITH THE DOTS INDICATE THE SPIN MOMENTS OF THE PROTON AND ELECTRON. THE TRANSITION TIME FROM ONE STATE TO THE OTHER PROVIDES THE FUNDAMENTAL CLOCK REFERENCE USED IN ALL THE COVER DIAGRAMS AND DECODED PICTURES.
THIS DIAGRAM DEFINES THE LOCATION OF OUR SUN UTILIZING 14 PULSARS OF KNOWN DIRECTIONS FROM OUR SUN. THE BINARY CODE DEFINES THE FREQUENCY OF THE PULSES.
PLAYING TIME, ONE SIDE = ~1 hour
ELEVATION VIEW OF RECORD
ELEVATION VIEW OF CARTRIDGE
PICTORIAL PLAN VIEW OF RECORD
OUTLINE OF CARTRIDGE WITH STYLUS TO PLAY RECORD (FURNISHED ON
SPACECRAFT)
BINARY CODE DEFINING PROPER SPEED (3.6 seconds/ROTATION) TO TURN THE RECORD (|=BINARY 1, ―= BINARY 0) EXPRESSED IN 0.70 × 10-9 seconds, THE TIME PERIOD ASSOCIATED WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL TRANSITION OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM
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Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
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Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
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Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
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Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
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Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesFOSSC Oman, 19 February 2015 24
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesFOSSC Oman, 19 February 2015 25
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesFOSSC Oman, 19 February 2015 26
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesFOSSC Oman, 19 February 2015 27
Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
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Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
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Requirements for digital sustainability
What is needed to provide digital sustainability?
1. Data itself
2. Data format specification
3. Method how to read the data
4. Data storage hardware
5. Data player device
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Agenda
1. The concept of digital sustainability
2. A historic example of digital sustainability
3. Elements of a sustainable open source community
4. Conclusions
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Growth of open source projects
Source: 2014 Future of Open Source - 8th Annual Survey results http://www.slideshare.net/mjskok/2014-future-of-open-source-8th-annual-survey-results
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Mozilla Firefox
Source: Sebastian Spaeth, Matthias Stuermer, Stefan Haefliger, Georg von Krogh 2007 „Sampling in Open Source Software Development: The case for using the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution“
As an Example of Package Dependencies in Debian: The Graph of Mozilla FirefoxUNIX command: apt-cache dotty firefox | dot -Tps > dependencygraph_firefox.ps
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Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation (doing marketing)
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
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Good governance
● Transparent decision processes, participative culture
● Successful example: Eclipse community initiated by IBM
Source: Spaeth, S., Stuermer, M. and von Krogh, G. (2010) ‘Enabling knowledge creation through outsiders: towards a push model of open innovation’, Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 52, Nos. 3/4, pp.411–431.
Launch of theEclipse Foundation
Release of sourcecode by IBM
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Bad governance may result in a fork
● Unfriendly separation of an open source community (mostly)● Important sword of damocles of open source projects
– Necessary if initiator or another central player missuses his control– Sometimes necessary for radical innovations (OpenSSL - LibreSSL)
Some famous examples of open source forks:
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History of OpenOffice.org etc.
Source: Presentation of Apache OpenOffice at OSB Alliance Workshop, 30 October 2013 in Stuttgart
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LibreOffice fork of OpenOffice.org
Source: Jonas Gamalielsson/Björn Lundell, Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved? The Journal of Systems and Software 89 (2014) 128– 145
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Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation (doing marketing)
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
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Linux kernel development
Source: YouTube Video „Linux Kernel Development Visualization (git commit history - past 6 weeks - june 02 2012)“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_02QGsHzEQ
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Linux contributions by companies
Source: Linux Foundation, February 2015 „Linux Kernel Development How Fast is it Going, Who is Doing It, What Are They Doing and Who is Sponsoring the Work“ http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2015
Top 10 companies contributing to the kernel from 2013-09-02 till 2014-12-07:
Voluntary, unpaid contributors
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Linux kernel facts
Source: Linux Foundation, February 2015 „Linux Kernel Development How Fast is it Going, Who is Doing It, What Are They Doing and Who is Sponsoring the Work“ http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2015
● Linux kernel development is one of thelargest cooperative software projects ever
● Over 10'000 patches for each kernel release, kernel updates every 2-3 months
● Since 2005 some 11'800 individual developers from nearly 1200 different companies contributed to the kernel
● Distributor kernels contain relatively few distribution-specific changes
● At least 80% of developers are paid to work on Linux
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Diverse motivations
Why do individuals develop open source software?
Source: Georg von Krogh, Stefan Haefliger, Sebastian Spaeth, and Martin W. Wallin "Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development" MIS Quarterly 2012, Vol 36 Issue 2, pp. 649-676
IdeologyAltruism
KinshipFun
Reputation
ReciprocityLearning
Own-useCareer
Pay
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
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Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation (doing marketing)
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
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Nonprofit association
● Many large open source communities have an nonprofit umbrella organization: Linux, Apache, Eclipse, Gnome, KDE, Mozilla, Python, TYPO3 etc.
● Association/foundation takes care of
– Legal issues (copyright, committer agreements, liability etc.)
– Community building events (conferences, hackathons etc.)
– Documentation (end users, developers, statistics etc.)
– Public relations and marketing
● So why is marketing so important?
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Because today's big software corporations are
marketing companies!
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Marketing vs. R&D at Adobe
Sales and marketing FY 2014: 1.6 billion $ → 53% of expensesResearch and development FY 2014: 0.8 billion $ → 27% of expenses
Source: ADOBE SYSTEMS INC. FY2014 Form 10-K http://www.adobe.com/investor-relations/financial-documents.html
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Marketing&Admin vs. R&D at Apple
Sales and administration FY 2014: 12.0 billion $ → 67% of expensesResearch and development FY 2014: 6.0 billion $ → 33% of expenses
Source: APPLE INC. Form 10-K for FY14 http://investor.apple.com
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Marketing vs. R&D at Oracle
Sales and marketing FY 2014: 7.6 billion $ → 32% of expensesResearch and development FY 2014: 5.2 billion $ → 22% of expenses
Source: ORACLE CORP FY 2014 FORM 10-K, http://investor.oracle.com/financial-reporting/sec-filings/default.aspx
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Marketing vs. R&D at Microsoft
Sales and marketing FY 2014: 15.8 billion $ → 49% of expensesResearch and development FY 2014: 11.4 billion $ → 35% of expenses
Source: MICROSOFT CORP. 2014 10-K, http://www.microsoft.com/investor/AnnualReports/default.aspx
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Conclusion:
Do more marketing for open source projects!
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Time is ready to sell open source
Time
Functionality
Average customer requirementse.g. for office suiteor database
Today
Proprietary producte.g. Microsoft Office or Oracle database
10 years ago
Open source producte.g. LibreOffice or PostgreSQL
Source: Diagram from Clayton M. Christensen „The Innovator's Dilemma“ (1997) adapted to open source context
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Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation (doing marketing)
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
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Business models with open source
1. Custom development - Customers pay for the software to becustomized to meet their specific requirements.
2. Services/support - Ad hoc support calls, service, training and consulting contracts.
3. Support subscriptions - An annual, repeatable support and service agreement.
4. Value-added subscriptions - An annual, repeatable support and service agreement with additional features/functionality delivered as a service.
5. Software as a service (SaaS) - Paid access to and use of the software via hosted or cloud services.
6. Complementary products and services - Open source software is not used to directly generate revenue; instead, complementary products provide revenue.
7. Advertising - Software is free to use and is funded by associated advertising.
8. Closed source licenses - For a version of the full project, a larger software package, hardware appliance based on the project, or extensions to the open source core.
Source: Future of Open Source Survey https://www.blackducksoftware.com/future-of-open-source
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OSS Directory
Website: www.ossdirectory.org
Relational database of (2015-02-18)● 422 open source products (projects)● 298 open source service providers● 304 open source success stories
Daily approx. 150 Unique Visitors and 800 views and requests per day
News, articles, events, jobs, videos, weeklynewsletter etc. about open source software
French translation available since 2014, English coming 2015
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Elements of asustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation (doing marketing)
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
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Opportunity for users to get things done
How can users influence development in case the programmershave no „itch“ to work on certain things?
Source: Georg von Krogh, Stefan Haefliger, Sebastian Spaeth, and Martin W. Wallin "Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development" MIS Quarterly 2012, Vol 36 Issue 2, pp. 649-676
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Opportunity for users to get things done
How can users influence development in case the programmershave no „itch“ to work on certain things?
Source: Georg von Krogh, Stefan Haefliger, Sebastian Spaeth, and Martin W. Wallin "Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development" MIS Quarterly 2012, Vol 36 Issue 2, pp. 649-676
IdeologyAltruism
KinshipFun
Reputation
ReciprocityLearning
Own-useCareer
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsicmotivation
Pay
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Opportunity for users to get things done
How can users influence development in case the programmershave no „itch“ to work on certain things?
Source: Georg von Krogh, Stefan Haefliger, Sebastian Spaeth, and Martin W. Wallin "Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development" MIS Quarterly 2012, Vol 36 Issue 2, pp. 649-676
IdeologyAltruism
KinshipFun
Reputation
ReciprocityLearning
Own-useCareer
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsicmotivation
Pay
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A) Open source feature requests e.g. on www.bountysource.com
Source: https://www.bountysource.com
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B) Project-specific feature lists e.g. ILIAS E-Learning System
Source: How To Suggest A New Featurehttp://www.ilias.de/docu/goto.php?target=wiki_1357_How_to_suggest_a_new_feature
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C) Institutional crowd-funding initiative
● Overcoming the 'collective action' problem in open source
● Group of professional users of open source office suites in order to bridge the gap between users and developers
● Under the umbrella of the OSB Alliance, organized as Working Group Office Interoperability
● Goals of the group:
– Prioritization and specification of requirements from the user perspective
– Coordinated funding of requirements
– Exchange of experience amongprofessional users
Source: Website of OSB Alliance Working Group Office Interoperabilityhttp://www.osb-alliance.de/en/working-groups/wg-office-interoperability/
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Process of institutional crowd-funding
Phase 1: Initializationa) Mobilize interest of institutional open source software users, find funding for specificationb) Create clear and common understanding of the issues, ask the expertsc) Result: aggregated requirements, clustered as Use Cases within a specification
Phase 3: Implementationa) Define project management, sign contracts, start implementingb) Do testing among open source software users, finalize developmentc) Result: Publish new source code, pass it upstream to the open source project
Phase 2: Fundinga) Publish specification as Request for Proposal (RfP), invite comanies to offerb) Evaluate and decide for best proposal(s)c) Result: find funding from institutional open source software users for each Use
Case to implement the specification
Continue only if previous phase is completed successfully
Continue only if previous phase is completed successfully
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Example of institutional crowd-funding
Goal: Improving OOXML interoperability in LibreOffice
Public Institutions● City of Freiburg i.B.● City of München● City of Jena● Swiss Federal Court● Federal Steering Unit for IT (ISB)● Canton of Vaud● Another Swiss federal agency
Coordinated byWorking Group Office Interoperability ofOpen Source Business Alliance OSBA
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Funding model
SUSE
Lanedo
Development funded by● City of Freiburg i.B.● City of München● City of Jena● Swiss Federal Court● Federal Steering
Unit for IT (ISB)● Canton of Vaud● Another Swiss federal
agency● French ministry
of culture and communication
Ernst & Young
EUR 50kEUR 13k
EUR 13k
EUR 4kEUR 8k
EUR 15k
EUR 14k
EUR 25k
Total: approx. EUR 140k (excl. VAT)
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Agenda
1. The concept of digital sustainability
2. A historic example of digital sustainability
3. Elements of a sustainable open source community
4. Conclusions
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Conclusions
Elements of a sustainable open source community:
1. Good governance:Manage your community in a fair way.
2. Heterogeneous community:Foster diversity within your community.
3. Nonprofit foundation:Empower the central office of your community.(and do as much professional marketing as possible)
4. Ecosystem of commercial service providers:Support companies to provide services for the software.
5. Opportunity for users to get things done:Provide feature request market place or something similar.
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...so YOUR open source project will continue to fly for millions of years!
Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2