Digital Transformation,

IoT and 5G

Claes Beckman

The Internet Protocol changes

the world

● Internet access = dominant design for all ”non-critical” services (fixed & mobile)

● Dramatic change: From infrastructures driven by ”killer applications” and

”one-trick ponies” general IP-based access infrastructures

● However, for critical services (e-health, vehicle-vechicle, industry 4.0), IP is

NOT reliable enough

The Digital Disruption has

allready happened

The World’s largest Taxi company owns no taxis

Largest accomodation provider owns no real estate

The most popular media owner creates no content

The worlds largest music store owns no sales no records

The World’s largest movie house owns no cinemas

Mediocristan• Selling its time

• Selling local products

• Performs infront of a local audiance

• Local limited market

• Many actors sharing a local market

• Growth= more jobs

Business Consequences of

Digitization

Extremestan• Selling ideas, IPR,

• selling software and algorithms

• Performs infront of a global audiance

• Global, unlimited market

•

• Few actors sharing a global market

•”Jobbless growth”

Fritt efter Taleb: ”The Black Swan”

Extremistan IRL: Mobil ICT

• Standardized platforms: all Android & Apple

smartphones behave in same way, everywhere

• English – ”lingua franca”

• Billions of potential customers can be reached in

minutes through the ”app store”

• Millions of ”app”-developers

• Payment not connected to the operator’s service

Telco

operatorvendors

consumers

’90s and before

The changing value chain in Telecom

Telco

operatorvendors

evolved usersToday and the future

7

Consequence: The Revenue Gap

- Operators are forced to support “Over The

Top” services without sharing the revenues

- Competition and regulation (e.g. roaming

fees) pushes the traditional revenues for

operators down

- Sophisticated HD Video services such as

Netflix requires the operators to build out

their networks

Time

Data dominant

Traffic

Telcos’

revenues

Voice dominant

Traffic,

$

Data dominant

The Revenue Gap

Consequences:

- Reduced investments in infrastructure (network

sharing)

- Search for new potential revenue streams

Dramatic drop in sales of

infrastructure

8

Potential New Revenue streams:

”Things that communicate”Internet of Things

• Billions of devices

• Low power

• Low cost

Questionmarks:

4G - a scalable solution?

SIM-cards in every device?

Reliability

Delay?

Potential revenues?

”The Internet of Action”

The physical world is under

Remote control by people and

machineswww.davincisurgery.com

Källa: The Economist

Industry 4.0 Industrial IoT

11

Industrial IoT is just M2M all

over again… In the late 90s a EU directive drove Europe to start connecting electric meeters

wirelessly (mainly over GSM but also via a number of different propriotary

an Åkersberga based company and the pioner in wireless meetering

Already in 2008 the number of connected devices (M2M) > worlds population (~6.5 Billion)

Ericsson predicted 50 Billion connected devices in 2020, five years ago

According to Machina Research (2015) the forecast is 30 Billion connected devices in 2025

Most of these are expected to be fixed or short range for e.g. meetering.

Long wireless range will be needed for many applications

Low Power Wide Area Network

Many IoT/M2M applications will require long wireless range and robust links (rural & deep indoor) and traditional cellular technologies are often not very suitable (expensive, short battery lifetime …)

Most of these applications only require very low data throughput, while occasionally higher throughput may be required (e.g. for FW upgrade of remote sensors)

The term LPWA (or LPWAN) is commonly used for Low Power Wide Area Network Coverage

The competitive landscape for LPWA include “proprietary” technologies (Sigfox, LoRa etc) and the new cellular IoT/M2M related standards by 3GPP

While 3GPP based technologies are using licensed frequency bands (mainly the low bands operating in the 800, 850, 900MHz bands), other competing solutions uses unlicensed (ISM) bands, primarily sub-1GHz bands (868MHz, 902MHz)

Licensed or Unlicensed, that is the question..

Unlicensed Networks (Already Deployed) such as LoRaWAN, Sigfox and OnRamp wireless, Weightless -N & -P

etc. Most of these networks take advantage of industrial, scientific, and medical – ISM – unlicensed frequency bands.

These technologies are ready and already deployed and meet the important factors for LPWAN (long range, very low

power, low data rate, and very low cost). Some are based on standards protocols supported by industry alliance like

LoRaWAN Alliance and Weightless SIG, some are based on proprietary protocols and some are standards in-

progress.

3GPP Licensed Networks Evolution (Came later to the party)

• LTE MTC (machine type communication) evolution : based on amending the LTE to support MTC. The 1st

version was released with 3GPP Rel 8 based on CAT 1 but it does not meet the IoT requirement (battery/cost/range)

and a new release is released with R12 with Cat 0 and currently enhanced version (eMTC) is under evaluation in

Rel 13 to meet LPWAN requirement (CAT M).

• NB-CIoT and NB-LTE (will be evolved into NB-IoT) as per latest 3GPP RAN meeting and is expected to be

released with 3GPP Rel 13.

• GSM Evolution : upgrade of GSM by using one carrier for IoT and extending the coverage by (EC-GSM) is

expected with 3GPP Rel 13.

Proprietary standards for IoT in

unlicensed bands

Sigfox:IoT/M2M “global” network operator (i.e. with own infrastructure) Ultra-Narrow-Band (UNB). Uses ISM bands (868, 902MHz) Available in EU (e.g. France, Spain, the Netherlands, UK, Denmark …) and roll out in US et al

LoRaWAN:Uses ISM bands (868, 915MHz). LoRa is the radio (L1 PHY). LoRaWAN is the communicationprotocol ala LoRa Alliance (L2, L3)

Weightless:Ultra-Narrow-Band (UNB) in (all) sub-GHz ISM bands

RPMA/Ingenu:2.4GHz ISM band. LPWAN applications. DSSS/MA Used in 38 private networks worldwide

Long Range Radio

• Semtech radio using low baud rate and Chirp Spread Spectrum modulation• Semtech is (now) licensing the technology to other chip manufacturers• LoRa Alliance initiative end to end IoT solution• Based on EU legislation on 868 MHz band.

Key Info

• Frequencies 868/915 MHz (Sub GHz)• Data rates 290 bps – 50 kbps (18 bps)• Max Link budget 154 dB(168 dB)• Modulation CSS

Key Info:• Frequencies 868/902 MHz• Baud rates 100 bps user data (200bps including overhead) -> 2s / msg• Each msg is sent on 3 channels, so totally 6s for one msg• Max Link budget 156 dB Uplink / 140 dB downlink• Maximum throughput uplink in 24 h -> 140 msg*12 bytes• Modulation DL: BPSK , UL: GFSK• 3 retransmissions of each uplink message on 3 PR frequencies

• SigFox Narrow Band Low Power radio• SigFox is a Network provider, providing the Infrastructure. Partial

coverage in EU and NA.• Based on EU legislation on 868 MHz band.

SIGFOX

Antennas for 868

• LP80x used at the meeter

• TUBE868 at the concentrator

802.11ah, Halow

Bluetooth 5.0

Extended range:

4 times better range, for addressing IoT use cases Full-home, building and outdoor use cases (home automation, compare Thread)

Higher speed/throughput:

2Mbit/s on PHY layer Quicker data transfers allow lower power consumption Quicker FW upgrades

Increasing broadcast capacity:

For next generation of “connectionless” services (e.g. beacons) Boost in broadcast messaging capacity Location-relevant information & indoor navigation

Bluetooth SIG statement:

Today, there are 8.2 billion Bluetooth products in use, and the enhancements in Bluetooth5 and planned future Bluetooth technical advancements mean that Bluetooth will be in morethan one-third of all installed IoT devices by 2020

”3GPP related” IoT standards

3GPP wireless technologies for WAN (LPWAN): The ”existing ones”, i.e. GSM/GPRS, 3G, LTE The new ones (NB-IoT, LTE-Cat m, ec-GSM)

Since 3GPP recently (mid 2016) released new standards (R13) more suitable for IoT/M2M the expectation is that the market will start to deploy these standards during2017 =>

• The basic requirements for these new “3GPP cellular IoT” standards are:•Long battery life (i.e. many years, 10+ years)•Low device cost (3GPP assume less than 5USD?)•Low deployment cost (e.g. re-use of existing infrastructure)•Extended coverage (15-20dB better link budget vs. traditional 3GPP cellular)•Support for a massive number of devices (one base station may need to serve plenty …)

Three separate tracks for licensed cellular IoT technologies are being standardized in 3GPP:

LTE-M: Also known as eMTC , is an evolution of LTE optimized for IoT in 3GPP.First released in Rel.12 in Q4 2014, further optimization is being included in Rel.13 with specifications completed in Q1 2016. NB-IoT is also called Cat-M1 (or Cat. 1.4Mhz)

NB-IoT: The narrowband evolution of LTE for IoT in 3GPP, included in Rel.13 withspecifications completed in Q2 2016. (The LTE-IoT is primarily promoted by Huawei, the main contributor in this standard). NB-IoT is also called Cat-M2 (or Cat. 200kHz)

EC-GSM-IoT: an evolution of GSM optimized for IoT in 3GPP, included in Rel.13 withspecifications completed in Q2 2016. One advantage over GSM is improved linkbudget for deepindoor applications

(A 5G solution for cellular IoT is expected to be part of the new 5G framework by 2020)

”3GPP related” IoT standards, cont

What is 5G??

24

The Evolution of Mobile Telephony

1st Generation

Analogue

Voice

Roaming

NMT, AMPS

TACS

2nd

Digital

Voice

Low-rate data

European

standard

GSM, PDC

IS-95, IS-136

3rd

Packet Access

Multimedia

Services

broadcast

Services

IMT-2000

UMTS, cdma1x

1980 1990 2000 2010

4th

Broadband

Internet

Smartphones

IP TV

IMT-Advance

LTE

2020

Sunspots & Wireless development

MT

A&

B

LT

E

NM

T

GS

M

3G

5GM

TD

The NGMN* 5G Use cases

*The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance

Wide range of

Use cases &

Requirements

Device-to-Device

Communications

Car-to-Car Comm.

New requirements and

characteristics due to

communicating machines

Avalanche of

Traffic Volume

“1000x in ten years”

Massive growth in

Connected Devices

“50 billion devices in 2020”

5G Wireless access:Challenges

Affordable and sustainable

5G Objectives

1000x higher mobile

data volumes

10-100x higher number of

connected devices

10-100x typical end-user

data rates

5xlower latency

10xlonger battery life

for low-power devices

Develop a concept for future mobile and wireless communications system

that supports the connected information society

Up to

10Gbps

10 years 50/500 B devicesFew ms E2E

What is 5G?

SONY’s approach to 5G use cases

Enhanced Mobile Broadband

Massive Machine Type Communications

Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications

3D video, UHD screens

Smart City

Industry automation

Gigabytes in a second

Self Driving Car

Augmented reality

Smart Home/Building

Work and play in the cloud

Voice Mission critical application,

e.g. e-health

Future IMT

5G use cases

VR

New Use Cases for Cellular Systems

5G Mobile Communication

New Technology

Automotive Adaption to 5G

Smart Building/ IoT

Industry 4.0/ Localisation

Indoor Services – Small Cell

Solutions

Broadcast Converngence (eMBMS)

Macro

Infrastructure

UE / Roadside

V2X

GNSS

CAR

V2V

D2D MTC

eMBMS

Broadcast

Macro

5G Triangle for Antennas

Multi Cell

Antennas

Network

Densification

Multiband

Antennas

Spectrum Extension

Spatial MultiplexAccess

Array Antennas

Massive MIMO4X-Array

DAS Street Connect … 10-Port … 12-Port …Multibeam

35

| Antenna Evolution: From 4G to 5G |

2020

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Multiband Active Antenna 4x4, 8x8 MIMO

or MASSIVE MIMO?

Radio

Server

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tfi

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48V

The Evolution of BTS Antennas

2015

Active Antenna 2

Bands 4x4 MIMO

Radio

Server

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tfi

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mm Wave for massive MIMO

2017

Radio

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› Lower frequencies needed for full-area coverage – high frequencies

alone is not sufficient

› LTE already widely deployed at lower frequency bands

High - f requency ope ra t i on

• 40 MHz @ 2.6 GHz + 100 MHz @

15 GHz

• 32 Gbyte/user/month

• LTE sites reused

• 40 MHz @ 2.6 GHz

• 32 Gbyte/user/month

• 100 MHz @ 15 GHz

• 32 Gbyte/user/month

• LTE sites reused

• 40 MHz @ 2.6 GHz

• 4 Gbyte/user/month

• Typical Asian city, 200-400

m ISD

WRC 2019 Candidates for mmW Bands

27.0-28.4

38

| Antenna Evolution: From 4G to 5G |

Deployment scenariosSource: 3GPP TR 38.913 Version 14.0.0 (2016-10)

ScenarioIndoor

hotspotDense urban Rural Urban macro

High speed6)

(500 km/h)

Carrier frequency range

(aggregated system BW)

4GHz (200MHz)

30GHz3)(1GHz)

70GHz4)(1GHz)

4GHz (200MHz)

30GHz (1GHz)

700MHz+2GHz

(20MHz)

4GHz (200MHz)

2GHz (TBD)

4GHz (200MHz)

30GHz (1GHz)

4GHz (200MHz)

30GHz (1GHz)

70GHz (1GHz)

BS / UE antenna

elements2)

256/32

256/8 (4GHz)

256/32 (30GHz)

256/8 (4GHz)

256/8 (4GHz)

64/4 (700MHz)

256/32 (30GHz)

256/8 (4GHz)

256/32

256/8 (4GHz)

Coverage range

(indoor/outdoor user

distribution in %)

20 m 100%/0% 200 m Macro (3 micro

TRPs5) per macro)

80%/20%

1732 / 5000 m

50%/50%

500 m

80%/20%

1732 m

100% users in train

Scenario Extreme

rural7)

Urban overage

for mMTC

Highway Urban grid for

connected car9)

Air to Ground

Carrier frequency range

(aggregated system BW)

< 3GHz (40MHz) 700 MHz (TBD)

2.1GHz (TBD)

< 6GHz (200MHz) < 6GHz (200MHz) Tbd / [40MHz]

BS / UE antenna

elements2)

<TBD> 2, 4, 8 (optional) / 1 32/32 (RSU8))

32/8 (in vehicle UE)

32/32

256/8 (4GHz)

tbd

Coverage range

(indoor/outdoor user

distribution in %)

100 km (even up

to 300

km)

500 / 1732 m

80%/20%

500 m

100% in vehicles

500 m

Vehicles, bicycles,

pedestrian

[100km]

Example: coverage along track in

high speed trains

4GHz deployment

30GHz deployment

Demonstrator @ 4 GHz

41

| Antenna Evolution: From 4G to 5G |

Antenna Technologies for 28GHz

Bo Göransson | Wireless@KTH | 5G & the multi antenna advantage | 2016-10-06 | Page 32

F i r s t 5G NRRADIO:

AIR 6468

FIRST COMMERCIAL 5G NR MASSIVE MIMO RADIO

› 64T / 64R active antenna system

› LTE and 5G NR going forward

› Supports 5G plug-ins: Massive MIMO and Multi-user MIMO

› Beamforming as part of Cloud RAN split baseband architecture

› Works with today’s Ericsson Radio System Baseband

› 5–6 times capacity compared to 8T / 8R configuration

› First deployments mid 2017

5GNR

Radio

AIR6468

Bo Göransson | Wireless@KTH | 5G & the multi antenna advantage |

2016-10-06 | Page 31

MIMO Plug- InsBeamforming and beam steering

for best

user experience and network

capacity

Massive

MIMO

Multi-User

MIMO

Bo Göransson | Wireless@KTH | 5G & the multi antenna advantage | 2016-10-06 | Page 24

25 Gbit/s MU-MIMO

UE

#1

UE

#2

Beam selection

UE #1

Beam selection

UE #2

Per user

throughput

Massive MIMO:

Taking MU-MIMO to the Next LevelNetwork Architecture: Massive MIMO

• Many BS antennas;; e.g., 𝑀 ≈ 200 antennas, 𝐾 ≈ 40 single-antenna users

• Key: Excessive number of antennas, 𝑀≫ 𝐾

• Very directive signals

• Little interference leakage

What is the Key Difference from Today?

•

• 4G/LTE-A: 4-MIMO x 60 = 240

antennas

14

Typical vertical array:

10 antennas x 2 polarizations

Only 2 antenna ports

3 sectors,4 vertical arrays per sector160 antenna elements, LuMaMi testbed, Lund University

Number of Antennas? No, we already have many antennas!

• 3G/UMTS: 3 sectors x 20 element-arrays = 60

antennas

Massive MIMO Characteristics Many

small dipoles with transceiver chains Massive

in numbers – not massive in size

Thanks to:

Emil Björnson & Fredrik Tufvesson LTU

https://youtu.be/XBb481RNqGw