li""-I:~I=-I cl 'ILei,=:-,• •• ••r-He weLL read mason

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1906NEW YORK AND LONDON

FUNK & WAG NALLS COMPANY

REVISING EDITOR

JOSEPH JACOBS, D.LITT.

BY

A GUIDE TO ITS CONTENTS

AN AID TO ITS USE

THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA

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(

COPYRIGHT, x9Q(i, BY

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY

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147892

IN the following pages I have endeavored, at therequest of the Funk & Wagnalls Company, to givesuch an account of the contents of THE JEWISHEN­CYCLOPEDIA,published by them, as will indicate thenature of the work in considerable detail, and at thesame time facilitate the systematic use of it in any ofits very varied sections. For this purpose it has beenfound necessary to divide the subject-matter of theENCYCLOPEDIAin a somewhat different manner fromthat adopted for editorial purposes in the variousdepartments. Several sections united under the con­trol of one editor have been placed in more logical orderin different parts of the following account, while, onthe other hand, sections which were divided amongdifferent editors have here been brought together underone head. In justice to my colleagues it is but fairto add that they are in no sense responsible for thisredistribution of the subject-matter, or indeed for anyof the views which either explicitly or by implicationare expressed in the following pages on some of thedisputed points affecting modern Jews and Judaism.

iii

PREFACE

/ /'.:- C'.'" __ J~Y-l.

/ -- _/'

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JOSEPHJACOBS.

The endeavor has been made herein to give an ac­count of the ENCYCLOPEDIAin two ways. In a longlist at the end the chief articles are enumerated inalphabetical order, with indication as to illustrations,so that by running through these the variety and extentof ground covered by the ENCYCI,OPEDIAcan be gath­ered at once. In addition, I have in the earlier of thesepages classified the majority oi the articles thus indexedin some sort of logical order. In making a selection of2,000 articles out of 16,606, some may have 'been omit­ted which others would have included, and doubtlessseveral have been included which others would haveomitted. I can only state that every care has beentaken to make the selections representative. It will,of course, be understood that the engravings accom­panying the present text are specimens of only thesmaller illustrations contained in THE JEWISHENCY­CLOPEDIA.

PREFACE

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PAGB

PREFACE iii-ivPARTIALLISTOFEDITORSANDCOLLABORATORS vii-xviiiINTRODUcrORYREMARKS .THE SoURCES

The Bible.. 4Talmud and Midrash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

ARCHEOLOGY.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20DOMESTICITY.. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... .. . . . . . .. .. 21CUSTOMS............................................. 22JEWISHLIFE '. 23HISTORY............................................. 24

Of Nations-Of Cities-Makers of History-HistoricMovements and Events-Weapons against Intoler­ance-The German Jews-America, England andRussia-The United States-American Jewry-Jew­ish Influence-Great Britain-Early English Jews­Jews Return to England-Jewish Emancipation­Anglo-Jewish Institutions-Quaint Characters ofEnglish Jewry-Russia- Russo-Jewish Communities-Russian-Jewish Leaders.

PHILOLOGY.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51LITERATURE... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . .. 54

Rabbinical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57Bibliography and Typography. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. 61

THEOLOGY... . . . . . 63Cosmology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66Christianity in Its Relation to Judaism. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70Mysticism, Superstition, and Folk-Lore. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72

v

CONTENTS

vi

PAGB

PmLOSOPHY. . •. . . . . • . • • . . • • • • • . • . • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •• 75CEREMONIES.. . . . . . .•.. . ....•. .. ...••. ..•. ..••••••.••. 77

Liturgy. . 83Music.. . . . e •••• ~ ••• " 86

SOCIOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .• 87BIOGRAPHY.. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .•. .. .. . .. .. . .. 90

Poets-Litterateurs-Music-Drama. 93Science: Philosophy- History- Economics-Mathe­matics- Astronomy- Chemistry- Physiology-Philology-Hebrew. . .. . . . . .. . . 97

Pl·actic.al Life: Politics-Medicine-Law-ArmyandNavy-Sports, Travel, etc.-Commerce and Phi-. lanthropy-Anti-Semites-Pedigrees . . . . . . . . . . .. 104

MISCELLANEOUS JUDAICA •.•.........................•.• 113ILLUSTRATIONS. • • . . . . . . . • . • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • . . . • . • • • • . .. 118

Tombs of BibleHeroes-Holy Cities and Sites-Jew­ish Quartersand Domiciles-A BibleAtlae-e-Numis­matics-Sacred Edifices-Decorative Art-JewishBurial Grounds-Ceremonial Paraphemalia-Cos­tumes-Portraits- Books and Manuscripts-Hebra­ica.

STATISTICS OF INTEREST •••.•••••••.•••••••••••••••••.. 134COLLABORATORS. • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 135CONCLUSION. • •. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 136INDEX OF MAIN ARTICLES •••••••••• ; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 141

CONTENTS

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KAUFlIIIANN KOBLEB, Ph.D.,(Department. of Theology and PhilollO'ph1l.)

President of Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio; Rabbi Emeritus ofTemple Beth-EI, New York.

BEBMAN BOSEN'l'JIAL,(Department of the Jew. of RuNia and Poland.)

Chiefof the Slavonic Department, NewYork Public Library.

vii

JOSEPH JACOBS,D.Lltt.,(Department. of t.w Jew. of England and Anthropology; Reviaing Editor.)Formerly President of the Jewish Historical Society of England; Author of

"Jews of Angevin England," etc.

BICBABDGOTTBEIL, Ph.D.,(DeparlmenU of Hiatory from Ezra to 1492 and Hiatory of Po.t-Talmudic

Literature. )Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York; Chief of

the Oriental Department, New York Public Library.

EMIL G. B1BSCH,Ph.D., LL.D.,(Department of the Bible.)

Rabbi of Chicago Sinai Congregation, Chicago, Ill;.i Professor of RabbinicalLiterature and Philosophy, University of \,ihicago; Editor of

"The Reform Advocate."

CYRUSADLEB, Ph.D.,(DepartmenU of Poet-Biblical Antt"quitie. and the Jew.of America.)

President of the American Jewish Historical Society; Assistant Secretary,Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

WUBEI,M BACHER,Ph,D.,(DepartmenU of the Talmud and Rabbinical Literature.)

Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary, Budapest, Hungary.

GOTTBABDDEUTSCH,Ph,D.,(Department of Hiatory from 1492 to 1006.)

Professor of Jewish History, Hebrew UnionCollege,Cincinnati, Ohio; Editorof " Deborah."

EDITORIAL BOARD

The r«Uler will pleaae take notice that the namea printed in parentheee. in thefoUO'Ulingpage. are tho.e of the author. of the article. referred to.

PARTIAL LIST OF THE 605 EDITORS ANDCOLLABORATORS WHO PRODUCED

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

J. FBEDEBIC McCUBDY.Ph.D•• LL.D.•Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto, Canada;

Author of " History, Prophecy, and the Monuments."

viii

MOBBIS JABTBOW,Jr •• Ph.D.•Professor of Semitic Languages and Librarian in the University of Pennsyl­

vania, Philadelphia, Pa.; Author of "Religion of theBabylonians and Assyrians," etc.

MABCUBJABTBOW,Ph.D.(DECEASED).

Late Rabbi Emeritus of the Con~ation Rodef Shalom, Philadelphia, Pa.;Author of "A Dictionary of the Talmud."

BENBY BYVEBNAT.D.D••Head of the Dep_artment of Semitic and ~ptian Literatures, Catholic

University of America, Washington. D. C.

GUSTAV·GOTTBEIL. Ph.D.(DECEASED).

Late Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Emanu-El, New York.

B. FELSENTBAL.Ph.D••Rabbi Emeritus of Zion Congregation, Chicag_o,Ill.; Author of "A Practical

Grammar of the Hebrew Language "

AMERICAN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORSBEBN'ABD DBACBltlAN. Ph.D••

Rabbi of the Congregation Zichron Ephraim; Instructor in the Bible and inHebrew Grammar. Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York.

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WILLIAM POPPEB. M.A•• Ph.D.•(A••ociateReviaingEditor; Chief of the Bureauof Tranltlation.)

Gustav Gottheil Lecturer in Semitic Languages, Columbia University, NewYork (1003-5); Author of "The Censorship of Hebrew Books.'

FBAlQ[ B. VIZETELLY, F.B.A.•(Secreta,." of the Board.)

Associate Editor of the STANDARDDICl'IONARY."The ColumbianCyclopedia." etc.

I, K. FUNIt, D.D., LL.D.,(ChaiT'fMn of the Boam.)

Editor-in-Chief of the STANDARDDICl'IONARYOFTHEENGLISHLANGUAGE,etc.

IsmOBE BINGD, Ph.D.,MANAGINGEDITOR.

(Departmerit ol.l1odern Biograph1/ from 1750 to 1906.)

CBAWFOBDBOWELL TOY; D.D., LL.D.•(Department. of HMew PhiWlogy and Hellmiatic Literature.)

Professor of Hebrew in Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Authorof "The Religion of Israel." etc.

usr OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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ABBAHAM DANON,Principal of the Jewish TheologicalSeminary, Constantinople, Turkey.

ix

H. BBODY, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Nachod, Bohemia, Austria; Coeditor of "Zeitschrift fur Hebraische

Bibliographie.',

M. BBANN, Ph.D.,Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary, Breslau, Germany; Editorof "Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums."

FOREIGN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORSISBAEL ABBAHAMS, M.A••

Coeditor of "The Jewish Quarter!y Review"; Author of "Jewish Life inthe MiddleAges," etc.; Reader in Talmudic, Cambridge

University, England.

JACOB VOOBSANBEB, D.D.,Rabbi of the ConlP'egationEmanu-El, San Francisco, Cal.; Professor of

Semitic Languages and Literatures, University ofCalifornia,Berkeley, Cal.

JOSEPH SILVEBMAN, D.D.,President of Central Conference of American Rabbis; Rabbi of Temple

Emanu-El, NewYork.

SOLOMON SCBECHTEB, M.A., Litt.D.,President of the Faculty of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America,

NewYork; Author of "Studies in Judaism."

mA MAURICE PBICE, B.D., Ph.D.,Professor of Semitic Languages and Literatures, University of Chicago,Ill.;

Author of "The Monuments and the Old Testament," etc.

DAVID PHILIPSON, D.D.,Rabbi of the Congregation B'ne Israel; Professor of Homiletics, Hebrew

Union College,Cincinnati, Ohio; President of Hebrew Sab-bath SchoolUnion of America. -

BEOBBE F. MOOBE, M.A., D.D.,Professor of Biblical Literature and the History of Religions in Harvard

University, Cambridge,Mass.;Author of" ACommentaryon the Book of Judges," etc..

MOSES MIELZlNEB, Ph.D., D.D.(DECEASED),

Late President of the Hebrew Union College,Cincinnati, Ohio; Author of- "Introduction to the Talmud ;"

H. PEBEmA MENDES, M.D.,Rabbi of the Shearith Israel Congregation (Spanish and Portuguese), New

York; President of the Board of Jewish Ministers, NewYork.

LIST OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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EUDE LOLLI. D.D.(DECEASED ),

Late Chief Rabbi of Padua; Late Professor of Hebrew at the University,Padua, Italy.

IMMANUEL LOW, Ph.D.,Chief Rabbi of Szegedin, Hungary; Author of ..Die Aramaischen

Pflanzennamen. "

ANATOLE LEROY-BEAULIEU.Member of the Institut de France; Professor at the Free School of Political

Science, Paris, France; Author of "Israel chez les Nations."

MORITZ LAZARUS. Ph.D.(DECEASED ),

Late Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University ofBerlin; Meran, Austria.

ISRAEL LEVI.Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary; Editor of ..Revue des Etudes

Juives," Paris, France.

M. ItAYSERLING. Ph.D.(DECEASED),

Late Rabbi, Budapest, Hungary; Late Corresponding Member of the RoyalAcademy of History, Madrid, Spain.

A. DE B.AB.KA VY. Ph.D .•Chief of the Hebrew Department of the Imperial Public Library, St. Peters­

burg, Russia.

ZADOC KAHN(DECEASED ),

Late ChiefRabbi of France; Late Honorary President of the AllianceIsraeliteUniverselle; Late Officerof the Legion of Honor, Paris, France.

BARON DAVID GUNZBUB.G,St. Petersburg, Russia.

IGNAZ GOLDZIBER, Ph.D .•Professor of Semitic Philology, University of Budapest, Hungary,

M. GiiDEMANN. Ph.D.,Chief Rabbi of Vienna, Austria.

MICHAEL FRIEDLANDER. Ph.D.,Principal of Jews' College, London, England; Author of "The Jewish

Religion," etc.

S. M. DUBNOW.Author of "Istoriya Yevreyev," Wilna, Russia.

HARTWIG DERENBOUB.G. Ph.D ••Professor of Literal Arabic at the Special School of Oriental Languages,

Paris; Member of the Institut de France.

LIST OF EDITORS AND f..-OLLABORATORS

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A. Fre1mann, Ph.D••Librarian of the Hebrew Dept., Stadtbibliothek, Frankfort-on-the-Main,

Germany.

xi

Abraham EPlMln,Author, Vienna, Austria.

Abraham Danon.Prin, Jewish Theol. Sem., Constantinople,

A. Cowley,M.A.,Bodleian Library, Oxford Univ., England.

Adolf Buchler. Ph.D••Prof. Jewish Theol. Sem., Vienna, Austria.

PARTIAL LIST OF EDITORS ANDCOLLABORATORS

CHARLESTAYLOR.D.D., LL.D.,Master of St. John's College, Cambridge, ~and; Editor of "Sayinp of

the Jewish Fathers,' etc.

HERMANNL. 8'l'RACK, Ph.D.,Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and Semitic Languages, Universit.y of

Berlin, Germany.

LUDWIG8'1'EIN. Ph.D.,Professor of Philosophy, University of Bern, Switzerland; Editor of" Archiv

fUrGeschichte der Philosophie," etc.

E. 8CBWAB.ZFELD,LL.D.,Secretary-General of the Jewish Colonization Association, Paris, France.

8AMUELPOUAN8KI. Ph.D.,Rabbi in Warsaw, Russia.

MAB'1'INPBILlPPSON. Ph.D.,Formerly Professor of History at the Universities of Bonn and Brussels;

President of the Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeindebund, Berlin, Germany.

S. B. MABGULIES,Ph.D.,Principal of the Jewish Theological Seminary; Chief Rabbi of Florence,

Italy.

B. OOR'1',D.D•.Professor of Hebrew Laneua,ge and Archeology at the State University,

Leyden, Holland.

ABBE PIETRO PEJUr.EAU,Formerly Librarian of the Reale Biblioteca Palatina, Parma, Italy.

usr OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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Charlel C. Torrey, Ph.D.,Prof. of Semitic Languages, Yale Univ., New Haven. Conn.

xii

C. de Bethencourt,Lisbon, Portugal.

Bernhard Zleml1ch, Ph.D .•Rabbi, Nuremberg, Germany.

Bernhard Pick. Ph.D., D.D.,Pastor, St. John's Lutheran Church, Newark, N. J.

Benno Jacob. Ph.D.,Rabbi, GOttingen, Hanover, Germany.

B. Fellenthal. Ph.D ••Rabbi Emeritus, Zion Congregation, ChiCBKo,Ill.

B. Eerdmans, Ph.D ••Prof. of Old Testament Exegesis, Jewish Religious History, etc., Rijks Univ.,

Leyden, Holland.

A. V. W. Jackson. Ph.D., Litt.D •• LL.D.,Prof. of Indo-Iranian Languages, Columbia Univ., New York City.

A. W. Brunner.Architect, New York City.

A. M. Byamlon.Rabbi, Dalston SynagoKUe; Sec. Union of Jewish Literary Societies, London,

England.

Abram S. II&&CI, Ph.D.,Prof. of German Languqe and Literature, Univ. Graduate Sem., NewYork

City.

A. B. 8&J'ce.D.D•• LL.D••Prof. of Assyriology, Oxford Univ., Endand.

A. KamlDka. Ph.D .•Secretary of the Israelitische All~nz zu Wien. Vienna, Austria.

Adolf Kamphauaen, Ph.D .•Prof. of Old Testament Exegesis, Univ. of Bonn, Germany.

A. B. Newman. D.D., LL.D••Prof. of Hebrew and Copate Languagesl etc., McMaster University, Toronto,

Canada,

Abraham BarkaV;V. Ph.D.,Librarian of Hebrew Dept., Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Adolf Guttmacher. Ph.D ••Rabbi Baltimore Hebrew Cong., Baltimore, Md.

LIST OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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Frederick C. COD7beare.M.A.,Late Fellow of Univ. College, Oxford, England.

xiii

E. Schwarzfeld.LL.D.•Secretary of the Jewish Colonization Association, Paris, France.

Erik Stave, Ph.D.,Prof. of Theology, Univ. of Upsala, Sweden.

Em1l SchUrer,Ph.D.,Prof. of New Testament Exegesis, Univ. of GottinKen,

Germany.

Eduard Me7er, Ph.D.,Prof. of Ancient History, Univ. of Berlin, Germany.

Eduard KoDlg, Ph.D., LL.D.,Prof. of Old Testament Exegesis, Univ. of Bonn, Germany.

Eduard Baneth, Ph.D.,Prof. in the Lehranstalt fUr die Wissenschaft des Judenthums, Berlin.

Germany.

D. SimoDlen,Ph.D.,Chief Rabbi of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.

David Werner Amram, LL.B.,Counselor at Law, Philadelphia, Pa,

. Gottb.a.rdDeutsch, Ph.D.,Prof. of Jewish History, Hebrew Union Coll., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Baron David von Giinzburg,St. Petersburg, Russia.

Carl 81ectrle4,Ph.D., LL.D. (Deceased),Late Prof. of Theology at'the Univ. of Jena, Germany.

Charles Ta7lor, D.D., LL.D.,Master, St. John's College,Cambridge, EnK.

Lieut.-Col.Claude R. Conder, LL.D.,Formerly Superintendent of the Survey of Palestine by Palestine Explora­

tion Fund.

Cup&r Levtaa, M.A.,Formerly Instructor in Exegesil! and Talmudic Aramaic, Hebrew Union

Coll., Cincinnati, Ohio.

C. B. Bjerregaard,Librarian of New York Public Library.

Charles FOIHI'Kent, Ph.D.,Prof. of Biblical Literature and History, Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn.

LIST OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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Herman Gunkel, Ph.D., D.D.,Prof. of Old Testament Exegesis, Univ. of Berlin, Germany.

xiv

Hermann Vogellteln, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany.

Henrletta 8_01d,Sec. of the Publication Committee of the Jewish Publication Society of

America; New York City.

Hubert Grimme, Ph.D.,Prof. of Semitic Languages and Literature, Univ. of Freiburg, Switzerland.

H. G. Enelow, D.D.,Rabbi of the Congregation Adas Israel, Louisville, Ky.

Henrl Cordier,Prof. at the Ecole des Lanpes Vivantes Orientales, Paris, France ..

Helm1chBloch, Ph.D.,Prof. of History, Jewish Theol. Bem.,Budapest, Hungary.

Hannah B. E1DIte1n,Pres. Emanu-El Sisterhood of Personal Service, New York City.

HeDl'J'Berkowitz, D.D.,Rabbi, Rodeph Shalom Congregation, Philadelphia, Pa.

H. Br0d7, Ph.D.,Rabbi; Coeditor of the "Zeitschrift fur Hebriische Bibliographie," Nachod,

Bohemia, Austria.

Herman Adler, LL.D.,Chief Rabbi of the British Empire, London, England.

GUltav Oppen, Ph.D.,Privat-Docent, University of Berlin.

Pre4erlck de 80la Mendes, Ph.D.,Rabbi of the West End.Synagogue, New York City.

GeorgeA. Barton, Ph.D.,Prof. of Biblical Literature and Semitic Languages at Bryn Mawr, Pa,

Franc1a L. Cohen,Chief Minister, Sydney, N. S. W., Australia.

Frank Knlght Sanden, Ph.D., D.D.,Prof. of Biblical History and Archeol()IY,Dean of the Divinity School, Yale

Univ., New Haven, Conn.

Frank H. Knowlton, M.8., Ph.D.,Assistant Curator of Botany, United States National Museum,

Washington, D. C.

usr OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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xv

Joseph Reinach,Journalist, Paris, France.

John P. Peten, Ph.D., D.D.,Rector, St. Michael's Church, New York City.

Jules Oppert,Member of the Institute of France; Prof. of Oriental Languages at the

College de France, Paris, France.

J. M. Blllesum,Librarian of the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, Univ. of Amsterdam,

Netherlands.

Morrla JaavoW', Jr., Ph.D.,Prof. of Semitic Languages, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa.

J. H. Hollander, Ph.D.,Assistant Prof. of Political Economy, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md.

John Dyne1ey Prlnce, Ph.D.,Prof. of Semitic Languages, Columbia Univ., New York City.

Jacques Bigan,8eoretary-General of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, Paris, FranOP,.

I. M. Cuanowlcz, Ph.D.,United States National Museum. Washington, D. C.

lmmaDue1 LoW',Ph.D.,Chief Rabbi, Budapest, Hungary.

Israel Levi,Rabbi; Prof. in the Jewish TheolOJical Seminary, Paris; Editor of "Revue

des Etudes Jwves," Paris, France.

Ignaz10 Gu141,Prof. of Hebrew Language and Comp_arative Semitio Philology, Univ. of

Rome, Italy.

lmmaDue1 BeDZ1nger,Ph.D.,Prof of Old Testament Exegesis, Univ. of Berlin, Germany.

Israel Abrahaml, M.A.,Reader in Rabbinics, Univ. of Cambridgei Coeditor of "The Jewish Qu::.r­

terly Review"; Cambndge, England.

Hermann L. Strack, Ph.D.,Prof. of Old Testament Exesesis and Semitic Languages at the Univ. of

Berlin, Germany.

Bar1w1g B1rIchfe1d, Ph.D.,Prof. Jews' College, London, England.

LIST OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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MoselMle1zlner.Ph.D••D.D. (Deceased),Late President of the Hebrew Union College,Cincinnati, Ohio.

xvi

Max L. Margolli. Ph.D••Prof. of Biblical Exegesis, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Max Lohr. Ph.D.,Prof. of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, Univ. of Breslau, Germany.

Mark Lldzbarlk7. Ph.D••Privat-Dooent of Semitic Philology at the Univ. of Kiel, Germany.

Max J. Kohler. M.A•• LL.B ••Counselor at Law; Corresponding Secretary of the American Jewish His­

torical Society, New York City.

M. Knate.Rabbi, Mogador. Morocco.

MOlelGaiter. Ph.D••Haham of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, London, Ene.

.M. GrUnwald.Ph.D.. .Rabbi, Israelitische Kultus-Gemeinde; Editor of the "Mitteilungen mr

Judisehen Volkskunde," Vienna, Austria.

Maurice Fllhberg. M.D••Surgeon to the Beth Israel Hospital Dtsyens&ry'kMedical Examiner to the

Hebrew Charities, New Yor City.

Leo Wiener,Assistant Prof. of Slavic Languages, Harvard Univ .• Cambridce, Mass.

Maurice Bloch. Ph.D••Prin. of the Bischoffsheim School at Paris, France.

Ludwlg Stein, Ph.D.,Prof. of Philosophy. Univ. of Bern, Switzerlan~.

Lewll N. Dembltz. D.B.L••Counselor at Law, Louisville, Ky.

Karl Budde. Ph.D.,Prof. of Old Testament Exegesis, Univ. of Marbullr, Germany.

Karl Be1nrlchCorDill,Ph.D.•Prof. of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Univ. of Breslau, Germany.

LUdwigBIau, Ph.D.,Prof. Jewish Theological Seminary; Editor of "Magyar Zsido S.zemle,"

Budapest, Hungary.

Luarul GrUnhut, Ph.D.,Direotor, Orphan Asylum, Jerusalem, Palestine.

LIST OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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TheodoreBersl, Ph.D. (deceased),Late President of the International Zionist Congress; Vienna, Austria.

xvii

S. B..Driver, D.D.,Regius Prof. of Hebrew, Oxford Univ., Oxford, England.

S. Levy, M.A ••Rabbi, London, Encland.

SimonBernfeld.Ph.D.,Formerly Chief Rabbi of Servia; Berlin, Germany.

B.obertW. B.ogers,D.D., Ph.D.,Prof. of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological Seminary,

Madison, N. J.

Paul Wendland, Ph.D.,Instructor, Berlin, Germany.

OsearS. SvaUl, LL.D.,Former Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the U. S. to

Turkey; Member of the Court of Arbitration at The Hague;New York City.

PhWppe Berger.Prof. of Hebraic, Chaldaic, and Syriac Languages and Literature, Coli. de

France; Member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres;Paris, France.

N. Siouschz,Lecturer on Neo-Hebrew Literature, Univ. of Paris, France.

Nathaniel Schmidt, Ph.D.,Prof. of Semitic Laquages and Literature, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

Nah14aB.eJD7Lazarus,Author, Meran, Austria.

N. Porgel, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Leipsic, Germany.

N. E. B. Ezra,Shanghai, China•.

Mayer Sulzberger,Presiding Judge of Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia, Pa,

M. Schwanfeld, M.D.,Bucharest, Rumania.

1IIIaI7 B.oblll1onDumesteter,Paris, France.

1IIIax Nordau, M.D.,Paris, France.

LIST OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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W. Max Muller. Ph.D ••Assistant Prof. of Biblical Philology at the Univ. of ChiCBKO.Chicago. Ill.

Thol. Xel17 Chene. D.D•• Lltt.D ••Orel Prof. of the Interpretation of Scripture, Oxford Univ .• and Canon of

Rochester Cathedral, ~and; Coeditor of .. Encyclopredia. Biblica," Oxford. England.

LIST OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS

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THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA in its twelve volumessummarizes the information available on the history,literature, theology, and sociology of the Jews sincetheir first appearance in history, three thousand yearsago, down to the present day. Much of the materialgathered in its pages has never been brought togetherbefore; and even where previous treatments of partsof a subject exist, they have not been coordinated withone another, and their mutual relations have not beenhitherto discernible. Yet, Israel is one and indivisiblein all manifestations. Jewish theology molds Jew­ish history; Jewish literature envelops and environsJewish history; Talmudic law determines Jewish soci­ology and forms the osteology of Jewish history; theceremonies of the Jews are an embodiment of Jewishtheology in rites and liturgy; while Jewish musictranslates into the world of tone and harmony theregrets and yearnings of Jewish history. From anotherpoint of view all these subjects can be traced back tothe Bible and the Talmud.Fundamentally one as are the manifestations of the

Jewish spirit, they are distractingly variegated whenviewed without a clue. Scattered through all lands,and passing through all the historic periods, the Jewishpeople have been connected with every phase of the

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INTRODUCTORY RE~

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

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western-Asiatic and European culture which is calledcivilization. Even in their excursions into the otherthree continents of the globe the Jews have formedpart of that expansion of Europe which constitutesmodern history. Within these limits then-within thecountries and periods which have been influenced byEuropean civilization-Jews have been touched by, orhave taken part in, all the movements of humanity;and THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA,which treats of allthese aspects, is a veritable encyclopedia, touching allsides of human activity in the historic period.From another point of view, the ENCYCLOPEDIAis

practically universal in scope. Though not a nation,the Jews form what might be called an "internation,"scattered among the peoples, but kept in union by aspiritual bond and by a share in common sorrows andantipathies. The various activities of the members ofthis internation have been recognized by the ENCY­CLOPEDIA,which has included in its biographical sectionsculptors, mathematicians, inventors, soldiers, sailors,and the like; so that from this point of view also itdeals with almost all aspects of human activity. ThusTHE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA,while having a world ofits own, at the same time deals with the world ingeneral.

In recent years the Germans have issued a series of" Encyclopadien " which deal with German philologyand archeology, classical philology and archeology,political economy, and the like, on the plan of havingseparate treatises on the various divisions of a subjectput in systematic order, and each dealt with by a.separate specialist. Shortly after the appearance ofthe first volume of" THE JEWlSH ENCYCLOPEDIA,a

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prospectus was even issued of a "Jiidische Encyclo­padie " arranged on this plan. (None of the volumeshas as yet appeared.) The English and Americanmethod of encyclopedia-making, however, is different,and consists in subdividing a subject into smallersections, and arranging these in alphabetical order.This is undoubtedly more convenient for referencewhen a special topic becomes the subject of inquiry.But there is something to be said for the Germanmethod, which connects cognate topics, so that thelight which fails on the special topic looked for maygleam from the subject dealt with in a neighboringsection. It was for this reason that a system of cross­references was elaborated for THE JEWISHENCYCLO­PEDIA,which represented the close connection of thevarious aspects of the subjects dealt with. Notwith­standing this, the organic unity of the ENCYCLOPEDIAcan not be appreciated till an attempt is made to bringits chief articles into systematic connection; and thisis the aim of the following pages. By bringing to­gether the chief articles on analogous subjects, lightwill be thrown on many topics that by themselves aredifficult to elucidate, and it may be possible to takeup separate sides of Jewish activity in a systematicway. THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAfor the first timegives a complete Jewish history, a complete Jewishtheology, a nearly complete account of Jewish litera­ture, and the first sketch of a complete Jewish sociology.An endeavor has here been made to bring together indue order the chief articles which sustain this assertion.By this means study can be systematized, and thecompleteness with which the program of the ENCY­CLOPEDIAhas been carried out will be made manifest.

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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

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Though the Bible is the fundamental source, therehave been special reasons why the space devoted to thatbook in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAand its mode oftreatment there scarcely correspond to its importance.On the one hand, there had recently appeared severalexcellent Bible dictionaries summing up modem knowl­edge concerning Biblical matters with a thoroughnessand at a length with which the ENCYCLOPEDIAcouldnot compete without restricting undesirably the spacerightly claimed by more specifically Jewish matters. A

4

THE BmLE

There is one characteristic which distinguishes theposition of the Jews from that of other bodies of menunited by a common bond. Just as the political his­tory of the American republic is distinguished fromall other political histories by the fact that it centersround a written constitution, so the story of the Jewishpeople is made unique by the fact that it clusters roundone book-that known as the Bible, or rather as theOld Testament. All aspects of Jewish life for the last2,500 years have been dominated by the direct influ­ence of Scripture; and any encyclopedic treatment ofthings Jewish must base itself upon the Old Testament.In addition to this, however, the development of theBible legislation found in the Talmud and kindredliterature has had almost as wide-reaching an influence,and perhaps even a more direct shaping power, uponthe Jewish people. These two, Bible and Talmud,form the Quellen, or written sources, of all Jewishmanifestations; and the present analysis must accord­ingly begin with them.

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5

Earliest Manuscript of Decalogue (Second Century 1)ContaininKVariationsfrom the Masoretic Text. Probably the Oldest Example

of Square Characters in a Hebrew Manuscript,(From "Transactions of Society of BiblicalArcheo!0IrY,")

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recently issued Bible dictionary fills five volumes ofequal size with those of THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA,and if any attempt had been made to treat the Bible onthe same scale in the latter work, only seven volumeswould have been left for Jewish history, literature,theology, sociology, etc. It was accordingly decidedto devote only a volume and a half of the ENCYCLO­PEDIAto the Bible pure and simple, though many ofthe articles on archeology and history touch uponBiblical aspects also.

Besides the difficulty of the extent of the Biblicalsection there arose that of method of treatment. Dur­ing the nineteenth century there had arisen an en­tirely new method of Old Testament exegesis, basedupon the objective treatment of the text and the samemethods of criticism as had been applied to otherliterary products. In particular the sources of thePentateuch had been analyzed with such minutenessthat it was claimed that every single verse could beassigned to a particular period. Whether this claimwas justified or not, the assumption involved in itdominated the whole scientific treatment of Biblicaltopics; and it was impossible to avoid recognizing themethod. Even the most orthodox, while disagreeingwith the method, has to take account of it, and wouldhave reason to complain if he could not find in theENCYCI~OPEDIAthe views concerning the sacred booksaccepted by the large majority of scholars. Whileconceding this much to the critical school, it was feltthat common fairness called for the presentation ofopposing views, especially as expressed by Jewishwriters. As will be seen below, for most of the booksof the Pentateuch the so-called "critical view" is

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itself made the subject of criticism by an eminentliving Jewish scholar. As this view is in every sensescientific in treatment, and distinctions of sect can notaffect scientific truth, no attempt was made to monop­olize this department of Biblical treatment for Jewishscholars; indeed the majority of critical views werewritten by non-Jews. Proportionately, however, littlespace has been given to this aspect of the subject.

The space thus saved has been reserved for the spe­cifically Jewish treatment of Biblical topics containedin the Midrash and the later rabbinical writings. Toall articles treating of the chief Biblical personagesand topics a section has been added giving the treat­ment in rabbinical literature, a feature that has neveryet been presented in English. In addition, it wasthought desirable that the actual statements of theBible should in most cases be presented without com­ment, and in this way the majority of importantBiblical topics are treated under three heads: (1)Biblical Data, (2) In Rabbinical Literature, and (3)Critical View. By these means all aspects of thesubject are duly represented, and the speciallyJewish view is for the first time brought" into promi­nence.

Turning to the special articles, attention may befirst directed to the series on the Bible in vol. iii.,

. pp. 140-198. In these fifty-nine pages a full accountis given of the way in which the Bible became theBible (see the article Bible Canon by Blau andSchmidt), of the various forms in which the Bible hasappeared (Bible Editions and Bible Translations, byGottheil, and Bible Manuscripts by Broyde, and ofhow the Old Testament has been treated exegetically

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THE BIBLE

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Particular attention has, of course, been given to theproblems of the Pentateuch. Besides a general articleon this subject (Jacobs), which gives a list of thedivisions into which the Pentateuch has been II sliced"by the higher criticism, there are special articles on theElohist (Hirsch) and the Jahvist (McCurdy). Theseparate books have also received special attention.For Deuteronomy, Exodus, and Genesis a doubletreatment has been adopted, the ordinary views ofthe higher criticism on the first two of these beinggiven by Driver, and on the last by Hirsch, while anelaborate anti-criticism of the Wellhausen views onthese books is given in each case by Dr. B. Jacob. Itis hoped that by these means all schools of Jewishopinion on the Biblical books, and especially on thePentateuch, are fairly represented. It would havebeen futile to deny the existence of fundamental differ­ences among Jews on this important point.Besides the books of the Bible, properly so called,

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAcontains accounts of the8

The Pentateuch

among the Jews and in modern criticism (Bible Exe­gesis by Bacher and McCurdy).In its alphabetical place, each of the Biblical books

is treated separately; its contents are summarized;and the critical problems raised by it are discussed bysome of the most eminent of living Biblical critics,Jewish and Gentile. Among these may be speciallymentioned Ecclesiastes (Margoliouth), Psalms (Hirsch),Jeremiah (Ryssel), Isaiah (Cheyne), Kings (Seligsohnand Barton), Samuel (Hirsch), and Job (Seligsohnand Siegfried).

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Biblical GeographyBiblical Geography has received special attention,

two articles in particular standing out with especialprominence; namely, the general survey of Palestine(Benzinger, ix. 479-500), and the article on Jerusalem

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Biblical BiographiesTurning to the contents of the Biblical books, at­

tention may first be directed to the elaborate series ofbiographies of Biblical heroes, about whom in everycase the rabbinical, and in many cases the Moham­medan, legends are given for the first time. Besides thepatriarchs Abraham (Kohler, Toy, and Gottheil),Isaac (Broyde) , Jacob (Greenstone), and Joseph(Seligsohn, Barton, and Montgomery), and the chiefprophets Elijah (Konig and Ginzberg), Isaiah (Cheyne,Broyde), Jeremiah (Ryssel) , and Ezekiel (Cornill),the biography of Moses is treated with special elabo­rateness by Messrs. Barton and Kohler, the interestingand romantic haggadot being given by Dr. Lauterbach.Another Biblical biography of considerable interestand extent is' that of Solomon (Seligsohn, Montgom­ery). Every person mentioned in the Old Testamentabout whom any definite information is given there istreated in the ENCYCLOPEDIAin the same way, thoughnot at such great length.

supplementary works known as the Apocrypha (Moore,ii. 1-6), to which may be added the remarkable Apoca­lyptic Literature existing in Hebrew (Buttenwieser,i. 675-685). Among all these, the two which standout as of the greatest importance are the books ofEnoch (Littmann), and Sirach (I. Levi).

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Iusely illustrated, the former by a series of mapsshowing the historical divisions of the country (a)according to the Assyrian and Egyptian monuments,

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101liAY • CO.,•• Y.

Ta4mur.

PALESTINEAtt"e tlllleoft".

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(Gottheil, vii. 118-148), the latter being one of thelongest in the work. Both of these articles are pro-

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Biblical History

With regard to Biblical History, articles are included. on the foundation of Biblical archeology, viz., Chro­nology (iv. 64-70), in which the modern critical viewis expressed by Prof. McCurdy, and a disquisition onthe Biblical figures is presented by the late Prof.Oppert. Besides general articles on the Kingdom andPeople of Israel (McCurdy, vi. 660-666) and theKingdom of Judah (McCurdy, vii. 328-329), each of

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(b) at the time of the tribes, (c) under David arid Solo­mon, (d) after the division of the kingdom, (e, f). afterthe Syrian and the Assyrian conquest, (g) in the He­rodian period, (h) at the time of the Crusades, and (i) atthe present day. The article 011 Jerusalem containsthe most extensive series of illustrations of all objectsof interest in the city ever brought together, besidesa large folding panorama 4! feet in length, and a seriesof superimposed maps showing the condition of thecity (1) in the time of Nehemiah, (2) at the time of thedestruction of the city (70 C.E.), (3) at the period ofthe Crusades, and (4) at the present day. Other im­portant geographical articles are those on Galilee (Buhl,Hirsch), Jericho (Seligsohn), Lachish (Price)., Nippur(McCurdy), Ophir (Benzinger), Roads (Jacobs), andSinai (Seligsohn). As with Biblical persons, Biblicalplaces of all sorts are fully treated, every place thatcan be identified having been described in its alphabet­ical position. This applies not alone to Palestinianlocalities, but also to places like Damascus (Buhl andFranco), Moab (Gray), and Tell el-Amarna (Barton),which have been included owing to their importancefor sacred history.

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Biblical Archeology

Biblical Archeology takes up almost as much spaceas Biblical biography, geography, and history. Besidesthe outline sketch of the whole subject (Prince), thereare articles on such minute topics as Bottle and Brick(Max Muller). Institutional archeology has for thefirst time been treated, articles being included on such

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the chief kings and heroes of sacred history has aspecial treatment; prominence being given, of course,to David (Ginzberg, Montgomery, and Cornill) andJoshua (Hirsch and Pick), while the fullest accountis given of Samaria (Seligsohn, x. 667-669) and theSamaritans (history by Cowley, anthropology byHuxley, x. 669-676). Here again the external historyis not neglected, for there are articles on Assyria(McCurdy, ii. 236-238), Assyriology (Prince, ii. 238-239), Babylonia (Rogers and Krauss, ii. 401-415),and Egypt (Max Muller and Gottheil, v. 55-72), withwhich may be compared the article Pharaoh (Gray,ix. 660). The Assyrian king Hammurabi, whose im­portant code has been so recently discovered, is treatedby Dr. Fuchs in special connection with the questionhow far that monarch could have influenced the Mosaiclegislation. The relations of Israel to the surroundingnations have been dealt with in the articles Races ofthe Old Testament (Jacobs), and the Seventy Nationsand Languages (Broyde), while the article on Monu­ments in Their Bearing on Biblical Exegesis (Sayee)discusses the light thrown upon the Biblical records bythe marvelous discoveries of modern times; see alsoMoabite Stone (McCurdy) and Siloam Inscription(Benzinger) .

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Bible Theology

The theological aspects. of the Bible are mainlytreated under the theological articles; and in this con­nection topics like Paradise (Eisenstein, Barton, andMontgomery), Sheol (Hirsch), Azazel or the Scapegoat(McCurdy, Kohler, and Husick), Urim and Thummim.(Muss-Arnolt), Day of the Lord (Hirsch), Blessingand Cursing (Nowack), Flood (Muss-Arnolt), andCosmogony (Hirsch and Kohler), the Biblical as­pects of which are of chief interest, may be referredto here.

topics as Ancestor Worship, Threshold, and Totemism(Jacobs), while the dignities of King (Jacobs), HighPriest (Hirsch), Priest (Buttenwieser), and Prophet(McCurdy and Hirsch), are discussed in detail.Special attention, of course, has been devoted to

the sacred archeology of the ancient Hebrews. Arti­cles on Animal Worship (McCurdy), Astarte Worship,Asherah, and Ashtoreth (Barton), Ba' al Worship(McCurdy), High Place (Hirsch), Tree Worship (Bar­ton), and Worship of Idols (Blau), deal with theiraberrations from the faith; while Burnt Offering(McCurdy), First-Fruits (Hirsch), Peace-Offering(Grossmann), Sacrifice, Showbread (Hirsch), and Sin­Offering (Barton), treat of the ancient rites. Theseculminate in an elaborate series of articles dealing withthe Temple (x. 81-101), descriptions of the succes­sive buildings and of the Temple service being givenunder: Temple of Solomon; Temple, Second; Templeof Herod (Barton); Temple in Rabbinical Literature;and Temple, Administration and Service of (Eisen­stein).

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TALMUD AND MIDRASH

That remarkable monument to the Jewish geniusknown as the Talmud and containing the thoughts andlegal decisions of the chief Jewish leaders from 150B.C. to 500 C.E. is naturally treated in full detail byTHE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA.Besides the elaboratearticles on Mishnah (Lauterbach), Baraita (Ginzberg),Tosefta (Lauterbach), Talmud (Bacher, xii. 1-27), andTalmud Commentaries (Richtmann), an explanation isgiven of the means by which the elaborate Talmudic lit- .erature has been developed from the text of Scriptureby certain intricate rules. These rules are explained inthe article Talmud Hermeneutics (Lauterbach), andare more specifically detailed under the captions Rulesof Eliezer B. Jose, etc. (Lauterbach). In addition tothis general treatment, everyone of the sixty-three. treatises of the Talmud is separately described, and itscontents are analyzed. For example, the three Babot,Baba Batra, Baba Kamma, and Baba l\1e~i'a, aredescribed by Dr. Friedlander of London, 'Arakin byDr. Ginzberg of New York, and Sanhedrin and Ye­bamot by Dr. Lauterbach of Peoria, Ill. But THE

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Natural History

In the field of Natural History there are articles onall the birds, beasts, and fishes of the Old Testament,under their respective rubrics, by Dr. I. 1\1. Casano­wicz of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, be­sides general articles on Animals (Hyvernat), andBirds (Nowack, Ginzberg, and Kohler). There arealso exhaustive articles on Botany (iii. 332-339), andPlants (x. 72-85), by Dr. Immanuel Low of Szegedin.

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JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA contains besides the Talmudictreatises themselves detailed biographies of most ofthe sages whose sayings are enshrined in the Talmudand kindred literature. In addition to an elaboratelist of Tannaim and Amoraim (Ginzberg), specialbiographies are given of the more important of these,as Abtalion,· Akiba Ben Joseph, Bar Kappara, andElisha Ben Abuyah (Ginzberg); Abba Arika, Gama­liel, Hillel, Johanan B. Zakkai, and Judah I., redactorof the Mishnah (Bacher); Hanina B. Dosa and Johananha-Sandalar (Mendelsohn); Jose the Galilean, SamuelYarhina' ah, Simeon B. Halafta, Simeon B. Lakish, andSimeon B. Shetah, the founder of the school system ofTalmudic times (Lauterbach). Other biographies arethose of Rabbi Mei"r(Broyde), Jose B. ~alafta (Selig­sohn), and Tarfon (Oehser). Two important Talmudicwomen are described in Beruriah (Szold), and ImmaShalom (Mendelsohn). The various schools whichassisted in making the Talmud are described in thearticles Academies, Kallah (Bacher), Bet Hillel andBet Shammai (Mendelsohn), Synagogue, The Great(Bacher), and Sanhedrin (Lauterbach).

But the Talmud was only the chief outcome of awhole movement by which the Bible, both in its nar­rative and in its legal portions, was adapted to the newcircumstances of Jewish life after the fall of the Tern-

. pIe. The movement, known by the name of Midrash,is described in an article under that title by Dr. S.Horowitz. Its further divisions are described in thearticles Midrash Haggadah (Theodor), and MidrashHalakah (Lauterbach). The principal midrashim aredescribed under separate headings: those to the Penta­teuch under .Bereshit Rabbah, Debarim Rabbah, etc.

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TALMUD AND MIDRASH

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But the chief interest and importance of the Talmudis connected with the Jewish law enshrined in its pages,which has ruled Jewish life from the time of thedestruction of the Temple almost down to the presentday, and has been the main cause of the remarkablepreservation of the Jewish race. This system of lawis complete in itself; it was recognized throughout theMiddle Ages by the governments of the peoples amongwhich the Jews dwelt; and to some extent it hasvalidity ill the law courts at the present day, whendisputed questions of marriage and the like are oftenreferred, even in England and the United States, tothe judicial tribunal, the Bet Din (Ginzberg). THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAfor the first time gives a com­plete account of this elaborate system of law belowcaptions under which it would be sought in an ordinarymodern law dictionary. A complete list of the 230articles relating to Talmudic Law is given in the general

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Jewish Law

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(Theodor); and those to the Five Scrolls (Esther,Ecclesiastes, etc.), under Esther Rabbah, ~oheletRabbah, etc. (Theodor). The important halakic mid­rashim, mainly of the second century, and thus con­temporaneous with the Mishnah, are treated in thevarious articles on the Mekilta (Lauterbach), Sifra,Sifre, and Sifre Zu~a (Horowitz). Other importantworks of the Talmudic period which have receive. 1special treatment are: Derek Eres (Ginzberg), Seder'Olam (Seligsohn), Tanhuma (Lauterbach), and Tannadebe Eliyahu (Ochser);' and a conspectus of the wholeliterature is given in the article on the Smaller Mid­rashim (Theodor).

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Coming to Substantive Law, Crime is treated byDr. L. N. Dembitz, and its results in Stripes annCapital Punishment by Dr. S. Mendelsohn. Civil lawhas much fuller representation in the ENCYCLOPEDIAunder the general headings Tort, Contract, and Fraud(Dembitz). The status of various persons is dealtwith under Trusts and Trustees, Suretyship, Partner­ship, Master and Servant, Landlord and Tenant (Dem-

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Substantive Law

In the department of Adjective Law the articles At­testation of Deeds (Dembitz), Attestation and Authen­tication of Documents (Amram), Evidence, Jurisdiction(Dembitz), Summons (Eisenstein), and Will (Dem­bitz) may be especially referred to; while Procedure,Accusatory and Inquisitorial Procedure (Dembitz),Conditions (Amram), Criminal Procedure, Fines andForfeiture (Dembitz), Fee (Greenstone and Eisen­stein), and Takkanah (Ochser), deal with other sidesof the legal method of the Talmud. Articles onAbrogation of the Law (Mielziner) and Ignorance ofthe Law and Conflict of the Law (Greenstone) alsodeal with subjects of considerable importance withregard to legal method.

Other aspects of procedure are treated under Oath(Raisin), Perjury (Greenstone), Blind (Eisenstein), andDeaf and Dumb (Greenstone).

Adjective Law

article relating to that subject (Blau, xii. 35); and onlya few of the more important need be cited here.

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This would have extended the legal articles unneces­sarily; and it was considered best to give the Talmudiclaw in and for itself, leaving experts in the other sys­tems of legislation to determine how far these contrastor agree with the Talmud. There are, however, certain

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Talmudic Law Technicalities

On the important branch of law which deals with thestatus of women THE.J~w~SHENCYCLOPEDIAcontainsthe following interesting series of articles: Woman,Rights of; Widow (Dembitz); Marriage Laws; Dowry(Greenstone); Husband and Wife (Dembitz); Alimony;Adultery; Divorce; Get; Daughter; Breach of Prom­ise; and' Agunah, the Talmudic equivalent of a" widowby grace" or "grass-widow" (Amram), While theseare all cases in which the common law of England andits development in the United States deal with thesame topics, it has not been thought necessary to makecomparisons with either English or Roman law.

WOnupl in Law

Commercial Law is represented by numerous articles,among which are Alienation and Acquisition (Dembitz),Assignment (Amram), Bailment (Dembitz), Borrower(Amram), Debtor and Creditor, Debts of Decedents,Mortgage (Dembitz), Pledges (Dembitz and Deutsch),Real Estate, Sale, and Set-Off (Dembitz).

Commercial Law

bitz), Joint Owners (Deutsch), Hiring and Letting(Greenstone), and Guardian and Ward (Dembitz).

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(From the MusEede Cluny.)

Ark of the Law from the Synagogue at Modena.Dated A.M. 5265=1505C.E.

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Turning from the sources from which modernknowledge of Jewish life and thought is obtained,attention may now be directed to the informationcontained in them, especially as regards the outward

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ARCHEOLOGY

aspects of Talmudic law which find no exact equiva­lents in more modern systems of legislation; and theseare dealt with under their technical terms in the EN­CYCLOPEDIA, as, for instance, in the articles Goring Ox(Dembitz); Hatra'ah (Mendelsohn); Hefker (Green­stone); Bererah (Zuckermandel); Elder,· Rebellious(Eisenstein); I.Ia~akah and Mi'un (Greenstone); andthe curious system of evidence known as Miggo(Lauter­bach). The so-called legal fiction of Prosbul (Green­stone), by which the difficulties of the Jubilee wereovercome, may also be referred to here. Among thecuriosities of Talmudic law may be mentioned theregulations concerning Milk (Greenstone), Trees (Eis­enstein), and Disinterment (Kohler). Here may bementioned the divergent rabbinical views with respectto Cremation (Gottheil).Besides the Talmudic law in itself, the history of its

Codification is given with considerable elaboration inthe article Law, Codification of (Ginzherg, vii. 635-647). The chief modern codifiers also-for instance,Joseph Caro (Ginzberg), Alfasi (Friedlander), andMoses ben Maimon (Lauterbach)-have separate ar­ticles; while the later novellre of Talmudic law aretreated under Hiddushim (Schloessinger), and themethod of development is discussed in the articlePilpul (Lauterbach).

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DOMESTICITY

The principal subject of the study of man's past isthe mode in which he housed himself and his gods orsacred objects; hence the articles House (Buhl), Tent(Benzinger), and Synagogue (Brunner and Jacobs),may be regarded as central in this respect. As regardsthe contents of the secular house-the sacred one(the synagogue or temple) having closer relations toceremonial (see below)-there is a general article onHousehold Furniture (Benzinger and Broyde), besidesmore special ones on Door, Gate (Hirsch); Key (Selig­sohn); Bed (G. B. Levi); Cup (Casanowicz,Dembitz);Curtain (Hirsch); Glass (Jacobs); Pen (Nowack); Ink

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forms of Jewish life in the past. This, of course, dealsmainly with the archeology of the Jews during Bibleand Talmudic times; and for the first time the twoperiods are connected so that a new source is openedfor Biblical archeology in so far as Talmudic customsreflect light upon the Biblical ones. Occasionally,however, it is possible to trace specifically Jewish cus­toms from Bible times down to the present day. Thusthe article Costume (Nowack, Jacobs, Franco, andWiernik) has separate sections-Biblical, Talmudic,Medieval, Oriental, modern, and Russian-each illus­trated as far as possible; and the whole of the moderndevelopment from the twelfth century is exemplifiedby an elaborate plate in colors containing thirty-eightcharacteristic figures. On the other hand, the articlePottery (Bliss) is confined to Biblical and pre-Biblicaltimes, the latest researches on this subject in Palestinehaving enabled archeologists to determine the suc­cessive strata of the potter's art.

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CUSTOMSThe domestic customs of the Jews have also received

attention in THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA;see Edu­cation (Kohler, Giidemann, Deutsch, and Jacobs),Pedagogics (Grossman), Etiquette, Rules of Prece­dence (Eisenstein), Hospitality (Greenstone), Greeting,and Titles of Honor (Eisenstein). Even their Gamesand Sports (Grunwald) and mode of Dancing (Ene­low) are described, as is also their mode of dispensingCharity (Kohler and Frankel).

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(Jacobs); and Windows (Benzinger). Food (Nowackand Krauss) is treated both under that heading andunder Cookery (Broyde, Harris, Mrs. Fishberg, andDobsevage, iv. 254-257), in which the favorite dishesof Eastern and Western Jews are enumerated anddescribed. Special articles are also given to Fat(Hirsch), Salt (Benzinger), Wine (Eisenstein), Cheese(Hirsch), and Milk (Greenstone).Next to food and shelter, men, and especially

women, devote attention to ornament and dress. Be­sides the general article on costume already referredto, there are special articles on Hair (Broyde, Jacobs,and Fishberg), Head-Dress (Nowack), Nail (Seligsohn),Rings (Wolf), Sandals (Broyde and Seligsohn), Seal(Wolf), and Wreath (Eisenstein). Jewish preferencein the matter of Color (Levias) may come in here.Some glimpses are also seen of the outdoor life of theJews in the articles devoted to Horticulture (Low),Hunting (Jacobs), and Fish and Fishing (Hirsch).Their domestic animals are treated in the articlesAss (Levi and Ginzberg), Dog (Kohler), Cock (Ginz­berg), Horse (Casanowicz), and Cattle (Hyvernat).

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institutional archeology. Here are articles on Com­merce in general, Banking, and Finance (Jacobs). Thebeginning of early civilization is based on Slaves andSlavery (Dembitz and Krauss); and after Hunting(Jacobs), the next stages of culture are denoted by theShepherd (Jacobs) and Agriculture (De Sola Mendes).All forms of commercial communications depend upon

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Lighting the Sabbath Lamp.(From a Passover Haggadah, Amsterdam, 1695.)

JEWISH LIFE

"The two chief things of interest about a man,"says John Morley, "are what he believes in and howhe earns his living." Special attention is given inTHE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAto both of these aspects ofJewish life; and the latter may be regarded as part of

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mSTORY

The history of the Jews extends through all ages andlands that can in any true sense of the word be termedhistorical. Where the Jew has not been, civilizationand the records that go to make it have not existed.In one way or another THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAdeals with the whole of the Weltgeschichte, though, ofcourse, not in all its aspects and extent. The earlystages of this history are, naturally, given in the arti­cles devoted to the Bible; but after Biblical times theannals of Israel resolve themselves into an account ofthe manner in which the various nations of the worldhave treated the adherents of monotheism-the sad-, dest story in the world's history, whose end is not. vet.

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GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Money (Nowack and Dembitz), which leads on to thesubjects of Numismatics (Reinsch) and Medals (Wolf),which are closely connected with Weights and Measures(Benzinger and Lauterbach). The determination oftime is also of importance in this connection, and istreated in the articles Horology (Eisenstein), Era(Friedlander and Jacobs), and Week (Hirsch). Othermodes of gaining a living are treated in the articlesJIawkers and Pedlers (Deutsch), Goldsmiths and Silver­smiths, Engraving and Engravers (Wolf), Mines (No­wack), Navigation (Nowack and Jacobs), Spinning(Benzinger), and Nothhandel (Deutsch). Perhaps Chess(Porter), though a game primarily, might be includedin this aspect. The whole subject merges into sociology,where it will come up later. Miscellaneous archeologicalarticles are: Flag (Eisenstein); Finger (Broy Je); Hand(Grunwald); and Senses, The Five (Broyde),

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In dealing with the several countries the plan of theENCYCLOPEDIA has been to treat them with minute­ness. There are general sketches of the history ofthe Jews in the continents of Europe (Brann), Asia(Levy), Africa (Kahn), America (Adler), and Australia,(Freedman). Then come separate articles on the dif­ferent countries; for Asia, on Babylonia (Krauss),Asia Minor (Levy), Assyria (Prince), Persia (Jackson),and Arabia (Hirschfeld and Ginzberg). A bridge toEurope, as it were, Turkey (Montgomery), with itspredecessor, the Byzantine Empire (Krauss), leads to

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Of Nations

Monotonous as is the tenor of the narrative, its notevaries according to the difference of environment.The clue to the post-Biblical history of the Jews is

found in the attitude of the Church toward unbe­lievers. In the Roman empire, after their dispersion,the Jews had gradually gained all the rights of citizen­ship; and it was not till the Church withdrew some ofthese that that isolation of the Jews began which hasled to such terrible results. The story of the spreadof the Jews throughout the whole of the ecumenicalworld, the legislation that regulated their connectionwith the ruling powers, and the change produced inlegislation by the rise of Christianity are described inthe remarkable article Diaspora (Reinach). Otherstudies of a similar character are given in the articlesDisabilitiel' (Broyde), Kammerknechtschaft (Deutsch),Taxation (Ochser), and Leibzoll (Deutsch and Rosen­thal). The whole series of anti-Jewish legislation issummed up and a skeleton of Jewish history is givenin Chronology (Jacobs).

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Of Cities

After countries come cities; and THE JEWISH EN­CYCLOPEDI'Adeals with almost everyone of historicinterest that has had a Jewish community for any

26

tinent will be found farther on.

GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDIA

Greece (Caimi), Italy (Castiglione), and Spain (Kayser­ling and Jacobs); while France (Levy and Broyde),Germany (Brann), England (Jacobs), and Russia (Ro­senthal) practically complete the list of countries wherethe history of the Jews is of consequence. Smallerdivisions like Sicily (Ochser), Denmark (Simonsen),and Sweden (Lindner) are more of the nature of ap­pendixes to the larger countries. Of England andRussia more will be said anon. .All of these countriesare treated in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA,the articlesbeing illustrated by maps containing the names of theplaces with which Jews were connected. In Africa,Egypt (Max Muller and Gottheil), Algeria (Marcais),Kairwan (Schloessinger), Tunis (Broyde), Morocco(Schloessinger and Meakin), and South Africa (Hertz)are the chief territories and cities of Jewish interest.As regards Australia (Freedman), the smallness of theJewish population in the whole continent rendered itunnecessary to deal with the separate states of thecommonwealth except in the case· of Queensland(Myers). The three chief divisions are represented bytheir capitals, Adelaide, Melbourne (Freedman), andSydney (Jacobs). New Zealand is the subject of a.separate article. America, for reasons which will bereadily understood, has been treated on a scale some­what different in proportion from the rest of the world.The details of the treatment of the Jews on that con-

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. communities have been Ferrara, Florence, Leghorn,Mantua, Padua (Elbogen), and Venice (Lolli); whilein Spain the most important communities have beenBarcelona (Kayserling), Toledo (Jacobs), Cordova,Granada, Gerona, Saragossa, Seville, Tudela, andValencia (Kayserling). In the neighboring kingdomof Portugal (Kayserling), the congregations of Lisbon,Porto, and Coimbra (Kayserling), are the only ones

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Square Outside the Jaffa Gate. Jerusalem.(From a PhotoPLph by Dr.w. Popper.)

length of time. Besides those mentioned in the Bible,early communities existed in Antioch (Krauss), Athens,Alexandria (Schiirer), and, above all, Rome (Ochser),where Jews have lived continuously for a longer periodthan in any other place, with the exception of Damas­cus and Jerusalem. Elsewhere in Italy the chief

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calling for special mention. In France, Paris (Levy,ix, 526-539) overshadows the rest of the communities;but important congregations existed in Orleans (Kahn),Blois (Broyde), Avignon (Bauer), Carpentras, Mont­pellier, Narbonne, Marseilles (Kahn), and Perpignan(Cassuto). Nor must Bordeaux (Friedenberg), thehome of the Gradis family (Kohut) and of the NewChristians of the eighteenth century, be forgotten.

In Germany the historic communities have beenthose of Worms (Ochser and Lewinsky), Frankfort-on­the-Main (Freimann, v. 484-491), Furth (Eckstein),Hamburg (Feilchenfeld), Prague (Ochser, x, 153-164),Berlin (Freemann), Posen (Lewin), and Breslau, thelast being treated under Silesia (Ochser).

In the Netherlands (Slijper) , Amsterdam (Seeligman,i. 537-545) is the only center of importance, whileCopenhagen (Simonsen, iv. 258-260) is the only cityin Denmark requiring separate treatment. In thedual kingdom of Austria(Deutsch)-Hungary (Buch­ler) , Vienna (Kayserling and Lieben, xii. 427-439),Brunn (Freimann and Gottheil), and Presburg(Deutsch), in the former, and Budapest (BUchler, iii.416-420) and Szegedin (Low), in the latter, are thechief communities.As to Turkey (Montgomery) and the countries for­

merly under its rule the articles Belgrade, Safed (Fran­co), Sarajevo (Wessel), Philippopolis (Franco), Adri­anople (Danon), Constantinople (iv, 237-244), andSalonica (Broyde) indicate how important in Jewishhistory Turkey was till its ruler became the" sick man."Cities are not mere bricks and mortar: they are the

homes of men; so after cities it would be appropriateto deal with individuals. Here, however, a distinction

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GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDIA

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has to be made. The individual as an individualattracts a kind of interest different from that of theindividual that influences history: the former belongsto the biographer; the latter, to the historian. Con­sequently, the large number of biographies containedin THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAmay be reserved for aseparate section of this introduction. An intermediateposition is held by families the accumulated effect ofwhose individuals has generally had an influence onlocal history. Accordingly the ENCYCLOPEDIAhasoften given accounts of families whose individual mem­bers would not perhaps of themselves have meritedspecial notice. A list of these families is given underPedigree (Jacobs, ix. 578-579), the items being printedin italics.

Makers of HistoryTurning to individuals who have helped to make

history, a certain amount of attention has been givenin THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAto the great conquerorsAlexander the Great (Levi), Julius Cresar (Rosenthal),and Napoleon (Jacobs), who by a curious coincidencehave all been benefactors of the Jews. Apart fromthem, however, it is a significant fact that the majorityof non-Jews of historic importance that have called formention have been anti-Semites like Vicente Ferrer(Schloessinger), Vincent Fettmilch (Seligsohn), MartinLuther, Hermann Ahlwardt (Deutsch), and AdolfStocker (Mannheimer).

Jews of historic importance have been: the severalHerods (Broyde) ; the Maccabees (Seligsohn); Aaronof Lincoln, the great financier of Angevin England;and Benveniste De Porta, who held the same positionin Aragon in the next century (Jacobs); Josel of Ros-

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HISTORY

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Besides these special sections of history under con­tinents, cities, and men, THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAdeals with the annals of Israel in connection with theChurch movements like the Crusades and the BlackDeath (Jacobs), especially with reg~rd to what hasbeen shown above to have been the determining causeof the whole of post-Biblical Jewish history-the atti­tude of the Church toward the Jews. In this connec­tion long articles on the Popes (Deutsch and Jacobs),

30

Historic Movements and Events

heim (Feilchenfeld), court Jew of the Emperor Maxi­milian 1.; Don Joseph Nasi (Schloessinger); MordecaiMeisel of the banking firm of Prague (Kisch); andShab!?~!.~_~i~_e!>!,_the p_~e~~~_Me_~~i~hwhose imposturespread through the world (Malter), Similar impostureswere attempted by David Reubeni (Jacobs) and Solo­mon Molko (Bloch).

Joseph Suss Oppenheimer (Kroner), the martyrfinancier of Wurttemburg; and the three great conser­vative statesmen of the mid-nineteenth century-Ju­dah P. Benjamin (M. J. Kohler); Benjamin Disraeli,Earl of Beaconsfield (Emanuel); and Friedrich JuliusStahl (?\I. Cohen) are of historic importance. The~t, less known than the other two, was declared byLord Acton to be a greater force than Beaconsfield.Opposed to these may be placed the iridescent figureof Ferdinand Lassalle (M. Cohen), the leader of the So­cial Democratic party of Germany. How far NathanMayer Rothschild and his descendants (Jacobs) may beregarded ~; hist~-ric figures is somewhat questionable;but probably their influence has been greater than thatof all the above taken together. ~- --- - .- -~

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Church Councils, and Church Fathers (Krauss), givethe main outlines, while separate articles are devotedto especially important popes like Innocent III.(Jacobs) and Benedict XIV. (Broyde). The Churchchiefly affected Jewish history in the Middle Ages byits peculiar doctrine concerning usury, which forced

31

Shabbethai Zebi.(From an old print.)

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Weapons Against Intolerance

The modern methods by which Jews attempt tobattle with the forces of enmity and intolerance thatoppose them are presented in the articles on the AllianceIsraelite Universelle of Paris (Bigart) , the Anglo­Jewish Association of London (M. Duparc), the JewishColonization Association (Schwarzfeld), and the Israe­litische Allianz zu Wien (Kaminka). The nationalistmovement which has seized hold of the modern Jewwith such strength is represented by a long article onZionism (Gottheil), and by one on the founder ofpolitical Zionism, Theodor Herzl (De Haas). Accounts

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the Jews into that disreputable occupation. In itsrelation to their faith the story is mainly told in bloodand tears under the rubrics Inquisition (Kayserling) ,Auto Da Fe (Gottheil), and Marano (Kayserling);the Maranos were secret Jews of the Spanish empirewho were the mainvTctims of torture and persecution.Besides these THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAcontainsaccounts of whole series of persecutions caused bythe Blood Accusation (Strack and Jacobs) and chargesof Desecration of the Host (Schloessinger and Jacobs).Special instances of such atrocities are given in thearticles Hugh of Lincoln (Jacobs), La Guardia (Kay-

o serling), Konitz Affair (Deutsch), Damascus Affair(Franco), Mortara Case (Deutsch), Tisza-Eszlar Affair(Mannheimer), and above all the Dreyfus Case, which,with the exception. of Russia, forms the longest articlein the entire work, and is perhaps the most interestingfor continuous reading. The whole modern move­ment against the Jews is summed up in the lengthyarticle Anti-Semitism (Deutsch).

GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDIA

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The German Jews

The position of the Jews in Germany naturallyattracts considerable attention in THE JEWISH EN­CYCLOPEDIA.Apart from the towns and cities alreadyreferred to, separate articles are devoted to topics

33

are also given of Herzl's predecessors, Moses Hess(Schloessinger) and Lev Pinsker (Lipman). A de­scription of the Basel Congress and Program is con­tributed by- Herzl himself. The financial methods ofthe Zionistic movement are explained in the articleJewish Colonial Trust (De Haas).Besides these treatments of the historic countries,

cities, and persons, some of the most interesting of theENCYCLOPEDIAarticles deal with spheres which mightbe deemed outside of history. Hidden or _!Qst__com­munities of Jews are described under -China (Cordierand Kohler) ~Md under India (OPPe~t), where-the Beni­Israel (Ezekiel anaJacobsf and the Jews of Cochin(Ezekiel and Jacobs) present some of the most interest­ing problems, both from their anthropological peculiar­ities and from their' unusual customs. Buried deep indentiaI Africa -is the curious Berber -tribe known as the~un (Gottheil); whil~ i;-Turkey~ exists the ob­scure sect of the Donmeh (Gottheil~- whose members,though _~he_y_~~~e belonged to the Mohammedan faithfor several centuries, still __preservesome Jewish char­acteri~lics. In Abyssinia the F-alashas (Perruchon)claim direct descent from Solomon, and are_.certainly ofJewish training, if not of the Jewish race. Other outly­ing colonie-s-ofJews- are dealt with ill the articles Bok­hara (Bacher and E. N. Adler), Kurdistan (Lipman),and Afghanistan (Jacobs).

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America, England, and Russia

In the preceding account of the chief historical arti­cles of THE JEwtSH ENCYCLOPEDIAthe reader willdoubtless have noticed three remarkable omissions:practically no reference has been made to the historyof the Jews in the United States, in England, and in

34

like Judischheit, Judenstattigkeit, and Judenschule(Deutsch); while the peculiar position of the Schutz­jude (Jacobs) and the Familianten Gesetz (Deutsch),under which only a certain number of Jewish youngmen and women were allowed to marry in each townof the empire, have received due attention. The im­portant positions held by the Court Jews (Kayserling)and the Shetadlan (Jacobs), who in the Middle Agesrepresented the German Jewish communities at the i

courts of the petty princes, deserve notice. SimilarlyIn Italy there was a curious law known as Jus Gazaka(Jacobs), by which Jews in ghetti refused to bid forhouses on which the landlords attempted to put in­creased rentals.Still more general topics are dealt with in the articles

Universities (Jacobs), where the modern rush of Jewishstudents to the European universities is described,and Travelers (Jacobs), where a list of the chief Jewswho have extended man's knowledge of his physicalsurroundings is given. In the article Socialism (Hour­wich) the attraction of the more advanced economicviews for persons of the Jewish race is described asbeing one of the most striking points in the history ofthe movement. The three successive leaders of So­cialism have been Karl Marx, Ferdinand Lassalle(Cohen), and Eduard Bernstein (Brumberg).

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Russia. This was not because the editorial board hadpaid no attention to these aspects of the question-farotherwise. An encyclopedia is a work of reference tobe consulted mainly by persons speaking the languagein which it is printed. It was, therefore, only logicalthat THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA,published in Americaand finding its chief circula­tion in the English-speak­ing countries of the world,should have devoted specialattention to the history ofthe Hebrew race in theUnited States and in Eng­land.

Encyclopedias must con­tain articles which are likelyto be sought by probablereaders. It would be onlynatural that Jewish readersin the United States andEngland should de man dsomewhat more min u tetreatment of local celebritiesthan of those whose careerslay in lands 0 u t sid e theAnglo-Saxon world. Thus a "Aaron,SonoftheDevil."Cari..quite different scheme of catureofanEnglishJew. Da-

ted 1277.perspective had to be em-ployed for articles on English and American topics thanfor the others in the ENCYCLOPEDIA.At the same timethese portions were especially difficult to organize,since the plan of the ENCYCLOPEDIAincluded livingpersons, and the claims of these to inclusion are natu-

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HISTORY

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rally the most difficult to adjudicate upon, local esti­mates as to a man's reputation and the importanceof his achievements being often much exaggerated.Turning 'to the articles devoted to America, attention

may first be directed to the general article under thatcaption (Adler, i. 492-506), which gives a careful con­spectus of the whole subject. This is supplementedby separate articles on Canada (De Sola), South andCentral America (Jacobs and E. N. Adler), WestIndies (Emanuel), and especially the article UnitedStates (Friedenwald, Eisenstein, and Jacobs, xii. .345-378), which, with one exception, is the longest devotedto the Jews of any particular country. This sum­marizes the separate articles given to most of the forty­seven states and territories included in it. A generaltreatment of the social condition, scientific achieve­ments, struggle for emancipation, and relations to thegovernment, is given; separate sections deal with thehistory of the Russian Jews of America; and the wholeis concluded with a special account of the statisticaldetails of the country, fuller than has ever before beenbrought together. The text is accompanied by anelaborate map showing both the present geographicaldistribution of the Jews in the United States and thesuccessive stages of their immigration, the names oftowns in which they settled before 1800 being printedin red; between 1801 and 1848, in brown; between1849 and 1881, in green; and between 1882 and 1905in black.

The United StatesAmong the states, forty of which are separately

treated, particular attention may be devoted to theaccounts of California (Voorsanger) , Georgia (I. P.

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GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDIA

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American Jewry

The next step is from cities to men. Among theearlier American heroes, reference may be made toAsser Levy (Huhner) ; Moses Seixas (Hiihner andHaneman) ; Mordecai Manuel Noah (Raisin); MosesLindo (Hiihner), introducer of the indigo industryinto South Carolina; and particularly to Haym Salo-

37

Mendez), Maryland (Hollander), Pennsylvania (Rosen­bach), South Carolina (Jacobs), and Texas (H. Cohen),where Jewish influences have, been most marked.

In addition to the accounts of the separate states,special articles are devoted to those cities which arethe leading centers of Jewish population. The articleon New York (Kohler, Sulzberger, and Hermalin, ix.259-291) is very elaborate, and is illustrated by noless than 23 pictures of buildings, besides a foldingmap, 31 feet long, showing the distribution of Jewishbuildings throughout the city. After New York comesPhiladelphia (Rosenbach, ix. 670-680), fully and richlyillustrated; and these two cities are closely followed byChicago (Eliasof, iv. 22-27), New Orleans (Adler, ix.246), Boston (Morse, iii. 331-332), Baltimore (Szold,ii. 478-482), Cincinnati (Philipson, iv. 89-91), St. Louis(Greenfelder, x. 639-641), and S-an Francisco (Voor­sanger, xi. 34-36). Of more historic interest, however,are Newport (Hiihner and Kohler, ix. 294-296),Charles­ton (Hubner, iii. 677-679), and Lancaster (Necarsul­mer, vii. 604-605). In this connection the articledevoted to Ararat (M. J. Kohler) refers to one of themost curious episodes in American Jewish history;

. namely, the attempt to establish an independentJewish state in the western hemisphere.

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mon (Friedenwald), financier of the American Revo­lution. Many of the founders of American Jewry,however, are included in the family articles under thecaptions Etting, Franks, Gratz, Hays, Judah, Minis,Moise, Mordecai, Nathan, Sheftall, and Solis, most ofwhich are provided with elaborate pedigrees by MissE. N. Solis. Later names of importance are those ofJudah Philip Benjamin (M. J. Kohler)," the brains ofthe Confederacy," already referred to; Uriah PhillipsLevy (Wolf), head of the American navy in his time;Lorenzo da Ponte (M. J. Kohler), the introducer ofItalian opera into the States; Adolph Sutro (Dobse­vage), tunneler of the Comstock Lode; Emil Berliner(Adler), inventor of the Berliner telephone transmitter;and Edwin Zalinski (Haneman), patentee of the Za­linski pneumatic dynamite-gun.

In art American" Jewry is represented by MosesJacob Ezekiel, the sculptor (F. M. Cohen); and LouisLoeb, the painter (Adler). Other contemporaries invarious fields are: David Belasco (Mels), the play­wright; Julius Bien (Adler), the lithographer; Alfred1. Cohen, better known as "Alan Dale," the dra­matic critic (Mels); Leopold Damrosch (Emanuel), themusician; Charles Frohman (Mels), the theatricalmanager; Samuel Gompers (Dobsevage) , the laborleader whose word is law with more men than that ofany other Jew living; Joseph Pulitzer (Vizetelly),editor of the New York "World"; Charles Waldstein(Haneman), the art critic; and Gregory Wilenkin(Adler), the Russian diplomat-living men whomAmerica has delighted to honor in various ways forcontributions to its general welfare.Attention may now be directed to the American

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GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDlA

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Jews who have given up to Judaism what may havebeen meant for mankind. Among those of the pastoccur the great names of Judah Touro (Hiihner), thephilanthropist; Isaac Leeser (M. Sulzberger), head ofthe Jewish conservative party; and Leeser's discipleand successor, Sabato Morais (C. L. Sulzberger),whose place in the Jewish Theological Seminary ofAmerica has been worthily filled by Solomon Schechter(Lipkind). These are balanced from the Reform wingof Judaism by I. M. Wise (Philipson), Samuel Adler(Felsenthal), David Einhorn (Kohler), and GustavGottheil (Vizetelly), and by contemporary workerslike Kaufmann Kohler (Adler) and Emil G. Hirsch(Vizetelly). Alexander Kohut (G. A. Kohut), MarcusJastrow (Szold), and Benjamin Szold (Levin) may beregarded as holding a middle position, owing theirreputation as much to their scholarship as to theirpastoral labors.Among lay communal workers should be mentioned

Adolphus S. Solomons; Simon Wolf (Haneman), headof the B'nai B'rith order (Ellinger); several of theSeligman family; Oscar and Isidor Straus; and JacobH. Schiff (Jacobs). A communal leader holding aunique position is the Hon. Mayer Sulzberger (Jacobs).The greatest gift for educational purposes made any­

where among Jews was that of Moses Aaron Dropsie(D. Sulzberger) to a secular college devoted to Hebrewlearning. Among industrial leaders who also hold animportant position among Jewish philanthropists maybe mentioned Mayer Guggenheim, Leonard Lewisohn(Jacobs), and Louis Gerstle (Voorsanger). The chiefname in American Jewish letters is that of a woman,the poet Emma Lazarus (H. Szold), and by her side may

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HISTORY

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Jewish In1lue~ce

Besides these articles on special topics, there are aconsiderable number dealing with general movements.The part undertaken by Jews in assisting Columbus isdetailed in the article America, The Discovery of(Kayserling, i. 511-512); that which they undertookin the Anti-Slavery Movement is expounded by MaxJ. Kohler. General movements within the com­munity are represented by the following articles:

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GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDIA

perhaps be placed the Yiddish poet Morris Rosenfeld(Haneman), Among other well-known writers in theYiddish dialect may be mentioned Abraham ben Hay­yim Lippe Goldfaden (Wiernik), founder of the Yid­dish theater; Nahum Meir Schaikewitz (Seligsohn),who died since his biography in the ENCYCLOPEDIAwas written; and Eliakim Zunser (Selikoviteh), in ameasure the Mark Twain of the Yiddish ghetto of NewYork.At American universities the following Jewish pro­

fessors are found: of English history, Charles Gross(Adler); psychology, Hugo Munsterburg (Jacobs);biology, Jacques Loeb (Haneman); Sanskrit, M.Bloomfeld (Gray).Interesting personalities of divergent types men­

tioned in the ENCYCLOPEDIAare Rabbi Csrregal (Ko­hut), whose name so frequently occurs in Ezra Stiles'sdiary; Joseph Choynski (Vizetelly), the prize-fighter;and Max Frauenthal (Cohen), who stood at the apexof the" bloody acute angle" at the battle of Spottsyl­vania Court House, May 12, 1864. Kasriel Sarasohn(Haneman) was the founder of the greatest Yiddishdai~ in the world.

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Great Britain

Another country dealt with on a larger scale thanusual is England. Apart from the fact that the EN­CYCLOPEDIA is likely to be consulted more frequentlyin England than in any other land with the exceptionof the United States,.England would deserve its positionin the work on account of the number of distinguishedJews who either have been born or have settled there,and for the length and vicissitudes of its Jewish history.The general article on England (Jacobs, v. 161-174) issupplemented by a special one on London (Jacobs,viii. 155-178), in which all the most important his­torical events are treated and a tolerably completelist of Anglo-Jewish worthies is given. This article isfully illustrated by representations of important Jewishbuildings and by a couple of maps, Other Englishtowns dealt with are Leeds (Abrahams, vii. 662),Liverpool (Benas, viii. 141-142), Ramsgate (Harris, x._315), Birmingham (Greenberg, iii. 220), and Ports-

41

Fraternities (Wiernik); B'nai B'rith (Ellinger); Con­gress of Jewish Women (American); Sisterhoods ofPersonal Service (Einstein); Union of American He­brew Congregations (Wiener); Young Men's HebrewAssociation (Menken). The great philanthropic move­ments are represent.ed by the articles Hirsch Fundand Agricultural Colonies in the United States (Reizen­stein), special attention being paid to the settlementof Woodbine, N. J. (Lipman); while the claims oftheology are represented by articles on the JewishTheological Seminary of America (Jacobs), HebrewUnion College (Mielziner and Adler), and Gratz College'(Adler).

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Early English Jews

Glancing from cities to men, the chief biographiesdealing with the preexpulsion period are those ofAaron of Lincoln, Aaron of York (Jacobs), Yom-TobBen Isaac of Joigny (Kayserling), Jacob of London,and Isaac of Norwich (Jacobs). The only Hebrewauthors of any prominence for this period are Bere­chiah Ha-N akdan, Berechiah of Nicole or Lincoln,the grammarian Moses Ben Isaac Hanessiah, and thepoet Meir Ben Elijah of Norwich (Jacobs).

\' The intermediate period of Anglo-Jewish history(1290-1654) is represented by the figures of MarkRaphael (Jacobs), whogave Henry VIII. curious adviceabout his divorce; Joachim Gaunse (Abrahams), whohelped to introduce German methods of mining into

IEngland; and Dr. Rodrigo Lopez (Jacobs), who wasput to death for attempting to poison Queen Elizabeth,

,I and was almost certainly the original of Shylock (Ja-;' cobs, xi. 316).

mouth (Harris, x. 134-136) for modern history, andCanterbury, Cambridge, Lincoln (viii. 90-91), Norwich(ix. 336-337), Oxford (ix. 452-453), Winchester (xii.531), York (Jacobs, xii. 62<H>21),and Bristol (Jacobsand Cohen, iii. 387-388), for the interesting details ofthe preexpulsion history in these cities. This aspectof the subject is also dealt with in special articles likeDomus Conversorum (M. Adler), Exchequer of theJews (Jacobs), and its special deed or Shetar (Jacobs),which is supposed to have given the name to the StarChamber; while the financial connection between theJews and the kings is represented by the articles Tal­lage and Tally (Jacobs).

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(From a Cottonian MS. in the British Museum.)

Enalish Jew Wearing Tablet-shaped Badge,

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*Most of the English biographies-except those attributed toother writers-were written by Rev. G. Lipkind.

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Jewish E~cipation_

The nineteenth century * opens with a number ofillustrious English Jews who, however, were soon lostto JUdaism, as David Ricardo; Benjamin Disraeli(Emanuel); Sir Manasseh Lopez; Isaac Samuda, the

JeW8 Return to England

/

The resettlement of the Jews in England is treatedin the biographies of Manasseh Ben Israel (Jacobs),who planned it; of Oliver Cromwell (Emanuel), whopermitted it; of Antonio Rodriques Da Robles, whobrought it to a crisis; and of Antonio Carvajal (Jacobs),who carried it into effect. The beginnings of theattempt to take a part in English life is representedby the article Brokers (Valentine), while the succes­sive stages of English legislation about the Jews aregiven in Acts of Parliament (Jacobs). In the eight­eenth century the chief names of interest in Anglo­Jewish history are those of David Nieto, the haham ;Moses Hamburger, -founder of the Hambro' Syna­gogue (Jacobs); the two financiers Sir Solomon deMedina and Sampson Gideon; the physician SarmentoCastro (Kayserling); and the two brothers Da Castro(Kayserling)-one the secretary of the Royal Societyand the other the founder of the Hebrew section ofthe British Museum. A quaint figure is presented byBaron d'Aguilar, the miser and eccentric. On theother hand, a curious episode is connected with theconversion of Lord George Gordon; _ and a mystichalo surrounds the name of Hayyim Falk (Adler).

I\/

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great ship-builder; and Sir Francis Palgrave (Jacobs).Their loss was counterbalanced within the communityby the exertions of the families Goldsmid, Roths­child, Montefiore, Phillips, and Salomons, who foughtso strenuously in the struggle for the removal ofJewish disabilities in England. By their side wereworkers like David A. Lindo and Michael Josephs.The struggle for freedom of learning in the universi­ties is connected with the names of Nathan LazarusBenmohel, the first possessor of a university degree;and Numa Edward Hartog, the first Jewish seniorwrangler. After emancipation was obtained, thecommunal leaders are connected with the same fami­lies, to which should be added the names of SirJohn Simon (Jacobs), Jacob Waley, and Lord Pir­bright (Emanuel), while within the community recon­struction took place at the hands of Lionel Cohen(Green), Asher Asher (Jacobs), and the two chiefrabbis Nathan and Hermann Adler. The Reformmovement is represented by the names of Henriques,Mocatta, and David Marks, and mention is made ofthe milder position held by Morris Joseph (Jacobs),and the more radical one of Claude G. Montefiore.Rabbinic scholarship was pursued mainly by a num­ber of " aliens" like Filipowski (Beer), Albert Lowy,Adolph Neubauer, Schiller-Szinessy, and Joseph Zed­ner (Deutsch), the most accurate of Jewish bibliogra­phers. Outside the community the influence of the fol­lowing was marked: Joseph Moses Levi, who foundedthe first penny newspaper, the" Daily Telegraph "; Sam­uel Isaac, builder of the Mersey tunnel; Sir George Jes­sel, Master of the Rolls; John Braham (Vizetelly), thesinger, of "The Death of Nelson" fame, and father of

45

HISTORY

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Anglo-Jewish Institutions

Special institutions of the Jewish community inEngland are discussed in the articles Anglo-JewishAssociation (Duparc) , Jewish Colonization Associa­tion (Schwarzfeld), United Synagogue (Bril), and theLondon Board of Deputies (Jacobs). Jews' College(Friedlander) represents almost the sole center ofJewish learning and rabbinic scholarship, while the

46

Countess Waldegrave; Henry Russell; Sir JuliusBenedict, the conductor and composer; Prof. JamesSylvester, the eminent mathematician; and WilliamVan Praagh (Harris), who introduced lip-reading fordeaf-mutes. In philanthropy the nineteenth centuryis dominated by the names of Sir Moses Montefiore(Davis) and Frederick David Mocatta. Contempo­raries are represented by Sir Julian Goldsmid and LordRothschild (De Haas), among communal leaders; thepainters Simeon Solomon and Solomon Joseph Solomon(Jacobs); the dramatists Pinero (Mels), James Davie(Emanuel), Edward Morton (Mels), and Alfred Sutro(Jacobs); the English scholars Sidney Lee (Jacobs),editor of "The Dictionary of National Biography,"and Israel Gollancz (Emanuel), editor of the" TempleClassics" and secretary of the British Academy; SirIsidore Spielmann (Jacobs), a friend of all good worksin the community, and founder of the Anglo-JewishHistorical Exhibition (Jacobs); Lucien Wolf (Jacobs),the Anglo-Jewish journalist; Israel Zangwill (Jacobs),one of the most distinguished of living Jewish men ofletters; Sir George Henry Lewis (Jacobs) and RufusIsaacs, in law; and Dr. Emanuel Lasker (Porter),former chess champion of the world.

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Russia

The third country to which the ENCYCLOPEDIAdevotes an exceptional amount of space is Russia.The articles on Russo-Jewish matters amount in theaggregate to half a volume; and nowhere, even in theRussian tongue, not to speak of any more accessiblelanguage, does so rich a body of information exist withregard to the history, conditions, and biographies ofthe half of Jewry which resides in the dominions nomi­nally ruled over by the Czar. Almost all the articlesin this department were written by or under the direct

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Quaint Characters of English Jewry

English Jewry, as well as other branches of the race,has its curiosities, and among these may be presentedDavid Levi, the learned hatter; David Mendoza andSamuel Elias (Vizetelly), noted pugilists; and twoconverts to Judaism, the Countess of Charlemont andThomas Jones.

In addition there are articles on Ireland (Hiihner)and Scotland (Harris); and the British Empire maybe taken to include India (Oppert) with its Beni-Israeland Jews of Cochin (Ezekiel and Jacobs), among whommay be mentioned Ezekiel (Mels), Samuel Divekar,Michael Sargon (Jacobs), and Haeem Samuels (Hy­ams). South Africa (Hertz) also receives attentionwith the Jewish center Johannesburg (Hertz) and theJewish pioneers Bergtheil, Isaacs, and Mosenthal.Australia (Freedman) has already been referred to;but the eminent name of Sir Julius Vogel may be in­cluded here.

Anglo-Jewish press is represented by the "JewishChronicle" (Jacobs).

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supervision of Mr. Herman Rosenthal, who, owing tothe unfamiliarity of the subject to the Western reader,advisedly adopted a fuller and more detailed mannerof treatment than had been observed in the other his­torical and biographical sections of the work.The article Russia (Rosenthal, x. 518-5(1) itself is

the largest contributed to the ENCYCLOPEDIAon anyone country; and it has as a supplement an articleon Poland by the same author (x. 561-575), the print­ing of which out of alphabetical place was due to thedisturbances in Russia. The ENCYCLOPEDIAcontainssections devoted to the three czars Alexander, the twoNieholases, and the czarinas Catherine and Elizabeth,and the main article Russia gives besides the fullestaccount of Russian statistics, of the number and socialcondition of the artisans in the Pale, and of the con­ditions of education and philanthropy, as well as asection on emigration and an important one on legis­lation.

Russo-Jewish CommunitiesThese are supplemented by articles on Jews in

municipal government and in rural communities, by adiscussion of the Jew in Russian literature, and byan account of Russo-Jewish periodicals. Besides thisgreat article there are special ones on Courland,Lithuania (Rosenthal), Bessarabia, Finland (Lipman),Caucasus (Rosenthal), Siberia (Lipman), and thetowns of Wilna (Ratner), Warsaw (Lipman and Eisen­stein, xii. 468-473), Zhitomir or Jitomir (Wiernik),Riga, St. Petersburg (Lipman, x. 641-642), Odessa.(Penn, ix. 377-385), Moscow (Hessen, ix. 40-41),Grodno (Wiernik), Brest-Litovsk (Rosenthal), Bye­lostok (Wiernik), Kiev, and Kovno (Rosenthal).

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49

Redu~ Facsimile of a Page of THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA. After BeinePassed by the RU8Bian Censor.

III. had ascended thethrone,

tad (April 27. is';~.t;~:~k~~~f;)~kb~~a:::y~), ADaDie. (May 9), W... ilkov (~Iay 10), KODOtop()lay 10), and, during Ihe foilo.. iDg six monlhs, ID

ODebuDdred aDd li"ly other places ofPopular lOulbem Ruuia. ID tbeee rlota thou·

Ou~ eaoda of Je wish homes were destroyed,

~ :::lrf~~:::S:~~~".:i:~!nllmben of men, .. omen. and children

killed or Injured. It ..... clear -that the rIota wereIj.remeditaled (M Voakbod,' May 24, 1881, p. 75).or ll::~:!!k':';uet~~~1I;;t=e~,~:~f :fh~CKiev, warned lOme of b~ Jewish friend. of thecoming riots, Appoall.to the aUlboritiel for pro­teetion were of no avail. Aillhe police did ,..as top'reveDt the Je ... from defeDdiD~ tbeir homes, fam·

~r~i..d.'V~'Z:"~~~I~~O.a!':~~~~-:L:pihagen with aD booorary eseore, while lOme oflhe rabble shouted appro ... l." To a delegation ofthe Jew. of Kiev. Govereor-Oeeeral Drentelea .idtbat he could do nothing for tbem .• for the .keof a few Jew. he would Dot eDdaoger the lives ofhis soldiers" (M ZeitUDg dee Judeothum •. " May 31.

:=l~ed°i..~3:c~;OG:::n>..tee<t~~f::!tIec:!aredthat the motiv~ of the aotl~J..wish agit.tion

&ad otoo youlluo \OOkan acth'e part In tbe reyol,,·tIooarymoVemeDt of theeeveDtlea. A1e"lUIder kDew=t;l:nr.a.r.~rr..:-.~~~ol:~t~u°!...~ ~:

me~ t=~f:':i~ or'X\:''':~e:h~yCOnUili1~

:::f~ra:~m~e ~:'!"~f~t:~:'"v':>~n~=and Iibemtor

B'r.;G~"£~:~~N~~·T:r~1~~~~~~ole.. Znkmondoltlotoo" I·n"..,.,~ rp. 3IJII..3ilO, 8L __

~"'n!.~i!t~~mf.~:=(,g~J~~~~~1::'.;tB R.

.A.LEXANDElL m., ALEXANDBOVICH',EmperorofB .... ia: Bornat :$t. Pete ...burg, 1>(""'h10.1~; at 1,ll!I!4. He aseendcdthethrone :,rt{'rthe nssassio,·tiliUa(his "'rrthlctate ofIbe latter A"Jei.

~:r..~......... m..• ,_ ........TBB nwnDI DCYCLOPEDIA

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Russian Jewish LeadersOf the men that helped to mold Russian Jewry,

articles appear on Lilienthal, Isaac Baer Levinsohn(Rosenthal), the two Gordons (Seligsohn), Lev Pins­ker (Lipman), and Peter Smolenskin (Seligsohn), not tomention the renowned gaon of an earlier date ElijahBen Solomon of Wilna (Seligsohn). Of more recentworthies full accounts are given of the following: IsaacElhanan Spektor (Wiernik); Samuel Mohilever (Schloes­singer); and the writers Kalman Schulman (Gottlieb);Abraham Mapu (Waldstein), the first modern Hebrewnovelist of consequence; Solomon Mandelkern (Wier-

SO

The general position of the Russian Jews is also dealtwith in such articles as those on the Council of FourLands (Dubnow) and the Kahal (Rosenthal), explain­ing the internal communal organization; on the Jewishkingdom of the Chazars; the account of the Cossacks'Uprising under Bogdan Chmielnicki (Rosenthal); andthat of the Haidamacks (Lipman). Two of the mostrecent outbreaks are detailed under Kishinef (Rosen­thal) and Homel (George D. Rosenthal); the earlier per­secutions by which young lads of twelve were forcedinto the army' of Nicholas 1. are described in the arti­cle Cantonists (Rosenthal); while the recent history isgiven in the articles on the Pale of Settlement, relatingto the circumscription of the Jews within the westernRussian provinces, and on the May Laws (Rosenthal),which describes the further restrictions imposed byIgnatiev (Lipman). Curious internal movements ofRussians and Russian Jews are explained under Sub­botnik (Hurwitz), Judaizing Heresy (Rosenthal), andNovy Israel (Wiernik). .

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From the record of what Jews have done, and es­pecially of what has been done to them, one may turnto their own record, their thoughts and feelings, asexpressed in Jewish literature; but before doing so itis necessary to cast a glance at that not inconsiderablepart of the ENCYCLOPEDIAwhich is devoted to theexternalities of the language, or rather languages, in

51

PHILOLOGY

nik) , the author of the best Bible concordance inexistence; and Raphael Nathan Rabbinoviez (Gott­lieb), author of the famous work "Difdu\ce Soferim."The careers of Asher Ginzberg (Klausner), the" moral"Zionist; of Lazar Atlas, the critic; and of I. Sokolow(Wiernik), the Russo-Jewish journalist, are given, asis also that of Nahum Slouschz (Haneman), the his­torian of modern Jewish literature.

Outside the community the chief names are those ofthe painter Isaac Asknazi (Rosenthal), the musicianAnton Rubinstein (Lipman), and the sculptors Anto­kolski (Rosenthal) and Boris Schatz (Franco). Thename of Ivan Blioch (Rosenthal) will always be associ­ated with The Hague Tribunal, for which his great worktt The Future of the Art of War" prepared the way.

Of interest for various reasons are the articles onJoseph Chazanowicz (Haneman), founder of the na­tionallibrary at Jerusalem; Jacob Brafmann (Broyde),the reviler of his own people; and J. C. Blumenfeld(Jacobs), one of the earlier Polish patriots who escapedto England and wrote there a semi-sane epic. Thearticle Saul Wahl (Gottlieb) deals with the curiouslegend of a Jew who sat for one night on the throne ofPoland.

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Hebrew GrammarIt was not, of course, the intention of the ENCYCLO­

PEDIA to give a complete Hebrew grammar, but certainaspects of the latter are treated in the articles Accents(Margolis), Punctuation, Vocalization (Levias), andNames, Personal (Jacobs). There is, besides, a verythorough article on its history, among both Christiansand Jews, by Prof. Bacher, with elaborate lists of Jew­ish and Christian grammarians. In addition there areseparate biographies of the chief of these; notablyIbn Janah (Broyde), Dunash Ben Labrat (Bacher),Ibn Barun (Broyde), Judah Hayyuj (Levias), Tanhum

52

which Jews have expressed their feelings.· Besides thearticle on Hebrew Language (Levias) , which gives ageneral account of its chief characteristics, there isone on Semitic Languages (Barton), showing the rela­tion of Hebrew to the cognate dialects; while anotheron the Aramaic Language (Bacher) gives the languagecurrent among Hebrews in Apocryphal and New Testa­ment times, as well as that in which portions of theOld Testament, notably Daniel and Nehemiah, werewritten. Considerable attention is devoted to Biblicalprosody, the vexed question of Meter being discussedby Cobb; Rime and Parallelism, by Casanowicz; andStrophic Forms, by Konig. A complete list also isgiven of the Hapax Legomena of the Old Testament(Casanowicz and Schloessinger). Certain peculiaritiesof the Biblical text are treated in the articles Small andLarge Letters, Suspended Letters, Tagin (Eisenstein),and Verse-Division (Max Margolis); the last-mentioned,curiously enough, when connected with the enumera­tion of chapters, being derived from the ChristianBibles.

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Hebrew Inscriptions

The very earliest appearance of Hebrew is discussedin the article Paleography (Broyde and De Ricci);the two celebrated inscriptions, that on the MoabiteStone (McCurdy, viii. 634-636) and the Siloam In­scription (Berger, xi. 339-341), are treated at length;and the results are summed up in the long articleAlphabet (Lidzbarski, i. 439-454), which is of generalinterest, showing the relation between the ancientHebrew and the ancient Greek letters, the sources ofall modern European alphabets. This article is ac-

53

Ben Joseph (Broyde), and Nathan Ben Jehiel (Enelow),among the Jews; and the Buxtorfs (Kayserling)and Gesenius (Jacobs), among the Christians. A verycomplete list of Christian Hebraists is given by Prof.Gottheil.The beginnings of Hebrew grammar are traced in

that elaborate system of annotation of the books ofthe Old Testament known as the Masorah (Levias);and particular attention is given to translations madeby Jews from the Bible in the articles Targum (Bacher),with which is connected the article Meturgeman Le­vias) ; Greek Language (Krauss) ; Bible Transla­tions (Gottheil); Peshitta (Seligsohn); Vulgate (Price),with which may be compared the article Jerome(Krauss). Full accounts are given of the great mastersof the Masorah, Elijah Levita (Broyde) and SeligmanBaer (Gottheil). In this connection mention may bemade of the article pn Abbreviations and that onGematria (Levias), the curious system of identifyingdifferent words the numerical values of the letters ofwhich are identical.

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LITERATURE

Turning from the external forms in which the Jewishspirit has found expression to that expression itself, ofthe 18,000 works (filling 30,000 volumes) in whichancient, medieval, and modern Jewish literature isenshrined, THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAgives in duebibliographical form an account of at least two-thirds.Besides describing the productiqns themselves it dealswith the general movements which they express.There is a sketch of Hebrew Literature as a whole(Davidson), besides a series of important articles onJudreo-Spanish Literature (Kayserling); Judreo-PersianLiterature (Bacher), the first account of this curiousside-show of the Jewish mind; Judseo-German Litera­ture (Wiener); and Arabic Literature of the Jews(Hirschfeld). Particular attention may be drawn tothe article on Modern Hebrew Literature (Slouschz),which reveals the whole development during the last150 years of a movement toward reviving Hebrew asa means of national expression. Another aspect of thesame movement is given in the article Haskalah (Wier­nik); and its beginnings may possibly be traced to theschool of the Biurists (Roubin).

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companied by the largest series of plates illustratingthe development of the alphabet ever brought together.

In addition to Hebrew· itself, the grammar andphilological bearings of the dialects used by Jews aretreated in the articles Judseo-German (Wiener), Judeeo­Greek (Belleli), Judseo-Spanish (Kayserling), Judseo­Persian (Bacher). The various systems by whichthese languages are represented by Hebrew lettersare detailed in Transliteration (Broyde),

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Besides literature regarded from the point of view ofthe language in which it is written, there are manytreatments of it in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAfromthe point of view of the form that it takes. Thus,there are special articles on Poetry, Didactic (Brody);Poetry, Lyric (Davidson) ; Drama, Hebrew (Selig­sohn) ; Drama, Yiddish (Wiernik); Logic (Broyde);Satire (Davidson); Letter- Writing (Bsoyde) : andParody (Davidson). Other articles deal with variouskinds of books under their generic headings; e.g.,Concordance (Bacher) ; Dictionaries (Gottheil andBacher); Encyclopedia (Broyde) : Year-Books (Ja­cobs) ; Periodicals (Popper and Gottheil), with thefullest list in existence; Memorbuch; and Martyrology(Salfeld).The activity of .the Jews as translators is dealt with

in an elaborate article on Translations (Broyde). Oneof the most remarkable forms of this activity wasthe assistance given by Jews in the transmission ofromantic and folk-lore literature from the East to theWest. This is dealt with in a series of articles onKalilah Wa-Dimnah, Barlaam and Josaphat, Sindbad(Jacobs), and Petrus Alfonsi (Kohut). It is curiousto find the influence of Jews in such world-knownpieces of literature as ..Esop's Fables and ArabianNights (Jacobs). On the other hand, the medievalromances have found their way into Jewish, or at anyrate Yiddish, literature, as is shown in the articlesArthur Legend and Baba Buch (Jacobs). Of popularliterature among the Jews an account is given in thearticles Ma'aseh Books (Weil) and Z;e'enah U-Re'enah(Seligsohn).Of pure literature among the Jews there is not so

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Jewish Geographers and Scientists

Among writers of travels Benjamin of Tudela(Bacher) calls for mention more for his subject-matterthan for the manner in which he deals with it. Howfar the alleged travels of Eldad the Danite (Eldad BenMahli ha-Dani; Broyde) are genuine is still somewhatdoubtful. The only scientific writer of importance inthe late Middle Ages was Tobias Cohn (Haneman),Of Jewish astronomers Abraham Bar Hiyya (Gutt­mann) and Isaac Israeli (Seligsohn) deserve notice,while among historians Solomon Usque (Kayserling),Solomon Ibn Verga, and Gedaliah ibn Yahya are thechief names. Special articles are devoted to the IbnTibbon (Schloessinger) family, which produced so manyeminent translators, as well as to Faraj Ben Salim(Broyde) and Ibn Shem-Tob (Schloessinger). Thecurious polyhistor Leon of Modena (Broyde) and theencyclopedist Isaac Lampronti (Bacher) may bridgethe gap between the general literature of the Jews andthat known as rabbinical.

great an abundance. Apart from didactic, homiletic,and religious literature, Jews have rarely written forthe pure love of the literary effect. Notwithstanding,accounts are given of a Jewish minnesinger, Susskindof Trimberg (Mannheimer), and a Spanish poet, SantobDe Carrion (Kayserling), while in pure Hebrew litera­ture Immanuel Ben Solomon of Rome (Elbogen),Moses Rieti (Cassuto), and Judah Al-Harisi (De SolaMendes) almost exhaust the list of important authors,though Berechiah Ben Natronai (Jacobs) appr scbesthem in versatility, if not in originality.

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either on the Bible or on the Talmud. As has alreadybeen shown, the Talmud itself is a development mainlyof the legal side of the Bible, while the Midrash repre-

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Interior of the Old Synagogue at WorlDS.(Froma photograph.)

RABBINICAL LITERATURE

The men who carried on the tradition of lawgiverand prophet, psalmist and visionary, chose for the mostpart to put their works in the form of commentaries

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sents a further stage of the prophetic and didacticportions of Scripture. The development of the legalside of the Talmud has already been treated underTalmudic Law (vide supra pp. 18-20); reference may,however, be here made to the responsa literature,described in the article She'elot U-Teshubot (Lauter­bach). These responsa correspond to the "ResponsaPrudentum" of the Roman law, and are casuisticdecisions on points not raised in text-books. Theyare mainly written by the chief rabbinic authoritiesof the various ages, who are known as AlIaronim(Deutsch), or "later ones," in contrast to the Rish­onim, or "former ones." The earliest of the Rishonimare the Geonim, described in the article Goon (Bacher).They were the leaders of the rabbinic schools, andtheir opinions were authoritative from the seventhto the eleventh century. The chief of these wereHai Gaon (Schloessinger), Sherira Gaon (Lauter­bach), and, above all, Saadia Ben Joseph (Bacher),who touched all sides of rabbinical knowledge, beingBible commentator, liturgist, philosopher, polemist,and theologian.The next great name after Saadia is that of Rashi

(Seligsohn and Liber), the French commentator on-Bible and Talmud, whose Bible exegesis had, throughNicholas de Lyra, an influence on even Luther andCalvin, and has thus profoundly modified the Protes­tant theology of modern times. His descendants andpupils formed a school of Tosafists who compiled theTosefot (Seligsohn), which even to the present day areattached to the text of the Talmud, and are onlysecond in importance to Rashi in explaining its in-tricacies. Chief among t~8 'I'osafists were Samuel Ben 1

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The Middle Ages

The other great school of rabbinical learning in theMiddle Ages was that of Spain. Abraham Ibn Ezra(Bacher), the traveler, grammarian, exegete, and com­mentator; Joseph Ibn Migas (Schloessinger); AaronHa-Levi of Barcelona (Ginzberg), the legist; and IsaacAlfasi (Friedlander), the codifier of the law-all theseprepared the way for the greatest mind of the JewishMiddle Ages, Moses Ben Maimon (Broyde and Lauter­bach, ix. 73-86), more generally known as Maimonides.Both in theology and in law he was epoch-making.·His great opponent, Abraham Ben David of Pos­quieres (Ginzberg), also receives adequate notice in theENCYCLOPEDIA; and the conflict between his oppo­nents and adherents is represented in the article AbbaMari of Lunel (Friedlander). Another link betweennorthern and southern Europe is Asher Ben Jehiel(Deutsch), codifier; while still a further aspect of theinteresting movement is represented by the mysticcommentator, Moses Ben Nahman (Broyde), known.

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Melr (Ochser), Jacob Ben Meir Tam (Schloessinger),Judah Ben Isaac (Jacobs), and Samson of Sens (Mann­heimer). Other authorities of northern Europe wereIsaac Ben Moses of Vienna (Schloessinger), known asIsaac Or Zarua", the aut nor of a code; Eleazar BenJudah of Worms (Broyde); Me"irof Rothenburg andMordecai Ben Hillel (Ginzberg), the latter a halakistor legal casuist who may be associated with Moses BenJacob of Coucy (Schloessinger), also the author of acode. Simhah of Vitry (Lauterbach) is more closelyconnected with liturgy, the great medieval prayer­book, the Vitry Ma\lzor, being associated with him.

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as Nahmanides. With Maimonides and Nahmanidesthe great Jewish names of the Middle Ages cease,owing mainly to the increase of the severity of perse­cutions in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.But in Spain, just before the expulsion of the Jews,Isaac Aboab and Isaac Abravanel (Kayserling) wereimportant chiefly in the commentatorial sphere, whilein Mayence Jacob Ben Moses Molln (Neumann) wasprominent. The school of Safed then took the fieldwith Jacob Berab (Ginzberg), Joseph Caro (Ginzberg),and Jacob l.Iabib (Deutsch and Friedberg), these beingfollowed by important Polish rabbis like Mordecai Jaffe(Eisenstein) and Moses Isserles (Seligsohn). Finallyin the eighteenth century the disputes of Jacob Emden(Seligsohn), and Jonathan Eybeschiitz (Deutsch), es­pecially with regard to the validity of amulets, con­stituted almost the last flicker of rabbinical scholarshipof the olden type, though legal casuistry never lost itshold, but found representatives like Shabbethai BenMeir Ha-Kohen (Friedberg), known also as Shak, MelfBen Jacob (Maharam), and Schiff (Ochser).Meanwhile the study of rabbinical learning itself

became the object of further study, culminating inthe so-called H science of Judaism." This began withAzariah Ben Moses Dei Rossi (Broyde), and afterbeing taken up in the north by Elijah Gaon, wasbrought into full force by Solomon Rapoport (Wald­stein); Leopold Zunz (Hirsch, xii. 699-704); and Nach­man Krochmal (Rosenmann), whose efforts to analyzeand arrange in due order the rabbinical ssudies of thepast were followed up by Isaac Hirsch Weiss (Selig­sohn) , Solomon Halberstam (Bacher), and ZachariasFrankel (Deutsch).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND TYPOGRAPHY

Besides the languages in which Jewish literature iswritten, the form in which it has been made accessibleto the student also receives attention in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA;accordingly a series of articles. onJewish bibliography and typography is given. Be­sides a general article on Bibliography (Jacobs), arti­cles on Book Collectors (Jacobs) and the Book Trade(Broyde) appear. The great collections of Jewishbooks are dealt with in general in the article Libraries(Gottheil), special articles, in each case written by thelibrarian in charge, being devoted to the main col­lections like those of the British Museum, London(Margoliouth), the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Cowley),the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (Schwab), and theVatican Library, Rome (Guidi). The catalogues ofthese and other libraries are described by Mr. Broyde,As supplementing the article on Bibliography the arti­cles Anonymous Works (Broyde) and PseudonymousWorks (Davidson) will be found of interest. The orig­inal sources of all this huge literature are, of course,to be found in Manuscripts, of which an elaborate ac­count-illustrated by over eighty facsimiles of Hebrewmanuscripts-is given by Prof. Blau, Dr. Margoliouth,and Joseph Jacobs, besides supplementary articles onVellum (Blau), Ink (Jacobs), and Pen (Nowack). Oneof the sources from which the greatest amount ofnovel information in this regard has been obtained inrecent years is the curious custom of having a grave­yard for manuscripts, known as the Genizah (E. N.Adler). Here, as elsewhere, supplementary informa­tion is given in the articles devoted to the great bib-

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liographers, as Shabbethai Bass (Ginzberg), Isaac BenJacob (Wiemik), Moritz Steinschneider (Singer), andJoseph Zedner (Deutsch) among the Jews, and Bar­tolocci and Johann Christoph Wolf (Jacobs) amongChristians.As regards printed books, one of the most elaborate

articles is that devoted to the "holy work" of Typog­raphy (Jacobs, xii. 295-335), where for the first timein English, an account is given of the rise and develop­ment of this art among the Jews. The article containsalso for the first time an enumeration of the variousclasses of Hebrew books that have been put into type(xii. 333-334). A list is given of the Hebrew booksprinted in the fifteenth century known as Incunabula(Jacobs), and other articles are devoted to certaincharacteristics of printing, e. g., Title-Page (Eisen­stein), Colophons (Gottheil), Chronograms (Ginzberg),and Borders (Freimann). Among the forces whichdetermined the external form of Hebrew books wasthe Censorship (Porges, Zametkin, and Jacobs, iii.642-652), which has given to Jewish books a sort of"ghetto bend."The very Titles of Hebrew Books are discussed

(Eisenstein), as well as their Prefaces and Dedications(Eisenstein), while a fully illustrated article deals withPrinters' M_arks (Freimann). The chief printers re­ceive attel!._tii4n,both Christians, as Daniel Bomberg(Schwab) and Anton Von Schmid (Mannheimer), andJewish, as Soncino (Jacobs) and Romm (Wiernik).Indeed, it might almost seem that an excess of spacehad been devoted to this side of Jewish activity, wereit not remembered that the whole of Jewish life de­pends in the last resort on Hebrew printing.

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While the Jewish intellect devoted itself, at least inpost-Biblical times, mainly to the practical side of theJewish religion, so that the greatest number of specifi­cally Jewish productions were devoted to Talmudiclaw and Rabbinica, it by no means neglected the the­oretical foundations of Judaism or theology. IWhileJudaism is chiefly a discipline, it is nevertheless adoctrine also. This aspect of the spiritual activity ofthe Jewish people has accordingly received full atten­tion in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA.It may fairly beclaimed that its pages contain, for the first time insomething like systematic development, an account ofJewish theology. This has two aspects: (1) the Jewishanswers to the sempiternal questions of man beforethe universe and his fate; and (2) the specifically Jew­ish conception raised by the special position of Jewishlife and thought-in other words, the Jewish attitudetoward theology in general, and the specific conceptionof Jewish theology in particular.

In this section, as in that devoted to the Bible, anallowance had to be made for the existence of twofundamentally different schools of Jewish theology.During the last century and a half a division has arisenamong Jews, as among Christians and others, as tothe relative importance to be assigned to traditionin the formation of the religious life. The so-calledReform Jews, influenced perhaps by the increasing ra­tionalism of the spiritual environment of modern Eu­rope, especially in Germany, lay more stress uponthe creed aspect of religion than upon its practicalembodiment as discipline, and, in the former connec-

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tion, minimize as much as possible the divergenciesbetween the beliefs of the Jews and those of their neigh­bors. On the other side, the representatives of theso-called Orthodox or conservative wing of the Jewisharmy of thought always laid more stress upon disci­pline than upon belief; and they have not cared to laydown in systematic form the underlying principlesgoverning them -and the Jewish life, which they arecontent for the most part to defend as a matter ofloyalty and reverence. THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAhas made an attempt to steer evenly between the twoopposing schools of Jewish thought. On the practicalaspects of Jewish theology it naturally gives the prac­tise of the ages, though when necessary it mentionsthe modifications made by the modern school. When

- it comes to doctrine, the greater readiness of the Re­form school to put its views on record has given it acertain amount of superiority, for which some allowancehas to be made in reading the ENCYCLOPEDIA;buteven here the main positions of the Orthodox schoolhave been also represented by typical examples ofJewish doctrine.Thus there are two general treatments of Jewish

theology given in THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA:oneunder the heading Judaism (Kohler) from the Reformstandpoint; the other, under the title Theology (Lau­terbach), giving the conservative aspects of the sub­ject. Similarly as regards the creed, Articles of Faith(Hirsch) have been treated by an eminent. representa­tive of the Reform school, which article is to someextent balanced by the article Oral Law (Lauterbach),giving the Orthodox basis for conservative Jewishpractise. Also on the fundamental problems at issue

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same subject is given in Commandment (Kohler andHirsch), which topic, characteristically enough, is fol­lowed by an article on the 613 Commandments(Broyde), the rules derived directly from the ..Biblewhich, according to the Orthodox conception, shouldcontrol every action of a Jew's life. It is perhaps fair

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Interior of the Synagogue at K'ai-Fung-Foo, China.(From the .. JewishQuarterlyReview.")

between the two schools, the function .of the Law inJewish life, a dual article on Nomism (Lauterbach andKohler), gives both sides of the question; comparealso Anti-Nomianism (Kohler). Another aspect of the

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COSMOLOGY

The cosmology of Jewish theology has generallyengaged the attention of the Jewish mystics, and willbe dealt with later under that heading. The subjectof Creation (Hirsch) is in order here, and may lead on

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to add that there is a still further account of the Reformview of Judaism, both in its logical and in its historicdevelopment, in the article Reform Judaism (Hirschand Philipson), while there is a further exposition ofthe prominence of the Law in Jewish life in the articleTorah (Blau).Taking the topic of theology in more systematic

detail, attention may be first directed to the articlesunder the caption God (Hirsch, vi. 1-15). The theo­logical aspects of the sublime conception are dealt within the articles Theocracy (Hirsch), Abba, "Father"(Kohler), Monotheism (Philipson), and Providence(Hirsch), while the opposing views are given under therubrics Agnosticism and Atheism (Hirsch). The rela­tions between this conception and Scripture are dealtwith in Jewish philosophy, and will be discussed furtheron, but they are also treated in the articles Anthro­pomorphism and Allegorical Interpretation (Ginzberg).Other and more specifically Jewish views of the Su­preme Being are indicated in the articles Shekinah(Blau), Names of God (McLaughlin and Eisenstein),Tetragrammaton (Blau), and Kiddush Ha-Shem (Koh­ler); and three ideals, supposed to be specifically Chris­tian, but shown to be definitively Jewish, are discussedin the" articles Holy Spirit (Blau), Kingdom of God(Kohler), and Son of God (Hirsch).

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Anthropology (Theological)

The more definite problem of the relations betweenGod and, not man in general, but the Jewish peoplein particular, is dealt with in the article Revelation

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at once, as in the first chapter of Genesis, to Jewishanthropology in its technical theological sense. Thisis connected with the doctrine of pure theology by theconcept of Godliness (Hirsch) as the key to the Jewishideal, to be carried out in Holiness (Kohler), resultingin the production of the Saint and Saintliness (Eisen­stein). Man's responsibility to God is dealt with in thearticle Duty (Philipson), and the sanctions of such re­sponsibility in the articles Judgment, 'Divine (Kohler), 1,

and Day of Judgment (F. Rosenthal and Kohler), lead­ing up to a whole system of Eschatology (Kohler), withits view of Gehenna (Blau), Leviathan and Behemoth(Kohler and Broyde), Immortality of the Soul (Koh­ler), and Resurrection (Barton and Kohler). The last­named article may be supplemented by that of viewsand customs on Death (Eisenstein and Kohler, iv. 482-486). Closely connected with this are the Jewishviews on the Fall of Man (Hirsch) and Sin (Eisenstein,xi. 376-379), and the specifically Jewish conception ofOriginal Virtue (Jacobs), a doctrine counterbalancingthe more one-sided Christian' view of Original Sin.This again is intimately connected with the morehuman Jewish attitude toward the Body and the Flesh(Hirsch) ; compare also Asceticism (Hirsch). Hereanother entirely Jewish conception of the temptationsto sin is represented in the article Yezer Ha-Ra' (Ja­cobs), the more human representative of the Satan­concept of ordinary theology.

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(Kohler), with its cognate subjects Inspiration (Koh­ler) and Divine Grace (Eichler). This gives rise to theconception of the Chosen People (Kohler), which hasto be contrasted with the article Gentile (Hirsch andEisenstein)-in which the antagonism to the outerworld is by no means shirked-and which leads upto the theological view of Intermarriage (Kohler andJacobs). Here comes in the Jewish subject Messiah(Buttenwieser), with which is closely connected theconception of the Remnant of Israel (Hirsch).

Besides discussing the theological views of man'snature in their Jewish aspects, THE JEWISHENCYCLO­PEDIAdeals with the main virtues and qualities cfhuman beings in a somewhat novel way by giving theviews of the Biblical writers and rabbinical authoritieson the various subjects. Articles of this kind are thocoon Fear (Guttmacher), Cruelty (Hirsch), Forgiveness(Guttmacher), Humility (Schreiber), Joy, Love andLife (Kohler), Patience (Harris), and Wisdom (Kohler) ;while more practical topics of a somewhat similar kindare dealt with under Repentance (Schloessinger andKohler), Atonement (Kohler), Rebuke (Eisenstein),Anger (Kohler), and Cruelty to Animals (Greenstone).Even universal vices are thus dealt with in the articlesLying and Hypocrisy (Kohler).Theology would not be theology without its damna­

tory clauses, which in Judaism depend to some extenton Rabbinical Authority (Kohler), with its practicalexercise of Anathema (Voorsanger), Ban (Kohler),and Excommunication (Greenstone). It is character­istic that in Judaism these ecclesiastical weapons arebrought into play mainly against transgressions ofpractical commands of the Law, not against divergen-

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cies from the creed. Nevertheless these are recognizedin Judaism, and their theological aspects are treatedin the articles Heresy (Kohler) and Apostasy (Kohlerand Gottheil), while the Talmudic aspect of the subjectis discussed under the rubric Min (Broyde) generallyassociated with the early Christians. The chief Jewishheresies are, of course, treated in their proper places,notably the Essenes, Pharisees, Sadducees, and Zealots(Kohler); but besides these, less well-known sects aredealt with in the articles Boethusians (Ginzberg),Bostanai (Ginzberg), Dositheus (Krauss), Yudghanites(Broyde), and especially the modern mystical sect ofthe Hasidim (Dubnow), corresponding in some respectsto the Methodists, in others to the Quakers. The twoleaders of the Hasidim are dealt with in the articlesBa'al Shem-Tob and Baer of l\feseritz (Ginzberg).The main Jewish heresy is that of the Karaites.

Here there are again two general articles on Karaitesand Karaism (Harkavy and Kohler, vii. 438-447), thelatter of which deals with the difference betweenKaraite and Rabbinite ritual, another phase of whichis dealt with under Incest (Broyde), The life andmotives of the founder of the sect, Anan Ben David,are dealt with by Dr. A. Harkavy, the greatest livingauthority on the Karaites, Other leaders of Karai­tic thought are dealt with in the articles Kirkisani(Broyde), Sahl Ben Maaliah (Ochser), Tobiah BenMoses (Seligsobn), Caleb Afer{dopolo (Kohler and Gott­heil), and Benjamin Ben Moses Nahawendi (Broyde),A whole collection of Karaitic celebrities is dealt within the Troki family. Finally a special article is de­voted to the man who revived modern interest inthis curious sect, Abraham Firkovich (Wiernik).

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CHRISTIANITY IN ITS RELATION TO JUDAISM

Especial interest will doubtless be taken both byJews and Christians in the numerous articles in THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAon Christianity, dealt with, ofcourse, in its relation to Judaism and the Jewish people.While every attempt has been made to avoid hurting .the feelings of readers, perfect frankness has been thetone adopted in this section of the ENCYCLOPEDIA,it being felt that what would be expected, even byChristian readers, would be a plain, straightforwardstatement of the reasons for disagreement with thecurrent opinions of the majority. The central per­sonality of Jesus of Nazareth (vii. 160-173) has beendealt with in three articles: one on the historical prob­lems presented by his life (Jacobs); another on thetheological aspects of his career (Kohler); and the laston the Jewish legends, antipathetic in tone, that havecollected about his exploits (Krauss). A side-issue ofthe life is given in the article Crucifixion (Hirsch), withwhich may be associated the symbolic associations ofit in the article Cross (Kohler). The sources fromwhich Christianity professes to derive its theologicalconstructions have also been studied in ·the ENCYCLO­PEDIAwith a special view to their Jewish side, andthere is a general article on the New Testament (Koh­ler) , dealing with the Gospels-also separately dealtwith in the article Gilyonim (Blau)-and the Acts ofthe Apostles. The Epistles of Paul are treated, to­gether with his life, under Saul of Tarsus (Kohler); an­other article treats of the Epistle of James (Kohler);while the Epistles associated with Peter are dealt withunder the title Simon Cephas (Kohler). It is gener-

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ally recognized, even among Christian theologians,that the Book of Revelation is entirely a Jewish pro­duction; and it is, of course, so treated in the ENCY­CLOPEDIA.

But besides these sections of the New Testament,other portions of early Christian literature are alsotreated as part of the Jewish contributions to theworld's thought. Thus, the earliest Church catechism,the Didache (Kohler) is shown to be derived from anearlier Jewish catechism known as "The Book of theTwo Ways," while the earliest document of Churchdiscipline, the Didascalia (Kohler), is similarly shownto be fundamentally Jewish. Another article of simi­lar nature deals with the Clementina, or ClementineWritings (Ginzberg).

Having shown that the written sources of Chris­tianity are so largely Jewish in character, it will notbe surprising to find that the article Christianity (Koh­ler, iv. 49-59) is devoted mainly to showing the essen­tially Jewish nature of the religion so-called. This isfurther shown in the articles on conceptions gener­any thought to be the monopoly of Christianity, butclaimed in the ENCYCLOPEDIAfor Judaism; e. g., Broth­erly Love, New Birth (Kohler), Golden Rule and Sonof Man (Hirsch). Similar treatment is given to thetopics Lord's Prayer and Lord's Supper (Kohler). Notthat the divergence at certain points is not equallyfirmly recognized, as conceived from the articles Trin­ity (Krauss), Servant of God, Son of God (Hirsch),Man, Son of, and Mediator (Kohler). Even in thepractical aspects of theology the Jewish sources ofsome of the best-known Christian practises are given,as in the articles Baptism (Krauss), Binding and

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While in some of their aspects Jewish life and the­ology may be regarded as especially arid and techni­cal, in others emotion dominates reason, and in thetheological sphere produces that amalgam of feelingand thought known as mysticism. Certain theologicalproblems may be regarded as the vestibule of this mys­terious temple; for example, those of Preexistence(Blau), Transmigration of Souls (Broyde), and fromthe Biblical side, Theophany (Richtmann). Indeedin earlier Jewish mysticism the subject is concentered

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Loosing (Kohler), Godfather (Drachman), Ordination(Lauterbach), and Symbol (Ochser). The points indispute between Church and Synagogue are dealt within general in articles entitled Polemics and PolemicalLiterature (Broyde) Apologists (Baeck), and Disputa­tions (Kohler).Other divergent religions are also treated in the

ENCYCLOPEDIA either as influencing or as being influ­enced by Judaism. In the former aspect the articlesAvesta, Zoroastrianism (Jackson), and Pahlavi Liter­ature (Gray) deal with the influence of Parseeism onJudaism in its later phases, while the three articlesIslam (Goldziher), Mohammed (Grimme and Montgom­ery) , and Koran (Frankel) deal in the main with theinfluence of Judaism on the Arabian prophet and re­ligion. The article Hadith (Goldziher) treats of a curi­ous parallel between Jewish and Islamic law. Similaroutlying sects are dealt with in the articles Mandeeans(Broyde), Ophites (Krauss), Therapeutse (Kohler), andNazarenes (Krauss).

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on the question of Creation (Hirsch), as set forth in thefirst chapter of Genesis, and on the theophany of thesixth chapter of Ezekiel, known technically as Ma'asehBereshit and Ma'aseh Merkabah (Biram); comparealso Merkabah (Kohler). But the whole subject ofJewish mysticism has its technical name, Cabala(Ginzberg, iii. 456-479), under which it is elaboratelytreated. The main cabalistic sections are dealt within the separate articles Emanation (Broyde) , Adam~admon (Ginzberg), Shem Ha-Meforash (Bacher),and Sefirot (Broyde). What may be termed theScriptures of the Cabala are treated in the articlesYezirah (Ginzberg and Kohler) and Zohar (Broyde)­th~ latter, a mystical and allegorical commentary onGenesis, has been respectively ascribed to Simeon BenYoha! (Seligsohn) and Moses de Leon (Kayserling);but modern research tends to repudiate both claims.A similar treatise, Shi'ur Komah (Blau) is curious inthat it literally attempts to give the dimensions of theAlmighty. The chief authorities and moving forcesof the Cabala are dealt with in the articles Moses BenNahman, Isaac Luria (Broyde) , Ibn Wakar (Selig­sohn) , Moses Botarel (Lauterbach), and Moses Cor­dovero, familiarly known as Remak (Broyde). Thetwo chief representatives of the Christian Cabala arePieo De Mirandola (Ochser) and Baron von Rosen­roth (Broyde). Points touched by the Cabala formthe subjects of the articles Memra (Kohler), Me!atron(Blau), Bride, Taxo (Kohler), and Abraxas (Blau).The last-named topic is however more in consonancewith Gnosticism (Hirsch).Mysticism or its analogues existed before the Cabala;

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beginnings even in Bible times. In particular theAngelology (Blau) and Demonology (Kohler) of Bibleand Talmud receive elaborate treatment. With regardto the former, separate articles are devoted to Cheru­bim (Muss-Arnolt), Seraphim (Benzinger), Raphael,Samael, Sandalfon (Blau), Michael (Seligsohn), andespecially the Angel of Death (Blau), who fills so largea space in the Jewish imagination. The somewhatpeculiar position held by Satan (Blau) in Jewish the­ology is duly set forth under that caption, as are alsoJewish views as to the intermediate beings, super­human and infrahuman, Lilith and Shamir (Blau).It is a moot point how far the bad angels are identical

with the false gods mentioned so frequently in theearlier annals of Israel. The latter are discussed ingeneral under the topics Star-Worship (Seligsohn),Idol-Worship (Blau), Tree-Worship (Barton), as wellas in special articles like Ba'al (Kohler), Dagon (Ko­nig), and Teraphim (Eisenstein and Seligsohn). Hereoccurs the transition to Magic (Blau) and Witchcraft(Barton), with the usual forms of Incantation andNecromancy (Blau). It is doubtful in what categorythe Jewish views of Omen and Lots (Blau) should beincluded. The existence of the Urim and Thummim(Muss-Arnolt) add to the doubt.Popular mysticism may be said to take the form of

Superstition (Gudemann and Jacobs); under this cap­tion is given a remarkable series of examples showinghow the superstitions of the nations have crept intomodern Jewish folk-lore. Chief of all these is thecurious effect attributed to the Evil Eye (Blau).Special articles are also devoted to Folk-Lore, Folk­Medicine, Folk-Tales (Jacobs), and Folk-Songs (Har-

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THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAgives also a full accountof the more formal attempts to solve the problems oflife and thought, known as philosophy. What the­ology attempts to solve by faith, and mysticism byemotion, philosophy tries to elucidate by reason. Ageneral sketch of Jewish thought is given under Arabic­Jewish philosophy (Stein) and, in the earlier stages,under Alexandrian Philosophy (Wendland) and Hel­lenism (Siegfried). The sources of Jewish philosophyare given under Aristotle (Ginzberg and Loewenthal);Averroism . (Broyde) ; Avicenna (Loewenthal); Gha­zali, and Sufism (Broyde), though the latter is perhapsmore a source of mysticism than of philosophy. Thechief Jewish philosophers influenced by these thinkersand systems are given in the articles treating of Saadia(Bacher), Solomon Ibn Gabirol (Wise), Bahys BenJoseph, Joseph ben Jacob Ibn Z;addi~, Judah Ha­Levi, Moses Ben Maimon, the central figure of the wholephilosophic movement, Levi Ben Gershon (Broyde),Hasdai Crescas, and Joseph Albo (Hirsch). The wholec·ulminated in Baruch Spinoza (Jacobs, xi. 511-520),who is regarded H either as the consummation or asthe evisceration of Jewish philosophy." The influenceof the Jewish medieval philosophers on the Christianscholastics was important, as can be seen from thearticles Peter Abelard (Newman), Albertus Magnus,Alexander of Hales (Guttmann), Thomas Aquinas

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kavy). Attached to the article Folk-Lore is a list oftopics which may be regarded as falling under thiscurious outwork of knowledge (see v. 425-426).

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ready been referred to. The main topics of Jewishphilosophy are dealt with under Soul, Microcosm, FreeWill and Attributes (Broyde), the last-named, thecenter of discussion in Jewish philosophy, being reallyone of theology, as is seen from its central problem,

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Moses Mendelssohn.(From the drawin~by Daniel Chodowleckl.)

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(Broyde), Roger Bacon (Cohen), Duns Scotus (Gutt­mann), and Guillaume of Auvergne (Broyde),Jewish influence on modern philosophy is mainly

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As has been emphasized throughout this account,Jewish life is largely dominated by practises sanctifiedby tradition. Ceremonies (iii. 654-656) in general arediscussed by Dr. Kohler. Some of these are directlycommanded in the Pentateuch, and are, therefore,enumerated in the 613 Commandments (Broyde) ; oth­ers have grown up as traditional customs, the bind­ing force of which is discussed in the article Custom(Greenstone, iv. 395-398). The details of all these aregiven in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAas far as possiblewith minute accuracy, as those who follow the cus­toms of their fathers may at times desire to consult itfor guidance in the hallowing of the Jewish home. Inparticular the customs of the Holy Days of the year(Greenstone, vi. 444-446) are dealt with in full detail.Preparatory to this, the history and calculation of theJewish Calendar (Adler and Friedlander, iii. 498-508)are given, with a full set of tables for calculating theJewish date for any time between the years 1,000 and2,000. One of the most elaborate articles in the EN­CYCLOPEDIAis devoted to the peculiar aspect of theJewish calendar, the device by which it fixes the rising

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which may be defined as the possibility of ascribingattributes to the Divine. The influence of modernphilosophy on Jewish thought is the main topic of thearticles Evolution and Hegel (Hirsch).

Besides articles on philosophy pure and simple theENCYCLOPEDIAcontains others on Logic, Category(Broyde), and Ethics (Kohler, Broyde, and Hirsch),the last of which again borders on theology.

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congregate, and a chart presenting the same informa­tion in graphic form.A general treatment is given of Festivals (Hirsch),

Fasting and Fast-Days. The question at issue betweenOrthodox and Reform Judaism as to the Second Dayof Festivals (Willner) is impartially discussed in theENCYCLOPEDIA. Among the most sacred days is theSabbath (Hirsch and Greenstone, x. 587-602), the

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Marriage Ceremony.(From a Passover Haggadah. Amsterdam, 1695.)

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and setting of the Sun (Eisenstein, xi. 591-597). Asthis determines the beginning and the ending of theday and, therefore, the hours at which the frequentfasts conclude, it was found necessary to give specialtables showing the exact moment when the day fin­ishes for all the latitudes in which Jews mostly

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article on which deals at length with the restrictionsas to work. The special Sabbaths of the year aretreated in Shabbat Ha-Gadol (Eisenstein), ShabbatNahamu, and Shabbat Shubah (Willner). Next tothe Sabbath in sacredness is the Day of Atonement(Margolis, ii. 284-289). Then comes Passover (Hirsch,ix. 548-556), with the home service of the Seder (Dem­hitz). The New Year (McLaughlin and Eisenstein,ix. 254-258) has become as it were an adjunct to theDay of Atonement, and the intervening PenitentialDays (Dembitz) make the first ten days of the monthof Tishri the "awful days" of Judaism. Pentecost(Eisenstein and Magnes) and Tabernacles (Friedmann)complete the great days of the year, though Purim(Malter) and Hanukkah (Kohler) retain full vitality.In connection with the former feast a very curiouscollection of special Purims (Franco and Malter) isenumerated. .

Minor sacred days are the subject of articles; asNew Moon (Eisenstein), Orner, Lag Be- (Greenstone),and Yom Kippur ~atan (Eisenstein), while an impor­tant feast of early days, now no longer respected, wasthat of Water-Drawing (Eisenstein). Especial daysof Tabernacles are Shemini '~zeret (Kohler and Dem­bitz), Hosha'na Rabbah (Dembitz), and SimhatTorah (Ochser), on which the curious custom ofhaving a Bridegroom of the Law (Draehman) is ob­served.

Besides these fixed periods for public worship theless regular recurrent events of private life also re­ceive attention in THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA.Child­birth (Grunwald), Birthday (Roubin), Redemption ofthe First-Born (Greenstone), and Bar Miswah (Koh-

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ler), with the more modern rite of confirmation (Koh­ler), may be regarded as leading on to Betrothal(Drachman), and Marriage Ceremonies (Grunwald) ,which have sometimes to be preceded by the curiouscustom of ~ali~ah (Greenstone), or repudiation by adeceased husband's brother. Ceremonies connectedwith death take up an unusually large number ofarticles; e. g., Death, already referred to; Taharah(Eisenstein), or the ceremonial washing of the dead;Hebra Kaddisha (Hirsch), the fraternity which helpst~ lay ~ut the dead; Funeral Oration and FuneralRites (Greenstone); Mourning (Eisenstein); Memo­rial Service (Kohler); Jahrzeit (Eisenstein); Burialand Kaddish (Kohler), the quasi-mass said by orphansin honor of their deceased parents. The material sideof this mournful subject is represented by Coffin(Eisenstein), Cemetery (Kohler), Tombstone (Broydeand Jacobs), and Shroud (Eisenstein). Shinnuy Ha­Shem (Eisenstein), the curious custom of changing thename of a person when .heis dangerously sick, may bementioned in this connection, and the even more curi­ous custom of Hibbut Ha-Keber (Kohler).Coming to the mo~e co~stant elements of the in­

dividual life, one may begin with Ablution (Drachmanand Kohler), and proceed to the Dietary Laws (Green­stone, Kohler and Hirschfeld, iv. 596-601), which havebeen so efficacious in preserving the "aloofness" ofIsrael. This is connected with the question of Cleanand Unclean Animals in the Bible (Ginzberg), andfinds its practical aspect in the Jewish butchers (SeeSho}.let, Ochser) with their practises of Shehitah(Greenstone), Porging (Eisenstein), and Bedikah(Drachman), and the home custom of Melil}.ah(Green-

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Purim Players.(From Leusden ... PhUologus Hebrzo.mixtus." 1657.)

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Paraphernalia and Vestments

Turning from the ceremonies to the physical ob­jects associated with them, one may notice Elijah'sChair (Grunwald), used in circumcision; the Etrog,Lulab (Casanowicz) and Sukkah (Lauterbach) usedin the Feast of Tabernacles; the Sabbath Lamp(Greenstone), lit by the housewife before the Sabbath;and the Habdalah Box (Jacobs) used during the cere­mony at the conclusion of the Sabbath. In the housethe Mezuzah (Casanowicz) on the door-post and theMizrah (Greenstone) on the eastern wall are the twomost notable objects. At Passover Ma~~ah (Eisen­stein), or unleavened bread is used; and at ~anuk­kah (Kohler) the Menorah or eight-branched candle­stick. The Shofar (Eisenstein and Cohen) or trumpetis used on 'New-year's Day arid to mark the closing ofthe Day of Atonement. For individual use there isthe 'fallit (Eisenstein), or prayer-scarf, worn over the

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stone}, or salting the meat before cooking it; comparealso Terefah (Eisenstein).Theological aspects of individual life are represented

in the articles Bareheadedness (Deutsch), Wig, Sha­'a~nez (Eisenstein), a curious rule which prevents therigid Jew from wearing linsey-woolsey, or any mixtureof animal and vegetable threads. Other aspects of theindividual life are given under Siyyum (Eisenstein),the ceremony used at the conclusion of the study of atractate of the Talmud and Semikah (Lauterbach), theprocess by which ordination (Lauterbach) is madeeffectual, the origin of the" laying on of hands" of theChristian ritual. This confers the rabbinical diplomaknown as the Hattarat Hora'ah (Eisenstein).

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LITURGY

The crown and flower of the religious life of the Jewconsist in his prayers. At the destruction of theTemple, all the gorgeous ceremonial connected withit practically disappeared, and all that remains is the"sacrifice of a contrite heart" expressed in the grandliturgy of the Hebrew race. THE JEWISHENCYCLO­PEDIAdevotes many articles to a description of theseprayers, in many cases giving complete translations ofthem. Besides general articles on Prayer (Eisenstein)

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clothes, and the Arba Kanfot (Casanowics) used withinto carry the Fringes (Eisenstein), which were perhapsoriginally intended to serve the same function as theCatholic beads; see Knot (Jacobs). Phylacteries(Blau and Hirsch) also serve the same purpose.It- is natural that the Synagogue (Dembitz and

Bacher, xi. 619-631), which is the center of Jewishreligious life and ceremonial, should be elaboratelytreated. An account is given of Synagogue Architec­ture (Brunner and Jacobs, xi. 631-640), with numerousground-plans of synagogues. The chief objects withinthe synagogue are: the Almemar (Kohler and Brunner),or reading-desk; the Pulpit (Eisenstein), from whichthe sermon is recited; and the Ark of the Law (Brun­ner), in which are kept the most sacred objects ofJewish life, the Scroll of the Law (Eisenstein and Blau,xi. 126-134), with its Mantle and Yad or pointer (Eisen­stein). The perpetual Lamp (Casanowicz), whichadorns the Ark (Brunner), and the Laver (Casanowicz),by which ritual purity is secured for the blessing ofpriests, are the chief other sacred objects within thesynagogue.

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and Liturgy (Blau) there are articles on whole classesof prayers as Benedictions (Kohler), Devotional Litera­ture (Eisenstein), Responses (Dembits), and a specialarticle on the well-known response Amen (Ginzberg)in which much curious lore is collected. The twochief prayers which form the nucleus of all publicservices are examined at length, the Shema' (Eisen­stein), or enunciation of the Divine unity; and theShemoneh 'Esreh (Hirsch), or eighteen blessings, thevarious forms of which are analyzed and translatedwith minute thoroughness.As the Law is the formative principle of Judaism,

so the reading from the Law (Kohler, vii. 647-648)is the central function of Divine service. The divisionof the Pentateuch into the Parashah (Dembitz) andSidra (Seligsohn and Dobsevage) is directly connectedwith it, while the' Aliyah (Kohler), or calling up to theLaw admits of the participation of the layman in thesacred office. The special functions of the Maftir(Eisenstein), or "last called up," relate rather to theHaftarah (Buchler and Dobsevage), or reading fromthe Prophets corresponding to the First and SecondLessons in the English Church, which derived thecustom doubtless from the Jews. The origin of thiscustom is elucidated in the article Triennial Cycle(Jacobs), where it is shown .that the division of thePentateuch into five books is intimately connectedwith the various New-years on which the beginningsof the various books were read. The reading of theLaw is dependent upon the presence of a Minyan(Dembitz) or legal quorum. The special series ofprayers read through in the course of the day aretreated in the articles Ma'arib, Minhah (Eisenstein),

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under the article Piyyut (Deutsch), and reference ismade to the two great composers of hymns, EleazarKalir (Levias) and Jose Ben Jose (Brody), while thevarious classes of hymns or piyyutim are given in thearticles Kerobot, Yozerot, Zemirot (Cohen); Selihah(Seligsohn, Cohen); and Azharot (Brody). The chief

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Mantle of the Law.(In the BritishMuseum.)

and Musaf (Greenstone). Other special prayers are:Grace at Meals, Gomel Benshen (Dembitz), the Con­fession of Sin (Kohler), and the blessing of the Sunand the New Moon (Eisenstein). The hymns whichadorn the public service of Israelites are described

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The proficiency of the Jew in music is well known;but it is not so well known that this proficiency canbe traced undoubtedly to the large part that sacredmusic takes in the ordinary life of the Jew, both inthe home and in the synagogue. Both Offenbach andBraham had their training in synagogue choirs. THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAemphasizes this characteristicby the large space devoted to the subject in its volumes,no less than 100 pages of music being presented, givingall the well-known tunes of the sweet singers of Israel.Of these a full list is given under ItMusic" in the list ofillustrations at the beginning of each volume; only afew can be referred to here.There is a general article on the whole subject of

Synagogal Music (Cohen, ix. 119-135), but, besides this,there is a remarkably elaborate one on the subject ofCantillation (Cohen, iii. 537-549), in which for the firsttime are given the various modes of repeating tliechant of the synagogue by the accents attached to theHebrew text of the Bible. This is of peculiar interest,as it will probably lead to a restoration of the actual

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Ml]SIC

occasion for prayer in the home is Passover-night,when the Haggadah (Deutsch and Jacobs) is read.Attached to this is a curious folk-rime, Had Gadya(Kohut and Cohen) intended to amuse children.Prayers for the whole of the festivals are included inthe ritual work known as the Mal}.zor(Broyde), whichincludes a large portion of the Psalms, especially thoseknown collectively as the Hallel (Dembitz and Cohen),mostly sung to a _special tune.

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SOCIOLOGY

Besides the Jew of the past with his history, litera­ture, and theology, there stands the Jew of the presentwith his very practical problems, mainly material ones.

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manner inwhich the sacred text used to be chanted inBiblical times. Other articles deal with Representa­tive Themes and Responses (Cohen). All the favoritetunes are given in the ENCYCLOPEDIA.The best­known hymns of the Jewish ritual are undoubtedlyAdon 'Olam and Yigdal (Cohen), after which comeEn Kelohenu and Lekah Dodi, the song that welcomesin the Sabbath. The plaintive Adonai, Adonai, thetriumphant Le-Dawid Baruk, and the Omnam Ken,composed by an Anglo-French Jew who was massacredat York in 1190, and recited on the Day of Atonement,the plaintive Shema' Koli, and the grand Addir Hu(Cohen) of the Passover service are all here. Further,the most striking of Hebrew melodies, the Kol Nidre(Schloessinger and Cohen) which, when played by theviolinist Joachim, was Moltke's favorite tune, is dulygiven in its variant forms. This feature is likely toprove one of the most popular of the ENCYCLOPEDIA.

Besides the Hebrew melodies themselves, articles ontheir authors are frequently given, as in the case ofMombach (Lipkind) and Sulzer (Kaiser). Musicalmethods are treated in the articles Hazzan (Schloes­singer and Kaiser) and Hazzanut (Cohen); and biogra­phies of some of the chlef cantors are given. In thisconnection there is a curious biography of BenedettoMarcello (Cohen), an Italian priest ·of the eighteenthcentury, who used Jewish airs for his settings to musicof some of the Psalms.

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in which persecution has placed him. In THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAfor the first time this side of Jewish lifehas been systematically expounded, and the directissues of contemporary Jews are brought into promi­nence, together with materials which may aid in theirsolution, In the first place the numbers of Jews inail countries, and in the chief cities, are given in

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So-called" Chair of Moses" in the Synagogue at K'ai-Fung-Foo, China,(Fromthe" JewishQuarterlyReview,")

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Owing to his past, the present of the Je~ is differen­tiated from that of his neighbors in almost all aspects.His occupations, his vital statistics, even his diseases,are in a measure different from those of his neighbors,and are caused mainly by the different social conditions

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elaborate detail under Statistics (Jacobs, xi. 528-536),with details as to their growth in various countriesand other cognate topics. Their increase depends, ofcourse, upon their births and deaths; and their ratein this regard is investigated. in the articles Marriage,Births (Jacobs), and Mortality (Fishberg). These af­ford material for further articles on the Expectation ofLife (Hoffman) and the Length of Generation (Jacobs).From the latter article it would appear that Jewsformerly increased in a century at twice the rate ofthe surrounding populations. Their numbers in anyone land are greatly affected by their tendency to beforced from country to country; and this is dealt within: the article Migration (Wygodsky and Jacobs, viii.583-585). -:;

But are there any pure Jews? This is the questiondiscussed in the article Purity of Race (Jacobs), wherethe matter is left undecided. Two further aspects ofthe subject are discussed in Anthropological Types(Fishberg and Jacobs). The bodily measurements ofHebrews are discussed generally in the article Anthro­pology (Jacobs), and more particularly under Crani­ometry, Girth, Growth, and Stature (Fishberg). Otherbodily characteristics are given under Hair (Broyde,Fishberg, and Jacobs), Eyes, and Nose (Fishberg). Ithas been claimed that Jews are more or less liable todefinite diseases. A general treatment of this subjectis given under Morbidity (Fishberg); and a confirma­tion of the impression is given that while they are moreliable to Diabetes they are less susceptible to Consump­tion and Cholera (Fishberg). The question of theirsusceptibility to Apoplexy and Cancer is left undecided,but there is no doubt as to their greater liability to

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SOClOWGY

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BIOGRAPHY

Hitherto this account has dealt with what Jews arein themselves or have done for themselves, withoutregard, except in a few instances, to their relations tothe outer world as a whole. Their influence in thisrespect has been mainly with regard to religion, thetransition of philosophy and science from East to Westin the Middle Ages, and possibly in commerce duringthe Middle Ages, owing to the curious Church doctrineof usury. But while the Jews as .e whole have beenrestricted in their influence, individual Jews have con­tributed to almost all the great movements of human­ity, except possibly the French Revolution, inwhich no

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Nervous Diseases (Fishberg). This is proved in greaterdetail under Insanity, Idiocy (Fishberg), and Deaf-

o Mutism (Jacobs). The evidence with regard to theirgreater or less tendency to Suicide (Fish berg) is con­flicting: there used to be less; there seems now-a-daysto be more. The remarkable capacity of the Jews,alone of European races, to live in any climate, isdealt with in the article Climation (Fishberg),Apart from the special Anthropology of the Jews,

they have a special sociology, as is given in the articleOccupations (Jacobs), where their relative addictionto hand-work and head-work is analyzed. Most peoplewill be surprised on learning of the enormous proportionof Artisans (Jacobs) among them, which is balanced bythe almost equally large relative proportion of the Jewsin the Professions. Their social condition is mainlycharacterized by Poverty (Jacobs); nevertheless theirrecord in Criminology (Deutsch) is extremely credit­able.

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are they found contributing in their measure to allbranches of higher human activity. This, of course,in one respect is not Jewish; but the fact that the

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Joseph Solomon Delmedigo.(From the frontlsptece to his .. Sefer Ellm," Amsterdam. 16a9.)

Jewish name is in the slightest degree prominent.Especially since the career of the liberal arts has beenopened to them by the progress of liberal thought,

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persons who make these contributions are of the Jewishrace entitles them to a place in THE JEWISHENCYCLO­PEDIA. If there is no Jewish mathematics, there cer­tainly are Jewish mathematicians; and the only wayto indicate the indebtedness of the world to the modernIsraelite, at any rate, is by the accumulation of biog­raphies of Jews who have contributed to art, science,etc. The number of such contributors, whose Jewishorigin is often unknown to the world in general, isquite remarkable. While the number of illustriousJewish names is possibly small, it must be rememberedthat illustrious names are rare under any circumstances.It has been calculated, for example, that Englandduring the nineteenth century produced only twelvemen of the highest rank. On the same showing theproportion would be one -and one-half such men fromthe Jews of western Europe, who alone have the chanceof rising to the heights. As a matter of fact Beacons­field, Mendelssohn, Lassalle, and Heine deserve to rankwith the highest. When one comes to ability which isnot of the very highest type, the numbers are relativelygreater; while in ability which may be ranked as ofthe third class the number of Jews is astonishing, andimplies that any country may regard itself fortunate inpossessing a stock capable of turning out so many menwho become distinguished for qualities giving rise topublic advantages. The ENCYCLOPEDIAaccordinglygives the names and careers of all members of theJewish race who have become distinguished enough tofind a place in dictionaries of biography of nationalimportance, of those who have held high official posi­tions outside the Jewish community, and generally ofJews who are contributing to the world's highest in-

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The Arts

The Jewish poets may first engage attention. Hereis an article on Heinrich Heine (Jacobs), according toMatthew Arnold "the greatest name in Europeanliterature since Goethe." Next to him come CatulleMendes (Haneman) and Henrik Hertz (Singer); andthe Yiddish poet Morris Rosenfeld (Haneman), whoseproductions have been so widely translated, is givendue prominence. The following Jewish dramatistshave obtained international reputation: Ludovic Ha­levy (Haneman) and Adolphe Ennery (Emanuel) in :France, S. Mosenthal (M. Cohen), Moritz Hartmann,

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terests. The following enumeration will give an ideaof the various fields in which Jewish ability is found:

_ Actors, cantors, composers, and musicians; arche­ologists and paleographers; architects, sculptors, andpainters; authors and journalists (in non-Jewish fields);chess-players; communal workers, municipal officials,etc.; educators; engravers; financiers and bankers;inventors and manufacturers; jurists, lawyers, andjudges; philanthropists; philologists; physicians; pub­lishers; mathematicians, naturalists, and other scien­tists; soldiers; statesmen, deputies, and high officials;travelers and explorers.It is, of course, impossible to refer to any but the

most prominent and eminent names, as an indicationof the class of biographies which will be found in theENCYCLOPEDIA.Lists of distinguished Jews in Eng­land (v. 174-175), in France (v. 469-470), and in theUnited States (xii. 365-367); others of more purelyJewish interest occur in the preceding sections of thisaccount.

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and Ludwig Fulda (Haneman) in Germany; andPinero (Mels) in England, whom A. Sutro (Jacobs)promises to succeed on the dramatic throne. Novel­ists are perhaps more numerous, Benjamin Disraeli(Emanuel) in England, Berthold Auerbach (Isaacs) andKarl Emil Franzos (Haneman) in Germany being thechief names, though in the purely Jewish novel I.Zangwill (Jacobs), L. Kompert (Mannheimer), and A.Bernstein (Wiernik) have risen above local fame.In general literature the essayists L. Borne (M.

Cohen) and Gustav Karpeles (Kayserling) may bementioned, and the literary critics Georg Brandes(Bjerregaard) and Sidney Lee (Jacobs). To these maybe added Max Nordau (Cohen) as general critic ofcivilization in his work " Degeneration." Of artcritics may be mentioned: B. Berenson (M.W. Levy),the chief inheritor of Morelli's method, and the mainauthority on the minor Italian painters; Marion H.Spielman (Jacobs), historian of "Punch" and editorof "The l\Iagazine of Art"; and Mrs. Fr.ankau (Vize­telly) , who holds an authoritative position with re­gard to color printing of the eighteenth century.It has been particularly in journalism that the

Jewish capacity has shown itself in its most character­istic forms. Jews have founded important magazinesand newspapers; e. g., Julius Rosenberg (Haneman),projector and editor of the "Deutsche Rundschau,"and Joseph Pulitzer (Vizetelly), proprietor of the NewYork "World." Jews have held especially importantpositions on the press, as Lucien Wolf (Jacobs), oneof the best-known of foreign editors in London. Su­preme among all Jewish journalists was Henry Blowitz(Sohn), Paris correspondent of the London "Times."

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(see Levy, Michel; Cramer) and Abraham Asher ofBerlin.

In music the list of Jewish names is even longer.Everybody knows the fame of Felix Mendelssohn, theWunderkind of modern music, of Halevy, and of Meyer­beer (Sohn), whom some regard as even greater thanMendelssohn. To these may be added the names of

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Baruch Spinosa.(From a statue by Mark Antoko1ald.)

Publishers are perhaps most akin to press men andlitterateurs, and there have been at least two greatJewish publishing firms, namely, Levy Freres of Paris

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Ignaz Moscheles, J. Offenbach, Karl Goldmark (Sohn),Sir Michael Costa, Sir Julius Benedict, and F. H. Cowen(Lipkind), and among virtuosi, Anton Rubinstein(Lipman) the pianist, and Joseph Joachim (Sohn), thegreatest violinist of the nineteenth century'. Names ofminor importance are practically innumerable. Among"the sweet singers" of Israel were John Braham,already referred to, Pauline Lucca and Georg Henschel(Porter).As regards the drama attention may be directed to

the fact that the two chief actresses of the nineteenthcentury have been two French Jewesses, Rachel Felix,and Sarah Bernhardt (Mels). It is less known thatthe great Edmund Kean (Mels) was also of Jewishdescent. In Germany Ludwig Barnay, Sonnenthal,Bogumil Dawison (Mels) and Possart (Hansman) areamong the great names of the stage. Jews have per­haps been even more distinguished as theatrical man­agers than as actors, the chief names here being Lumley(Jacobs), who introduced Jenny Lind to Londonaudiences; David Belasco (Mels), and Alexander Stra­kosch (Mels).Jews are generally denied any capacity for the

graphic arts, but of recent years a few have come tothe front, one, the Dutch painter Joseph Israels (C.- H.Israels), being of European fame. Others are the Ger­.man E. Bendeman and the two Englishmen SimeonSolomon, the pre-Raphaelite, and Solomon Joseph Solo­mon, the academician. A complete list of Jewishartists is given under the rubric Pictorial Art (Cramer,x. 32-33). Of sculptors the Frenchmen David D'An­gers and Adam-Solomon, and the Russians Antokolski(Rosenthal) and Boris Schatz (Franco) are the most im-

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Passing from art that delights to science that in­structs, more definite statements may be advanced.The rank of an artist is a matter of dispute; the con­tributions of a scientist are generally recognized byexperts, and may be appraised much more accurately.One may, therefore, include in a list of scientists allthose who have made distinct contributions, eventhough their originality may not be of as high an orderas is required from an artist before he becomes gener­ally known. In other words, a list of Jewish scientistsmay include persons whose parallels in the art-worldwould scarcely obtain general recognition.

One may first put forward the claims of philosophy,the science of sciences. Here perhaps the chief nameis that of Solomon Maimon (Broyde), whose criticismof Kant and contributions to formal logic give him highrank. Next come the two founders of the science offolk-psychology, H. Steinthal (Singer) and M. Lazarus(Sehloessinger), who also showed interest in the the­oretical foundations of Jewish ethics. In France A.Franck (Bloch) was the editor of the standard diction­ary of philosophy. In England S. Alexander (Lip­kind) has taken an original view of evolutionary ethics.

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Science

portant. Jews have shown special capacity for the artof the medallist, Abraham Abrahamson (Wilson) andJacques Wiener (Cramer) being of national importancein Prussia and Belgium respectively. The only archi­tects of more than local consequence that have ema­nated from the Jewish race are the Austrians W. Sti­assny (Singer), Fleischer (Dunbar), and Marmorek(Haneman).

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In Germany Hermann Cohen (Brumberg) has been oneof the greatest authorities on Kant. A. Lasson (Singer)has made original contributions to the Neo-Kantianmovement, and C. Frauenstadt (Haneman) is the mainpropagandist of Sehopenhauer. L. Stein (Haneman)as editor of "The Philosophical Journal" and aselucidator of the relations between socialism and phi­losophy has done good work, besides elucidating therelations between Spinoza and Leibnitz. Of specifi­cally Jewish philosophers only N. Krochmal (Rosen­mann) deserves mention.

As members of a historic people, it would be onlynatural to anticipate many students of history amongthe Jews; and this anticipation is fully justified. Ofcourse, their chief activities have been devoted to theirown national history, the great names here being H.Graetz, I.M. Jost (Deutsch); M. Kayserling (Singer),and the historians of culture, M. Giidemann (Blau)and Israel Abrahams (Jacobs). Jews have been almostas distinguished as historians of other peoples. Thusfor English history Sir Francis Cohen Palgrave (Jacobs)was the earliest; of scientific historians, Charles Gross(Adler) has written the standard bibliography of earlyEnglish history, and M. Liebermann (Haneman) thestandard edition of the earliest English laws. ForAmerica H. Friedenwald (Friedenwald) has writtenthe recognized work on the Continental Congress, andO. S. Straus (Jacobs) one on the origin of religiousliberty in the United States.M. Philippson (Kayserling) and H. Bresslau are au­

-thorities on certain sides of German history; and J.Jastrow (Vizetelly) edited the great "Jahresbericht"of scientific history at the Berlin Academy of Sciences.

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One of the chief authorities on ancient Egypt is G.Steindorf (Singer). On ancient Greece E. F. Herz­berg is one of the most important historians, and T.Reinach (Kahn) is a specialist student of the classicalperiod. On Roman history Otto Hirschfeld (Frank­furter) is one of the chief disciples of Mommsen. Sam...uel Romanin (Gottlieb), the historian of Venice, was aJew, and curiously enough one of the greatest authori­ties on the history of the Popes, J. Jaffe (Hansman),wrote his chief work on the subject while still adheringto Judaism."

Of historians of literature L. Geiger (Geiger) leadsthose who know most about the Renaissance and aboutGoethe, while G. Brandes (Bjerregaard) might be in­cluded here on the strength of his voluminous work onthe main currents of European literature during thenineteenth century, as well as G. Karpeles (Kayser­ling) for his history of the world's literature.

In archeology C. Waldstein (Hansman) is one of thegreat authorities on the development of Greek Art,and S. Reinach (Kahn) on ancient art in general. H.Cohen (Brumberg) and M. A. Levy (Haneman) wereauthorities on numismatics.

From history to economics is but a small stepnow-a-days when history is being studied economically,and economics historically. Here Jews claim some ofthe greatest names in science, that of David Ricardo(Hollander) being only second to Adam Smith. KarlMarx (Cohen) was the founder of scientific socialism,and has been followed by Ferdinand Lassalle (M.Cohen) and Eduard Bernstein (Brumberg). Properlyenough the specialist on Ricardo is Prof. Jacob H.Hollander (Vizetelly), himself a Jew, and professor of

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lOGRAPHY

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political economy at Johns Hopkins University. Oneof the greatest of German economists is G. Cohn (M.Cohen), author of an entire system of political economy.E. R. A. Seligman (Jacobs) is the" master of all whoknow" about taxation; A. Raffalovich (Jacobs) is oneof the leading economists of Russia and France; andseveral other Jews have shown ability as statisticians,notably M. Bloch (Neumann), J. Korosi (Venetianer)in Austria, and Leone Levi (Lipkind) in England.Statistics may lead us to mathematics, where Jews

are equally distinguished as in economics, at any ratein what is known as pure mathematics. Here occurthe names of K. G. J. Jacobi (Singer), after whomcertain mathematical functions are termed "Jaco­bians "; J. J. Sylvester (Lipkind), the originator of" covariants "; L. Kronecker (Haneman); and aboveall the two Cantors (Chessin), Georg, who, with histheory of "transfinite" numbers, first solved the prob­lem of the" mathematical infinite," and Moritz, whohas written the great history of mathematics. Othernames are those of B. Gompertz (Lipkind), one of theearliest students of double algebra, the FrenchmanHalphen (Emanuel), and Maurice Levi (Emanuel),president of the Institut. The Russian Slonimski(Eisenstein) deserves mention here as the inventor ofa well-known counting machine. A full list of modernJewish mathematicians may be found in vol. viii. pp.377-378.So akin to mathematics that it almost seems a branch

of it is astronomy, which field has also had its Jewishheroes, notably Sir William Herschel (Jacobs), thefounder of modern stellar astronomy; H. Goldschmidt(Singer), the discoverer of fourteen asteroids; W. Mey-,"_ ,_, 100..__ ............

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Philologists

Whether it is because the Jews themselves are for themost part bilingual, or because they have become ac­customed to linguistic influences by changing theircountry so frequently, certain it is that philology hasproved the science to which Jews have contributedmost. The services of Lazarus (Schloessinger) andSteinthsl (Singer) in founding the science of national _psychology have already been referred to; but thelatter also was among the earliest students of the Afri­can dialects. Lazarus Geiger (Geiger) ranks amongthe greatest of those who have devoted themselves tothe study of the origin of language. M,. Breal (Gray)has helped to found the latest division of philologicalscience, that devoted to "semantics," or the scienceof meaning. In classical philology L. Friedlander(Singer) has written the most important book on the

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erbeer, the first chartographer of the moon, and M.Loewy (Hansman), inventor of the" elbow telescope"and director of the Paris observatory.Among chemists the chief names are those of Lassar

Cohn (Singer), R. Meldola (De Sola), and Victor Meyer(Lipman), Liebig's successor.In the biological branches of science there are two im­

portant German Jewish botanists, F. Cohn (Hartog),practically the founder of bacteriology, and N. Prings­heim (M. Cohen). Among physiologists may be men­tioned R. Remak (Broyde), G. G. Valentin (Haneman),J. Bernstein (Haneman), J. Rosenthal (Max Rosenthal),J. Cohnheim, and Immanuel Munk (Haneman), withwhom may be associated F. R. Liebrecht, as both atheoretical and practical oculist.

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social life of imperial Rome, and W. Freund (Rhine)has composed the Latin dictionary which is the founda­tion of all those used in the Anglo-Saxon world. J.Bernays (Cohen) was almost equally at home in Latinand Greek, whileH. WeB(Haneman) is one of the great­est Hellenists of modern times, and Bernhardy (MaxCohen) is a recognized expert on Greek literature. Thereis scarcely a tongue which a Jew has not investigated.One of the earliest authorities on Turkish was thetalented A. L. Davids (Lipkind). A. Va.mbery (Gray)also has studied Turkish, Hungarian, and the Tatardialects; M. Gaster, Rumanian; and D. Sanders(Baer) modern Greek, though he is best known as theauthor of the standard dictionary of the German lan­guage. Similarly A. Darmsteter (Hartog) was theeditor of the standard French dictionary, as well asthe author of the most accurate French grammar,while L. Kellner (Singer) has written a textbook onhistorical English syntax. Alessandro d'Ancona isone of the greatest authorities on Italian. It is notsurprising perhaps that the most popular, though per­haps the most unscientific, method of learning lan­guages was due to a Jew, H. D. Ollendorff, and that atpresent the most wide-spread universal language isEsperanto, invented by another Jew, Zamenhof (Har­ris). It is perhaps natural that the Jews should takethe highest place in Oriental philology. For nearlyforty years Theodor Benfey (Gray) was at the head ofGerman Orientalists. His specialty was Sanskrit aswas that of G. I. Ascoli (Chessin), S. Lefrnann (Hane­man), and Sylvain Levi (Gray). James Darmsteter(Duclaux) was during his lifetime at the head of Euro­pean Zend scholars, and-was chosen to succeed Renan

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in reporting on the progress of all Oriental studies to theSociete Asiatique. In Semitica the number of Jewishnames' is naturally even larger. G. Weill (Marx),historian of the Califs, the two Derenburgs (Singerand Hanemsn), S. Munk (Schwab), D. H. Miiller, S.Landauer (Haneman), and H. Hirschfeld (Emanuel)are all well-known Arabists; while Ignatz Goldziher(Schloessinger) was selected as editor of the greatdictionary of Islam. J. Halevy (Broyde) was amongthe few experts in Ethiopic and Himyaritic, while hehas won over the world to his views of the Sumerianaspects of Assyriology. His great opponent, JulesOppert (Gray), was nevertheless one of the pioneers ofAssyriology, with which his name will always be as­sociated. G. W. Leitner (Lipkind) was a pioneer inHind ustani.When one comes to Hebrew the difficulty is to select

names which at an objective ranking stand on the samelevel as those already mentioned. There are nearly1400 modern Hebraists of the kind referred to in THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA.It would naturally be im­possible to mention all, or even many of these. Firstand foremost would come those who by establishingtexts cleared the way and laid the foundation for asure superstructure. Among these may be mentionedElijah Ben Solomon, known also as Elijah Gaon (Sel­igsohn), S. L. Rapoport (Waldstein), S. D. Luzzatto(Seligsohn), A. Berliner (Deutsch), M. Friedmann(Broyde), Solomon Schechter (Lipkind), R. N. Rab­binovicz (Gottlieb), S. Halberstam (Bacher), SolomonBuber (Brody), and A. Harkavy (Rosenthal).For the foundation of the critical method by which

the contents of the texts thus established could be103

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Practical LifeJews are often accused of being materialistic and

exclusively practical in their aims, yet it is doubtfulwhether the number of those who attain success anddistinction in the more material walks of life is as greatas the artists and scientists who while working for famework for all mankind. Even where a Jewish reputa­tion is connected with a calling or profession, it isalmost invariably an intellectual one.

In politics Jews take exceptionally high rank. Lord104

ascertained, the Jewish world owes gratitude to Leo­pold Zunz (Hirsch) and S. L. Rapoport (Waldstein).

In Jewish bibliography the first name is undoubtedlythat of Moritz Steinschneider (Singer), though thoseof A. Neubauer (Lipkind), Julius Furst (Brody), andN. BriiIl likewise deserve mention. For the study ofthe Talmud the names of Z. Frankel (Deutsch), I.Weiss (Seligsohn), and M. Bloch (Neumann) are mem­orable, while A. Geiger (Hirsch), A. Jellinek (Kurrein),and L. Dukes (Broyde) touch upon nearly all lines ofJewish scholarship. In the study of sacred Hebrewpoetry L. Zunz (Hirsch) again leads the way, wherehe is followed by S. Kaempf (Kayserling), M. Sachs(Oehser), L. Landshuth (Bernfeld), and H. Brody(Haneman), Strangely enough no great Jewish namesare associated with Old Testament scholarship ex­cept those of A. Geiger (Hirsch) and M. M. Kalisch(Lipkind), but in the study of the text in its Masoreticform S. Frendsdorff (Malter) and S. Baer (Gottlieb)stand in the front rank.

Modern Hebrew literature is not, of course, a partof Hebrew philology, and is treated elsewhere.

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Beaconsfield (Emanuel) was admittedly one of thegreatest statesmen of his time; Ferdinand Lassalle(M.Cohen) founded the party of Social Democracy inGermany, and .had at the time of his death, when onlythirty-eight years old, risen to be almost equal withBismarck; Friedrich Julius Stahl showed, accordingto Lord Acton, "more political ability than Lord Bea­consfield"; and Kiamil Pasha (Franco) was for sometime Grand Vizier of Turkey. Perhaps Theodor Herzl(De Haas) may take his place here as a specificallyJewish statesman. I. Cremieux (Reinach) was one ofthe founders of the third French Republic; E. Lasker(Hanemsn), the leader of the National Liberal Partyin Germany; F. Adler, the leader of the Social Demo­crats in Germany; and Paul Singer (M. Cohen), oneof the leaders of the same party in Prussia. To thesenames should be added that of Judah P. Benjamin(M. J. Kohler), minister of war and afterward secretaryof state to the Southern Confederacy in its strugglewith the North. Other names of consequence are:in French politics, M.Goudchaux, A. Fould (Emanuel),and A. Naquet (Haneman): in German Liberalism, J.Jacoby (M. Cohen) and L. Bamberger (Chessin); inEngland, Sir Francis and Sir Julian Goldsmid, SirDavid Salomone (Lipkind), Baron Lionel de Roths­child (Jacobs), and Lord Pirbright (Emanuel); inAustria, I. Kuranda (Ysaye); and in Italy, L. Luzzatti(Munz). As diplomatists L. Arton (Rosenthal) in Italyand O. S. Straus (Jacobs) in the United States haveattained some distinction, the latter being a memberof the International Hague Tribunal.The professions combine the claims of practical life

and those of science. This is especially true of medi-105

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cine, in which Jews have always held high rank; andit is characteristic that besides the monument of MosesMendelssohn at Dessau there are only two monumentsof Jews in Germany, namely those of the physiciansHermann Hirschfeldt, at Colberg, and Jacob Herz(Haneman) at Erlangen. Further in Austria the onlystatue of a Jew is that of the physician Ludwig Mauth­ner (Haneman) at Vienna. Here occur the names ofSolomon Stricker, the founder of microscopy, andLudwig Traube (Haneman), the father of experimentalpathology. In anatomy Friedrich Henle (Haneman)held front rank.One of the pioneers of scientific dentistry was L. H.

Hollander (Haneman), and the Austrian champion ofhomeopathy was Emil Altschui (Singer). A largenumber of the most distinguished dermatologists are ofthe Jewish race; chief of these being Hermann VonZeissl (Haneman), defender of the dual theory ofsyphilis. Abraham Jacobi (Haneman) of New Yorkis one of the great authorities of the world on chil­dren's diseases, while Simon Flexner (Adler) is head ofthe Rockefeller Institute of Preventive Medicine. Inbacteriology J. Haffkine (Lipkind) and A. Marmorek(Haneman) have obtained distinguished positions,while as a laryngologist Sir Felix Semon (Haneman)is foremost in the English field. As embryologistLeopold Schenk (Haneman) made himself renownedby his theory of sex determination. It is perhapsnatural that Jews should have a number of distin­guished neurologists, among whom may be mentionedCesare Lombroso (Nordau), Nordau (Cohen), MoritzRomberg, and Albert Moll (Haneman). The twobrothers Liebreich (Haneman) are distinguished-

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Law

It would not be surprising if law was a favorite studyamong Jews, whose life has for so many hundreds ofyears been founded on a law-book-the Talmud. Itcannot be, for example, by chance that during the"eighties" of the nineteenth century it was recognizedthat the greatest judge on the English bench was SirGeorge Jessel (Lipkind); the greatest barrister, JudahP. Benjamin (M. J. Kohler), whose work on sales isa legal classic throughout the Anglo-Saxon world;and Sir George Lewis (Jacobs), the greatest solicitor.Other distinguished English lawyers are Arthur Cohen(Lipkind); Rufus Isaacs, and Jacob Waley (Lipkind)the conveyancer. Several members of the Asser fam­ily (Vredenberg) in Holland have been distinguishedlegists, and T. M. C. Asser (Vredenberg) is a Jewishmember of the Hague Tribunal. I. A. Cremieux,mentioned above, was one of the foremost advocatesof his time in France, as was Eotvos (Venetianer) inHungary. Levin Goldschmidt (Cohen) may almostbe said to have founded the historical study of com­mercial law, and H. Demburg (Haneman) is anothereminent German legist equal in rank with the Austrian

107

Richard as an ophthalmologist and inventor of the eyemirror, and Oskar as discoverer of the chloral hydratewith its dubious use. K. F. Canstadt (Hanem~)edited the chief medical journal of his time; Au~stHirsch (Haneman) wrote the best history of medicine; .:» -/

and Julius Pagel (Haneman) continued Hirsch's bio­graphical dictionary of doctors. A very complete listof Jewish doctors of modern times is given in vol. viii.pp. 420-422.

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Sports, Travel, Etc.Taking up sports and games Jews have attained

international repute only in such sports as pugilism,jumping, and hurdle racing. David Mendoza (Vize­telly) was British champion, and was head of a school

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Army and Navy

In military and naval annals Jewish names do notfill any large space, owing to the recent date at whichtheir entrance into the army and navy in any rankabove a private was permitted. In England twomembers of the Goldsmid family (Lipkind) reachedhigh rank, as have recently several of the brothersNathan, Sir Matthew Nathan (Lipkind) being govern­or-general of Hong Kong at the present time (1906).In France Capt. Dreyfus aroused a notoriety by nomeans due to military capacity, yet it is a curiouscomment on the Dreyfus Case (iv. 660-688) that beforeit has been definitely finished a Jew, Mordecai Vala­bregue (Kahn) is one of the heads of the general staff.Other French generals have been Bernard Abraham(Weill) and Lambert (Amar). In Italy General Otto­lenghi (Cassuto) was only recently commander-in-chiefof the army, and Enrico Guastalla (Jacobs) was one ofGaribaldi's 1,000 heroes, while in the United States noJewish soldier, of whom there were so many, reachedhigh rank or significance, except possibly Capt. Zalin­ski. The American U. P. Levy (Wold) was the onlyJew to attain distinction in any navy of the world.

jurist J. Glaser (Haneman). One of the founders ofthe historical school of legal study was Eduard Gans(Cohen), the coadjutor of Zunz.

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Commerce and Philanthropy

Finally reference may be made to the distinctiongained in commerce and philanthropy, which almostinvariably go together where Jews are concerned.This certainly applies to bankers like Solomon Heine,

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of Jewish pugilists that made the sport scientific in­stead of a mere test of brute strength. Meyer Prin­stein, and A. C. Kraenzlein held the world's recordfor the running jump and for hurdle racing. The onlygame in which Jews have excelled is that of chess(Porter), and in this they have had successively threeworld champions, J. Zukertort, W. Steinitz, andEmanuel Lasker (Porter).Travel is half way between a sport and a profession,

and the chief Jewish names in this sphere are: EminPasha (Haneman); A. Vdmbery (Gray); Joseph Wolf(Emanuel), who visited Bokhara at the risk of his life;Nathaniel Isaacs (Lipkind), the pioneer explorer ofZululand; W. G. Palgrave (Jacobs), explorer of theNedj in Arabia; and Angelo Heilprin (Vizetelly), whovisited the extremes of the arctic circle and the craterof Mt. Pelee in Martinique.Next to Jewish travelers may come Jewish inventors

who seem to be confined mostly to the American con­tinent. L. E. Levy (Adler) was the inventor of theLevytype form of photography; Emil Berliner (Adler),the improver of the phonograph; and E. Zalinski(Haneman), the inventor of the Zalinski gun. " Hedoes not know Zalinski, " says Kipling's" Captive," asa clinching proof of the ignorance of an English general.In Germany the chief inventor was Otto Lilienthal(Singer), who first attempted flight like a bird.

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Anti-Semites

It was certainly of importance to treat in the ENCY­CLOPEDIAthe chief anti-Semites since this is a work ofreference, and Jews are perhaps the most likely peo­ple to want to know anything about an anti-Semite,Men like E. Drumont (Friedenberg), A. Stocker, andCount Plucker, as well as the properly named Lueger,burgomaster of Vienna, will be found pilloried here,as will also the latest anti-Semitic theorist HoustonChamberlain (Jacobs). Occasionally Jews are them­selves anti-Semites, and this was especially the casein later times. Besides that of Pfefferkorn (Hane­man), the E~CYCLOPEDIAcontains the names of Briman

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the Rothschilds (Jacobs), and the Pereires (Kahn), aswell as to Baron de Hirsch (Straus) and Jacob H.Schiff (Jacobs). All these gained their wealth- byfinance. Moritz von Fischer (Wise) was a porcelainmanufacturer; Israel Honig" (Templer) was a tobaccodealer; and Wissotski (Lubarsky) dealt in tea. "JudahTouro (Hubner), Sir Moses Montefiore (Davis), andF. D. Mocatta (Lipkind) are the great names in Anglo­Saxon Jewish philanthropy.THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAis so far impartial that

not only does it give account of Jews distinguishedfor their merits, but it occasionally notices thosenotorious for the absence of merit. Thus the threechief figures in the Panama scandal-Baron Reinach(Jacobs), Cornelius Herz (Dunbar) and Leopold Arton(Rosenthal)-are duly pilloried in their alphabeticalplaces. Yet, with every desire to be perfectly impar­tial in this regard, the number of items of this kindis exceedingly small.

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LipkinLousadaLuntzLuzzattoMachadoMargoliothMeldolaMendelssohnMendesMinisMinzMocattaMontefioreRapoportRothschildSamuelSchiffSchwarzschildSolaSolisSoncinoSpeyerSulzbergerTeomimWahlYates

DisraeliDuranEgerEliezerEmbdenEpsteinFrankelFriedlandGalanteGoldsmidGomezGrad isGratzGunzburgHaysHazzanHeilprinHeineHendricksHenriquesJaffeJoabKatzenellenbogenLandau

ti;Xo111

AbravanelAbulafiaAdlerAlatriniAlfandariAlmanziAlnaquaAltschulAnawAstrucAuerbachAzulaiBacharachBaschwitzBelinfanteBelmontBelmonteBischoffsheimBlochBotonCaceresCantariniCardozoCastro, deCOrc08Costa, da

One. of the most interesting and useful sections ofTHE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAis that devoted to whatat first sight seems dull lists of names arranged ingenealogical tables. Yet perhaps the majority of theJews cherish a regard for their yilj,U8 or pedigree, andyou will scarcely find one who cannot claim to be re­lated one way or another with some of the distinguishedJewish families. Never before has so large a list ofthese Pedigrees (Jacobs) been brought together, andit may be of interest to give here a list of them.

Pedigrees

under Justus (Mannheimer), Brafman (Rosenthal) andPollonais (Kahn).

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Avigdor, France HolischJ...Baron v., AustriaBirch-Hirschfeld,v., Germany Lewis,EnglandBischoffsheim,Belgium Lousada, SpainBleiehroeder,Prussia Lyon, von, AustriaBoschau,W. v., Vienna, 1890 Mautner, v. Marth and v. Kuff-Cahend'Anvers.Jtaly; France ner, AustriaCamondo,Italy May, Julius, AustriaDisraeli,England . Menasce,EgyptDoczy,J..udwigvon, Hungary Montagu,EnglandDormitzer, Aust. Bohemia Montefiore,EnglandEfrussi, Russia Morpurgo,ItalyEichthal (A. S. Seligman), Oppenheim,GermanyFrance Oppenheimer,Baron, Austria

Erlanger, Bavaria Ottolenghi, ItalyEskeles,Russia Pereire, FranceFaudell-Phillips,England Pereira-Arnstein,Baron,AustriaFrankl, Austna _ Phillips,EnglandGeldern,Austria Pirbright, EnglandGoldberger,de Buda (Altofen), Pollak v. Borkenfeld1AustriaHungary Pollak v. Gompers,Austria

Goldsmid,England Pollak v. Klimberg, AustriaGunzburg,Russia. Pollak v. Rudin, AustriaGradis, France Popper, Baron, HungaryHeine, France Porges, v. Portjeim, BohemiaHirsch, Austria Reinach, Baron, Germany

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Of these the one that professes to trace furthest backis that of the Meldolas (Meldola), the fullest is Roths­child (Jacobs), the one that can trace back with themost authenticity is that of the Schiffs (Jacobs), whilethe most titled one is that of Lousada (Guttenstein),which contains dukes, marquises and princes.Closely connected with pedigrees is the heraldic de­

vice of Coats of Arms (Jacobs, Guttenstein), one ofthe most elaborate articles of THE JEWISHENCYCLO­PEDIA,where for the first time the arms granted byEuropean heralds to persons of Jewish birth have beenbrought together, making a remarkable show. Fromthis list, and from other articles in the ,ENCYCLOPEDIAit is possible to draw up the following list of Jewishpersons having hereditary titles:

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A considerable number of the articles in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIArefuse to be pushed into very definitepigeon-holes. These in certain respects form the mostinstructive and sometimes the most amusing containedin its pages. Phrases current in Jewish life, like Asusa(Kohler) used after a sneeze; Nebich (Deutsch) for(alas'; Azuz Panim (Kohler) and Huapah (Deutsch)for an impudent fellow; Talmid Hahem (Broyde) andLamdan (Deutsch) for a learned man; and Bahur(Ginzberg) for a studious youth are duly explained intheir alphabetical place. The various uses of Ba' al(Kohler) and the mysterious claims of the Ba'al Shem(Ginzberg) or wonder-worker are given, as are alsothe functions of the Badhan (Enelow), or professionaljester, and the Shadchan (Wiernik) , or professionalmarriage-broker. The Apikoros (Deutsch) or heretic;the Moser (Kayserling) or informer; the Schnorrer

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For a time a Jewess, Alice de Rothschild, sat upona throne of Europe, that of Monaco, the ruler of whichprincipality she married after the death of her firsthusband, the Duke de Richelieu. She has recentlybeen divorced from the prince.

Ritt, v. Gomperz,Austria Sonnenfeld,Alois, v., HungaryRocca, Princessade Ia, Italy Stern, PortugueseRosen, v., Russia . Tedesco,ItalyRosenthal, Baron v., Holland Treves, ItalyRothschild, Austria; England Vitale de Tivoli, ItalySalomons,England Wandsworth,EnglandSamuel, England Wertheimer.AustriaSassoon,England Worms,Baron, G., v., AustriaSchossberger,deTomya,Hungary

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(Eisenstein), or beggar; and the Schlemihl (Jacobs),or unlucky one-all these have separate articles. Theword Jew has a history and a very curious one (Jacobs),and this, as well as the use of Abu (Ginzberg) and Ibn(Schloessinger) in Arabic Jewish names, is explained.Even a custom like Swaying the Body (Eisenstein) inprayer or study has an article devoted to it, while ithas been found necessary to devote one to the questionof a Meridian Date (Eisenstein), for Jews can scarcelybe expected to regard Greenwich as a sacred city.Jews have had to do with pseudo-sciences like AL­

chemy (Gaster) and Astrology (Blau); in the formercase the familiar" Bain-Marie" turns out to be namedafter a Jewess. The Jewish view of Old Age (Philip­son) is given, as well as the Jewish division of the Agesof Man (Kohut), which curiously anticipates" As YouLike It." A fad like Anglo-Israelism (Jacobs) maybe regarded as part of the general myth of the LostTen Tribes (Jacobs). Echoes of the legend linger aboutthe Coronation Chair (Jacobs). The associations ofFreemasonry (Jacobs) with Judaisrrl,;;;-~ot neglectedin the ENCYCLOPEDIA;and the tradition that there arethirty-six saints always living in the world is explainedin the article Lamed-Waw (Waldstein). The practisesand prohibitions with .regard to Shaving (Eisenstein)and the wearing of the Beard (Ginzberg) are also given,as well as the connection of the Jews with Gamblintt(Greenstone) and Vegetarianism (Eisenstein). Themyth of the Wandering Jew (Jacobs) receives .duenotice; and even a list of occasions when that gen­tleman made his appearance is given. The Jewishpractise and divergent views with regard to Kissing(Jacobs) is discussed; and information is given about

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Both Andreas (Enelow), the legendary Jewish pope,and Pierleoni (Vogelstein), the real Jewish one, areaccorded articles. The author of many of the ArabianNights (Jacobs) has been identified in the Jew Wahb

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Amy (novelist, poet)Armand (mathematician)Asser (settler, NewAmsterdam)August (engineer)

Abraham Hirtzel (martyr)Albert (sculptor)Alfred (rabbi)Alphonse (painter)

MISCELLANEOUS JUDAICA

Dyes and Dyeing (Henry Cohen and Kohler). :;rhevarious associations of Numbers and Numerals (Levias)rec'eive further elucidation in the articles ¥ort;y (Cas­anowicz) and Ten (Blau). With. the legend of theremarkable stream Sambation (Seligsohn), which doesnot flow on the Sabbath, may be associated the Chil­dren of Moses (Schloessinger) who live on its banks.Rip- Van Winkle finds his Talmudic analogue in OniasHa-Me'aggel (Lauterbach). The views of Maxim Gorkiabout the Jews may have been influenced by the factthat he was once a Shabbat Goy (Eisenstein). Theassociation of Jews with Tobacco (Eisenstein) and '"the"dive"fgent views of the Rabbis with regard to smokingare given. The alleged Ass-Worship of the Jew re­ceives explanation from Prof. Krauss, and the BarnacleGoose, which lives in salt water, from G. A. Kohut.In the article Halukkah (Eisenstein) is given for thefirst time some account of the amount paid in the shapeof alms to the Jews of the Holy Land. The contri­bution of the Jews to Chartography (Jacobs) explainshow Columbus' voyage was aided by the maps ofCrescas Lo Juheu (Jacobs) and Mecia (Gottheil).

Even in biographies there is much of miscellaneous in­terest. Take, for instance, the first seven Levys whosegiven names begin with "A." They are as follows:

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Ibn Munabbih (Seligsohn). The curious career ofWarder Cresson (Friedenwald), the American convertto Judaism, may be paralleled by that of Peter Spaeth(Broyde), the German one. There is a whole series ofPseudo-Messiahs (Friedmann), among whom perhapsmight beclassed Richard Brothers (Jacobs),whoclaimedto be"thenephewof the Almighty." The legendswhichcling round the name of Judah Loeb Ben Bezalel (Grun­wald) are easily associated with the Golem (Eisenstein)or artificial homunculus kept alive by magic. AEuropean war was nearly brought about by the caseof Don Pacifico (Jacobs), while the greatest dealer inantiquities in modern times was the Jew FriedrichSpitzer (Gottheil). Berechiah, the Russian hero (Ro­senthal), may possibly compensate for Blind-Cohen(Wiernik), who attempted to assassinate Bismarck.One would scarcely expect to find a Jewish mandarin;but he existed, and his name was Chao Yng-Cheng(Jacobs). There are also a Beni-Israel soldier namedElloji Shahir (Hyams) and a great French philanthro­pist named CoralieCahen (Weill). The Busnssh familyof Algeria (Broyde) play a role curiously analogous tothat of Bethel Strousberg (Lipkind) in Germany. Ad­venturers of different types are Alfred Mels (Mels);Shapira (Jacobs), who forged a new version of Deuter­onomy; Julius Mires (Kahn), who died in the odor ofriches; and Samuel Lewis (Mels), an English money­lender who left millions to charity. Other quaint fig­ures are represented by Joseph Jacobs (Lipkind), thewizard; Naphtali Herz Imber (Jacobs), the nationalpoet of modern Zionism; and Borach Levi (Jacobs),who attempted to get a divorce by becomingconverted.

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117

The Altneuschule, Prague.(From a photograph.)

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ILLUSTRATIONS

In the elucidation of the past and the present mod­ern scholarship is not confined to written records. Ittends to make as much use of the material remains ofantiquity as of its literary productions. This tendencyhas been fully recognized in THE JEWISH ENCYCLO­PEDIA,which has brought together an almost completecollection of illustrations of Jewish life and ceremonial.To say that this collection surpasses its predecessorswould be misleading; for it practically has none, ex­cept in the region of portraiture. For the first timethe material remains of Israel's past have been illus­trated with as much fullness as its literature or its'history. .Few of these illustrations bear directly upon the

. Bible. The actual remains of Biblical antiquity areexcessively few, and the illustrations of the Bible dic­tionaries are mainly taken from Assyria or Egypt.While these contemporary sources of illustrations havenot been neglected in the ENCYCLOPEDIA,as in thearticles Music, Chariot, Shield, and Archer, such illus­trations have as a rule been confined to cases wherethere was direct connection with Biblical antiquity.For instance, the elaborate illustration of Brick-making(accompanying the article Brick), taken from theEgyptian monuments, has an obvious bearing on theExodus. The portrayal of the siege of Lachish notonly illustrates the ancient method of besieging, butalso gives the first historic picture of Israelites in exist­ence. Again, there is little doubt that the winged fig­ures of the Assyrian monuments affected the Hebrewimagination with regard to the Cherubim. The actual

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Holy Cities and SitesMore authenticity attaches to the sites of Biblical

events than to the tombs of the Biblical eras, and ac­cordingly a tolerably full set of illustrations has beendevoted to well-known Biblical places like Jericho,Tabor, Dead Sea, and above all Jerusalem, which isgiven in every aspect and at all stages of its existence.

Jewish Quarters and DomicilesSimilarly, in later Jewish history attention has been

devoted to the localities associated with Jewish events.119

Tombs of Bible HeroesOne aspect of the Biblical heroes, never hitherto

systematically recorded, has been fully taken accountof in THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA.The Tombs of mostof them a.re the object of reverence, and often of pil­grimages, in many cases of Mohammedans, in the East;and it was accordingly decided to give illustrations ofthe alleged tombs of Daniel, Esther, Ezekiel, Joseph,Rachel, Samuel, and Simeon the Just. The Tombs ofthe Judges and the Tombs of the Kings, near Jerusa­lem, are also represented; and this feature hasbeencarried through the post-Biblical periods, representa­tions of the tombs of Melr Ba'al Ha-Nes, Simeon Benyohai, Hillel and Gamaliel II. being also included.

inscriptions relating to the Jewish past, though few, areof exceptional importance, and are given under MoabiteStone, Siloam Inscription, Genizah, to which must beadded the warning to Gentiles displayed in the Temple(xii. 85). Occasionally modern habits of Palestinehave been used to illustrate older customs, as in thecase of Bottle and Tent.

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A Bible- and a Jewish-Atlas

Indeed, ·rHE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAcontains quite aJewish atlas of all the chief countries in which Jewshave existed. Particular attention has been given tothe physical features of the Holy Land, and the ENCY­CLOPEDIAcontains practically a Bible-atlas giving thelay of the land, as well as its historical associations.Under Palestine a whole series of historical maps isgiven, showing the division of the land from the timethe Egyptians became aware of its existence downto the Crusades. There are, also, other maps showingthe chief centers of Jewish residence, and even of con­tinents like Asia, Africa, and Europe; in the latter case,the relative density of the Jewish population is indi­cated by a difference in shading. There is even a mapof the world showing the main centers of Jewish popula-

120

Besides houses of celebrated Jews of the past, like thoseof Aaron of Lincoln, Samuel Hs-Levi (see Toledo),Bassevi, and Meisel (see Prague); there are wholeseries of representations of the medieval ghetti. Thusthose of Frankfort, Nikolsberg, Prague, and Romeare given, as well as plans of those of Lincoln, Can­terbury, Valencia, Bordeaux, and Venice. Historicscenes occur rather more rarely. The procession ofJews meeting Pope Arthur V. at Constance, anotherprocession at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and the Fett­milch Riots almost exhaust the list. Isolated localitieslike the Jews' House at Lincoln, Clifford's Tower atYork, and the Golden Tower of Seville may also serveto bring back striking events of the past. In the caseof Spain, illustrations of streets associated with theJews, as at Cordova, Seville, and Toledo, are given.

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Coins and Medals are nowadays acknowledged to bethe handmaids of history. Many a historical crux is

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Numismatics

tion (see Statistics). Besides these there are maps ofEngland and France showing the places where the Jewsdwelt before their expulsion from those countries; andof Spain and Portugal, Hungary, and Turkey. For Rus­sia there are several maps, including one of Lithuania;another, under Chazars, showing the spread of thatremarkable kingdom in the tenth century; a furtherone illustrating the Cossacks' uprising in the seven­teenth century; and finally one giving the Pale ofSettlement and the relative percentage of the Jewishpopulation in the different governments. There aremaps of London and New York showing the positionin those cities of buildings of Jewish interest, and anelaborate one of the United States showing the dis­persal of the Jews throughout that country at differ­ent stages of the immigration. Besides mere plans oftowns and Jewish quarters the ENCYCLOPEDIA containsa whole series of pictures of the more important centersof Jewish population of the world, as Amsterdam,Jerusalem, London, New York, Paris, Prague, Rome,Toledo, Venice, Vienna, and Worms. Modern historyis chiefly represented by the institutions which Jewishphilanthropy devotes to the improvement of Jewishconditions. Besides the illustrations of such institu­tions accompanying the articles on larger Jewish cities,several institutions have illustrations of their own;e. g., the Alliance Israelite Universelle, the AgriculturalColonies, the Jewish Colonial Trust, and the National. Farm School, of Doylestown, Pa.

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122

It is, of course, around the remains of ancient syna­gogues that Jewish associations cling most closely.Besides representations of ancient Galilean synagogueslike those of Kefr Bir'im (see Synagogue) and others,the ENCYCLOPEDIAgives the exterior of EI Transite,the great Toledo synagogue, and details of its interior,as well as that of St. Maria La Blanca (see Spain). InFrance the ancient synagogues of Metz and Carpentrasare represented; as well as the Rashi Chapel, at Worms.The synagogues of Prague and Worms are perhaps themost ancient in existence, while there are records ofearly German synagogues, as those of Erfurt andRatisbon. Of more modern synagogues the ENCYCLO­PEDIAhas more than 100 examples, a list of which isgiven in vol. xi. p. 640. The most noteworthy of theseare, perhaps, at Florence, Nuremberg, Odessa, Paris,Rome, Strasburg, and Venice.

Sacred Edifices

solved by the date of a coin or a medal. Considerableattention has accordingly been paid to these in THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA;and besides the general arti­cles Numismatics and Medals, both of them profuselyillustrated, almost all the coins of the Herods are de­picted in their respective biographies. Medals aregiven also under Hungary, Poland, and elsewhere(see, e. g., Basel Congress). Further, a list of modernmedals struck to commemorate specifically Jewishevents is given under the caption Medals. Coins areoccasionally used to illustrate other archeological top­ics, like Harp, Helmet, and Lulab.

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Jewish Burial Grounds

Next to the synagogue the cemetery is the mostsacred site of Jewish communal interest. It is almostinvariably the case that the first ground purchased bya community is for a cemetery. For this reason manyof the quaintest and most interesting of these scenes ofsorrow have been illustrated in the ENCYCLOPEDIA.Some of the most interesting of these are at Altona,

123

The interior decorations of synagogues are alsopictured, as well as the exterior, the Almemar orreading-desk, the Tables of the Law, the Pulpit, andthe Ark of the Law. With regard to the reading-deska curious set of illustrations in different parts of thework shows its development from the old "chair ofMoses" in which, according to the New Testament,the Pharisees claimed to sit. Under Almemar is givena representation of the chair of Moses in the synagogueof K'ai-Fung-Foo, China. Its existence, though notunder that name, in the synagogue of Bokhara isshown, with the Scroll of the Law resting on a seat.In the article Ark of the Law it is shown that the origi­nal form of the Ark was simply that of the bookcaseof the ancients; and an illustration from a glass vesselin the Vatican brings this out quite clearly. TheScroll of the Law, which forms the central object ofsynagogue ceremonial, is elaborately illustrated in THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA,together with the Crown whichsurmounts it, the Mantle which protects it, and theYad or pointer wherewith the sacred text is indicatedby the reader.

Decorative Art

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shapes of the tombstones (xii. 194-195) have alsoattracted attention, a list of them being given underthat caption. The curious development of the tomb­stone from the sarcophagus to the headstone can betraced by means of these illustrations.

124

The Two Arks of the Law in the Castilian Synagogue at Rome.(From a photograph.)

Cochin, Mayence, Nikolsburg, Prague, Tunis, andWorms, as well as the old Jewish cemeteries at London,Newport, R. 1., New York, and Amsterdam. The

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Ceremonial Paraphernalia

But it is upon the home ceremonial that the fulleststress has been laid in the pictorial illustration of Jewishlife. The .chief illustrations of this have hitherto beenin series of pictures published in the eighteenth centuryby Christian observers of Jewish life, like Leusden,Picart, and Bodenschatz, and nearly everyone of theirillustrations, which in the case of the first- and last­named are extremely rare, have been reproduced inthe ENCYCLOPEDIA. These range from Childbirth,Redemption of the First-born, Circumcision, Betrothal,and Marriage down to Death, Funeral, Burial, andMourning.

Besides this individual side of Jewish ceremoniallife the liturgical or public service lends itself to re­production in black and white. Scenes from theNinth of Ab, the Day of Atonement, Hanukkah, New­Year, Passover, and Purim, as well as the Seder serviceand the home banquet at Tabernacles are duly por­trayed. Colored inset plates give a vivid life to theceremonies of Marriage and of Tashlik, the ceremonyby which ultra-Orthodox Jews cast their sins into thewater on the second day of the New Year. The para­phernalia of home ceremonial are numerous and veryoften artistically beautiful; for example the Lampwhich celebrates the beginning of Sabbath and theHabdalah-box which is used in its concluding cere­monial. Particular attention has been paid to thesources of light in the Jewish lamp. Under the titleCandlestick, Golden, are given a considerable numberof the earliest illustrations of the candlestick of theTemple. Under the title Lamp, Sabbath, is a repre-

125

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Of personal objects the Phylactery, the phylactery­bag, Fringes, and the Arba' Kanfot, already referredto, are the chief ones represented. The last items maylead on to costumes, of which the ENCYCLOPEDIA pre­sents a rich assortment of specimens. Besides thelarge number given in the article itself, other examplesare scattered through the volumes.

Besides these illustrations of costume, the articleBadge gives specimens of the mark of separation whichisolated Jews from their neighbors throughout the mid­dle ages, while the article Head-dress gives the differentforms of head covering which Jews were obliged to useto distinguish them from men of other creeds. Thecurious shape of the Jewish Betrothal rings deservesmention here.From costumes to the men who wear them is but a

short step, and many of the figures which illustratecostume may also be taken to represent the varyingtypes of Jewdom. This would certainly apply to theJews of the Caucasus, the Beni-Israel, the Cochin Jews,and those of Salonica, Turkey, Tunis and Yemen. Astill further attempt to give the Jewishness of Hebrewfaces is made under the article Types, where compositepictures are given of Jewish lads in London and New

126

Costumes

sentation of the seven-branched candlestick used onFriday night to usher in the Sabbath. Under ~anuk­kah is represented the nine-branched candlestick usedat the feast held in commemoration of the recovery ofthe Temple by the Maccabeans. The Mezuzah fixedupon the door-post and the Mizrah placed on theeastern wall are also represented.

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127

Tunisian Jewess.(From a photograph.)

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128

Chwolson, Daniel, Ruasian Orien­talist:

Cowen, Frederic Hymen, Englishcomposer;

Derenbourg, Joseph, French Orien­talist;

*Ezekieh Joseph, Indian Hebraist;Faudel-Phillips, Sir George, LordMayor of London:

Felsenthal, Bernhard, German­American rabbi, and author;

*Franzos, Karl Emil, Austrian au-thor:

Frug, Semion G. Russian poet:Fulda, Ludwig, German author;Ginzberg, Asher, Ruasian scholar;Goldfaden, Abraham, Yiddish ~t;Goldmark, Karl, Hungarian VIolin-ist;

Goldziher, Ipaz, Hungarian Orien­talist;

Gompers, Samuel, American labor­leader;

Gudemann, Moritz, Austrian rabbi;Gunsburg; Baron Horace, Russianphilanthropist;

Halevy, Joseph, French Orientalist;

Abramowitsch, s. J., .. the JewishCervantes":

Adler, Hermann, Chief rabbi ofthe British Empire·

Ancona, Alessandro D', Italian his-torian of literature:

*Antokolski, Mark,Russian sculptor:Aseoli, G. I., Italian philologist:Asknazi, Isaac Lvovich, Russianpainter:

*Astruc, Elie-Aristide, French rabbi:Bacher, Wilhelm,Hungarian scholar:Barnay, Ludwig, German actor:Belasco, David, American drama­tist·

Benedikt, Moriz, Austrian neurolo­gist:

Berliner, Abraham, German histor­ian:

Blumenthal, Oskar, German play-wright:

Brandes Georg, Danish critic:Breal, Michel, French philologist:Brull, Ignaa, Austrian composer;Buber, Solomon. Galician scholar;Cantor, Moritz, German mathema-

tician;

PortraitsFrom types to individuals is a much greater step

and leads one to the portraits in the ENCYCLOPEDIA.

Of these a list is given under" Portraits" in the list ofillustrations at the beginning of each volume. In allthey number 333, of which 68 are those of persons liv­ing at the time their biographies were written for theENCYCLOPEDIA. The following list of the latter maybe of interest as showing the men who for variousreasons stand out most prominently among the Jewsof the day (an asterisk denotes that the person hasdied during the publication of the ENCYCLOPEDIA):

York whose portraits have been superimposed on thesame photographic plate so that the points in whichthey differ disappear, and those which they have incommon stand out as typical. The pictures of theSamaritans and Falashas may also be regarded as ofanthropological interest.

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It should perhaps be pointed out in this connectionthat two or three of the portraits are only traditional,and have little or no claims to authenticity: they arethose of Alfasi, Moses Ben Maimon, and Isaac Abra­vanel. Particular attention may be directed to theseries of portraits by the great painter Rembrandt invol. x, These are the earliest representations of theJewish face, and as their accuracy is undoubted, fromtheir resemblance to types of the present day, theyare of interest from an anthropological as well as froma pictorial point of view.

The frontispiece of the eleventh volume is perhapsone of the most interesting illustrations of the ENCY­

CLOPr::DIA inasmuch as it contains a hitherto unpub­lished portrait of the great philosopher Spinoza, foundin America, and the authenticity of which is undoubted.It was presented by some Jewish tenants of Cardinalde Rohan of "Diamond Necklace" celebrity after his

129

Possart, Ernst von, German actor;*Rothschild, Baron Alphonse,French financier;

Rothschild, Lord Nathan, Englishfinancier;

Salant, Samuel! Chief rabbi of theAshkenazim 10 Jerusalem;

Samuel, Haeem, Indian communalworker;

Schiff, Jacob Henry, American fi­nancier and philanthropist;

Sonnenthal, Adolf Ritter von, Aus­trian actor;

Steinschneider, Moritz, Austrianbibliographer and Orientalist;

Straus, Oscar S., American mer­chant and diplomat;

Sulzberger, M~yer, American judge;Valabregue, MardocMe-Georges,French general;

VlimbtSry, Arminius, Hungariantraveler;

Weil Henri, French philologist;Woll, Simon, American Jurist, pub­licist, and philanthropIst;

Zangwill, Israel, English novelist.

Hamburger, Jacob, German rabbi:Harkavy, Albert, Russian Orien­

talist:*Herzl, Theodor, Leader of political

Zionism: .Israels, Joseph, Dutch painter:Jacobi, Abraham, American physi­

cian:*Kahn, Zadoc,Chiefrabbi of France;*Kayserling, Meyer, German his-

torian'Kiamil Pasha, Turkish Grand vizier;Liebermap.J Max, German painter:Loewy, Maurice, French astron-

omer:Lombroso, Cesare, Italian alienist;Luzzatti, Luigi, Italian statesman:Mandelstamm, Max, Russian edu­

cator and poet:*MocattahFrederick David, English

philant ropist;Neubauer, Adolf. Hebraist and li­

brarian at Oxford;*Oppert, Jules, French Orientalist;*Ottoleqhi, Guiseppe, Italian gen­eral;

Perets, Isaac Lob, Yiddish writer;

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Books and Manuscripts

THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAhas two main sides: (1)that relating to Jewish men and women, and (2) thatrelating to Jewish books. Almost as much care hasbeen taken in the illustration department of the ENCY­CLOPEDIAof its latter aspect as of its former. Of thevery foundation of Jewish literature, the Alphabet,perhaps the largest extant collection of examples hasbeen made, under that title. Books are in the firstplace made out of Manuscripts; and here again, underthat heading, a liberal number of specimens i~ given.Other examples occur under the headings: AhabahRabbah: Aquila (Palimpsest); Decalogue, the earliestmanuscript of which, containing curious variationsfrom the Masoretic text, dates from the second century;Genizah, the source of so many important manuscripts;Mahzor: Moses Ben Maimon, holograph draft of the"Moreh Nebukim " or "The Guide of the Perplexed";and Siraeh, manuscript fragments of the recently dis­covered Hebrew text of Ecclesiasticus. Certain manu-

130

GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDIA

archiepiscopal palace at Saverne had been burneddown, and was originally painted by Wallerant Vail­lant in 1672 (or 1673), probably while with the ElectorPalatine, who had invited Spinoza to fill the chair ofphilosophy at Heidelberg. Portraits have also beengiven of those Gentile scholars who have devoted mostof their lives to Jewish learning, as the Buxtorfs, J. C.Wolf, Bartolocei, and even the rather anti-SemiticSchudt.A sad series of pictures reproduce the persecution of

the Jews under the Inquisition and Autos Da Fe, andto these may be added Host Desecration.

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As regards Hebrew printed books, THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAcan boast that it contains by far thelargest number of examples=-amounting to consider­ably over 100-ever brought together in one work.Besides those that illustrate the article Typography,a list of eighty-two scattered throughout the volumesis given at the end of that article (xii. 334-335). Withthese specimens it ought not to be difficult to prepare

131

Hebraica

scripts, as Deeds or Documents, are of interest morefor their historic contents than for their literary value.The ENCYCLOPEDIAcontains several of this type; as,for example, under New York, the first entry of theDutch records relating to the Jews; under Shetar,early deeds of indebtedness to English Jews; underSlave, a deed of manumission for a slave, from theGenizah; under Ketubah, various marriage contractswhich may be regarded as of interest either for theirart or from their historic standpoint; under Divorce,a get, or bill of divorce dated 1088 C. E.; under Ex­chequer, a chirograph deed of an English Jew dated1216; under Cromwell, the petition, dated March 24,1565, of the English Jews to the Lord Protector forpermission to resettle in England; under Altona, thecharter given to the Jews of that city; under Germany,a IISchutzbrief" of the Elector of Hesse, 1804; underFrederick the Great, an edict concerning the Jews; andunder the Council of the Four Lands, an example of itsminute-book. As in the last case, a document ordeed may sometimes be partly printed and partly inmanuscript, and may form a bridge, as it were, betweenthe two forms of record.

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a pedigree of the different forms of Hebrew type fromits first appearance in Italy and Spain in the fifteenthcentury. By a fortunate chance, the appearance ofthe ENCYCLOPEDIA coincided with the collection of oneof the most complete sets of Hebraica in the world­the Sulzberger collection, now in the Jewish Theo­logical Seminary of New York.As a rule, the ENCYCLOPEDIA has avoided making

use of anything fanciful or imaginative in elucidatingits topics; but it was thought right to recognize therise of a specifically Jewish art of recent years; anda few specimens of the products of Jewish artists havebeen given, as for instance, the sculptures of Antokol­ski, the well-known" Jeremiah II of Bendemann, the"Chess Players II of Kaufmann, and Horowitz's" Ninthof Ab." Connected with these are the specificallyJewish book-plates of Lilien.

The illustrations of a miscellaneous kind are perhapsthe most interesting in the ENCYCLOPEDIA. The pic­ture-one cannot call it a portrait-of Susskind ofTrimberg, the Jewish minnesinger, is one of the earliestextant portrayals of a Jew, while that given underAaron, Son of the Devil, is perhaps the earliest carica­ture.' -_The· R6ihschil<r-rrsfa-rlliriliaus" IS hIstOrIC In

ill-anysenses; and thewuiiaati.Orl-stone of the proposedcIty of Ararat is the sole record of one of the earliestattempts at Zionism. The portrait of Lord GeorgeGordon after his conversion to Judaism can only beregarded as a curiosity.

One of the most elaborately illustrated articles inthe ENCYCLOPEDIA is that devoted to Coat of Arms,in which twenty-nine armorial bearings are given.The frontispiece of volume iv. also consists of nine

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The preparation of MaHot or Passover cakes isparalleled by the large plate illustrating Purim cere­monies (x. 280-281), and this again by the Sederceremonies of 1550. The practise of Shehitah wouldperhaps go side by side with the representation of the

133

Tobias Cohen.(From the frontispieceto his" Ma'aseh Toblyyah." 1707.)

coats of arms reproduced in colors. A few others arescattered through the volumes, as, for instance, underAbravanel, Jaffe, and Lewis. A whole list of Jewishnobility is drawn up in this manual of Jewish heraldry.

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ceremony of Kapparah of 1530. A whole series ofillustrations has been taken from the Sarajevo Hagga­dah to illustrate the lives of the patriarchs (see Abra­ham and Moses). Finally a few illustrations of Games(including a full page of chess-players), Purim Plays,and Amulets are given to illustrate the lighter side ofJewish life.Thus the illustrations of THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA

throw light upon Jewish archeology, historical sites,maps and plans, coins and medals, portraits and cari­catures of Jewish celebrities, Jewish ceremonials, syna­gogues and cemeteries, manuscripts and books, andanthropological types.

STATISTICS OF INTEREST

In the production of THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIA,noless than 16,606 general articles were written, whichtreated more than 150,000 subsidiary subjects. Todo this, about 9,630,210 words were penned, of which8,168,950 were found acceptable and approved. Tofurnish this vast amount of matter, about 75,000separate works were consulted, excluding the Biblical,Talmudic, and Apocryphal books and their subdivi­sions. The rate at which the volumes were producedwas nearly four volumes a year, eleven volumes havingbeen issued between Feb., 1902 and Dec. 29, 1905.Each volume exceeds 700 pages in bulk, so that 7,700pages of type were set; and these were read in galley-.proof, page-proof, and plate-proof, for corrections, bymore than fifty persons.The composition of the ENCYCLOPEDIAwas done by

typesetting machines, whose operators played as manyas 28,000 ems per day-quite a notable feat, when the

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COLLABORATORS

The collaborators on THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAnumbered 605, their nationalities being as follows:American 279; Australian 4; Austro-Hungarian 72;Belgian 4; Chinese 1; Danish 5; Dutch 5; Egyptian2; English 39; French 41; German 104; Greek 1;Indian 4; Italian 7; Moroccan 2; Portuguese 1; Ru­manian 1; Russian 20; Swedish 3; Swiss 4; Turkish6. As in all voluminous works of this nature, thelarge majority of the articles in the ENCYCLOPEDIAwere written by a small nucleus of contributors, to eachof whom was assigned the topics in his particular field.

135

technical character of the work is considered, and whenit is borne in mind that words from as many as sevento ten languages were in almost constant use. Thepresses on which this work was printed were of thecylinder type; and four of them were occupied thirtydays in printing a single volume.

The illustrations scattered through the twelve vol­umes number 2,464. Of these 63 are maps andplans ranging from the time of Blakewell Hall to theyard-and-one-half long map of New York, 112 are de­voted to specimens of Hebrew typography, 187 tocostumes and 333 to portraits. The illustrations ofBiblical topics number 208, and there are many deedsand over a hundred examples of Hebrew manuscripts.Particular attention has been paid to the reproductionsof ceremonial objects, which number more than 240.The most elaborately illustrated volume is the eleventh,which contains 306 illustrations; next come vol. viii.with 248, vol. x. with 243, and vol. iv. with 230. Theaverage is about 205 per volume.

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CONCLUSION

It may fairly be claimed for THE JEWISHENCYCLO­PEDIA that it is the greatest work of constructivescholarship not dealing with purely American subjectsthat has hitherto been produced in America. Amongcyclopedias its chief competitors are McClint.ock &Strong's "Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ec­clesiastical Literature" (which occupied twenty yearsin the making) and "The American Encyclopedia,"each of which had predecessors in its particularfield. THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAhad no such prede­cessors, was compiled in five years, and it is in thestrict sense of the word original from A to Z. At thesame time it must be allowed that only in America.. could such a work have been produced. Only in thatcountry was there a Jewish population sufficientlylarge and well-to-do to promise a favorable field forsuch an undertaking, and only there could a receptionwithout prejudice be expected for a work dealingentirely with Jewish matters. It seems peculiarlyappropriate that a Christian firm should be the meansby which this great. reparation should be made forthe ills done by many so-called Christians of the pastto the happiness and fair fame of Israel. Great carehas been taken to present Bible subjects objectively,and in such as there is a diversity of opinion representa­tives of the different schools of thought were engagedto contribute articles presenting these opinions. Alladvocacy and special pleading were excluded from thework, which has been declared by competent authorityfree from color or bias.

It is obvious from the foregoing account that TIlE136

GUIDE TO JEWISH ENCYCWPEDIA

JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAis a little world in itself, dealingwith the history of a people which has touched thegreat world in almost all its aspects. The great valueof the ENCYCLOPEDIAconsists in displaying this inter­action of the small world of Jewry and the world atlarge. The section of " Biography" in this introductiongives in main outline the large contributions by Jewsto the world's thought; and completer study of theENCYCLOPEDIAwill only serve to deepen the impres-_sion. Another aspect of the work, which cannot failto have a wide-spread influence, is its systematicexplanation of the indebtedness of Christianity toJudaism. THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA,as has beenshown, traces the main tenets of both Christianityand Islam to Jewish doctrines, and thus provesthat Judaism is at the base of all modern civiliza- 't'

tion. NO,' ~ ~ all ~ -;r~ ¢4.14t ~The historic side of the ENCYCLOPEDIAmay also be ' I...L k.~

expected to work toward a revolution of the world's ~ ~,~attitude with regard to the Jews. The annals of Israelare one long series of persecutions, and these, whenbrought before the world in the pages of the ENCY-cLopEDIA, ought to arouse a sense of shame and in-dignation among the descendants of those who wereresponsible for such crimes. Among Jews the effectof these narratives will be twofold: while proud ofthe martyrs' blood, they will feel drawn closer to thosestill suffering from persecution. In telling th~ storY:i t~==-._ ... - --- .' . ~of these persecutions the aim has been tostate nothing R.~;

~but the bare historic facts without comment, and that --fk,..,..I-<...6i ~

the effort has been successful is attested by the nu- ---~.,~merous critical reviews that have appeared in both secu- ...·)-L1~lar and clerical press. The key-note of these reviews 'iL I. ._..._j

137 :<, , );/rrrtd_­?'/''t..-75 c~/

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CONCLUSION

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is the absolute impartiality of THE JEWISHENCYCLO­PEDIAin its treatment of all matters of this kind.The full account of Jewish ceremonial and the illus­

trations of Jewish sacred objects harmonizes with thegeneral movement of the world toward a more ritual­istic aspect of religion. It has been found that formsand ceremonies are by no means so idle as rationalistsregard them; and in the revival of Jewish ceremonial­ism THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAwill have its part.There so full an account is given of all the ceremoniesand customs that even those who are remote fromrabbi or other authority can find the Law laid. downfor them in the volumes. On the other hand, thosewho have memories of the past, though they no longerobserve the ceremonies, will have them tenderly re­vived by the accounts and illustrations, particularlythe musical ones, which are given in the work. Theillustrations of the ENCYCLOPEDIAare likely to proveone of its most popular features. Nothing appealsto the youthful mind so much as visible presentation;and in this way it may be anticipated that interestwill be aroused among growing children in all sides ofJewish life and thought.Above all THE JEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAwill effect its

chief work in the form in which it was designed-as awork of reference both within and without the ranksof Israel. Ignorance is the mother of prejudice andpersecution; and it is by the removal of ign~~ce thatprejudice can best be softened and removed. \ Such aprocess, though necessarily slow and cumulative, isnone the less effectual. Hitherto there has been nosource to which reference could be made by well­meaning Gentiles who wished to know something of

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139

the inner life and meaning of the separateness andwhat they call the H aloofness" of Israel. THEJEWISHENCYCLOPEDIAfor the first time supplies such asource. The impression that Jews are a mysterioussect like the Gipsies and that their conduct is inspiredby unsocial motives, must disappear before the evi­dence presented in the ENCYCLOPEDIA,that they aremen like other men, with their prejudices and theirfailings indeed, but also with their ideals, which latterare seen to be in most cases the foundations of theideals of humanity.

~~ $~~~~/~~-~~~ 4'1 ~ ~ b ~/!J~i~10<~~~~/4A n~- ~~~~.r~....4 .. -e : 'l..-~~!' • ,................bhr~,__ ~~-f------~ ~~-v,--

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A 8UBlEC1' VOL. PAOEAccents.•.•......... i. 149-158

8UBlEC1' VOL. PAOli Accident .••......... i. 159-161Aaron .............. i. 2-6 Accusatoey and In-Aaron's Rod (ill.) •••• i. 6-6

3=.t~~~ ... ~r.o~Aaron, Barney •••.••• i. 7 i. 163Aaron Son of the Achbor Ull.)......... i, 160

De;b (ill.k" .... i. 9 Acosta, riel (ill.) ••.• i. 167-168Aaron ben iah, the Adam_liUJ.•••...... i. 173-179younger, 0 Nico- Adam a mon (ill.~•• i, 181-183media.. .. .. ; ..... i. 9-10 Adam alomon (ill .•• i. 184

Aaron ha-Levi of Bar- AdamsHHannah ..•.. i. 184celona ...........• i. 15-16 Addir u (ill.) ...... i. 186-188

..._.Aaronof Lincoln (ill.) i. 16-17 Adiabene ..•........ i. 191-192Aaron, Worms.•••... i. 21-22 Adler, Hermann (port.) i, 195-196Ab, Nmth Day of (ill.) i. 23-25 Adler, Samuel. ...... i, 199Ab, Fifteenth Day of•. i, 25-26 Admissions in Evi-Abarbanel Library dence•............ i. 199-200

~.) .............. i. 27 Adonai6Adonai (ill.)•• i, 203Ab a..............• i. 28 Adon' lam (ill.) ••.. i. 205-206Abba Arika .•.•....• i. 29-30 Adoration (ill.) •••... i. 208-211Abba Mari of Lunel••• i. 33-34 Adrianople .......... i. 213-215Abbreviations ••..... i, 39-43 Adultery .•.......... i. 216-218Abduction ..•....... i. 46-47 .tEgidiU8of Viterbo ... i. 219Abelard, Peter ••••... i. 51 &op's Fables ....... i. 221-222Abetment .••........ i. 55 Afendopolo, Caleb.... i. 222-233Abinu Malkenu.•.... i. 65 Afilcomen........... i. 224Ablution ............ i. 68-71 Africa.............. i. 224-228Aboab ..•.......•... i. 72-75 Age, Old ............ i. 230--231Abomination. . ...... -.. 80 Agency ............. i, 232-233Abraham (ill.)....... i. 83-91 Ages of Man ......... i. 233-235Abraham, Bernard ... i, 99-100 Aggei, the Proud King i. 235 ,Abraham ibn Daud ... i. 101-103 Agnosticism. .. . .... i. 237-238Abraham ben David Agobard ............ i. 238-2.39of p~eres ...... i. 103-105 Agricultural Colonies

Abraham ar Hiyya .. i. 108-110 (ill.) .............. i. 241-262Abraham ben Isaac of Agriculture (ill.) ..... i. 262-270Narbonne ......... i. 111-112 Aguilar, Baron d'

Abrahamson, Abra- (port.) ...••....... i. 274ham. . " ...... " .. i. 123-124 Aguilar, Grace (pOTt.). i. 274-275

Abramowitsch, Solo- 'Agunah ............ i. 275-276mon Jacob ........ 125-126 Ahabah Rabbah (ill.) i. 281

Abravanel (port.) ..... 126-129 Aharonim........... i. 283-284Abraxas (ill.) ........ 129-130 Ahikar ............. i, 287-290~gt~~~~.~f.~~~s::: 131-133 Ahlwardt, Hermann .. i. 293-294

136 Ahriman (ill.) ..... ,. i. 294-297Abu................ 137 Akiba ben Joseph (ill.) i. 304-310Abulafia............ 141-144 'Akkum ............ i. 312Academies.......... 145-148 Alabama ............ i. 314-315

141

uu., indicatesthat the topic is illustrated; port., that aportrait is given.)

INDEX TO MAIN ARTICLES

107-111111-113118-120

675-6851-66-78-1111-1212-18

1920-2121-2223-2527-2929-3234-3838-4040-4444-45

45-49

50-5661-6363-6468-7273

74-7575-7679-8589-9192-9498-102

103-107

i. 606-607i. 613-616i. 619-622i. 625-627i, 625i. 630-632i. 633-638i. 641-649

649-652653-654665-656

i. 606-657i. 658-661i. 662-663i. 666-668i. 669-675

601-602604-606

Digitized byGoogle

INDEX

8UBJEcr ,\·OL. PAGEAngelology. . .. . . . . . . i. 583-597Anger. . i. 597-600Anglo-Israelism. . •. . . i, 601

~o-Jewish Associa-tIon.............. i.

Animal Worship. . . .. i.Animals of the Bible(ill.) .

Anonymous Worb .Anthropology ...•. ,.Anthropomorphism ..Antichrist .Antinomianism .•....Antiochus .

ti-Semitism .•••...Anti-Slavery Move-ment.. .. i.

Antokolski, Mark (ill.) i.Antonia (ill.). . . . . . .. i.Antoninus in the Tal-

mud .Antwerp (ill.) .....•.•Apes (ill.) .•••.•.••••Apion......•.......Apocalypse•.........Apocalyptio Litera-

ture. . . •..•.•..•.. i.Apocrypha. • • •• . . . .. ii.Apollonius. • .•••• . .. ii.Apologists. • • • . . • • .. ii.Apoplexy. . .. .. . . . .. ii.Apostasy. . . • . . . . . .. ii.Apostle and Apostle-ship...........•.. ii.

Apostol~, Apostoli.. .. ii.Apostomus. • •. . . . . .. ii.Apple ii.Approbation. • • • . . .. ii.ApUlia•............. ii.Aquila (ill.).•• . . . . .. ii.Aquinas, Thomas. • .• ii.Arabia ii.~~:~f~~~~fltspiillo;;:ii.

Ar~b?:'Li~r;"iure . of ii.Jews..........•. , Ii,

~:ki~..:::::::::::: U:Aramaic Language. " ii.Ararat, Mount (ill.)... ii.Ararat, a city of Ref-uge (ill.). . . . . .. ... ii.

Arba 'Kanfot (ill.).... ii,Ar!lhEl!>logy,Biblieal , . ii.Arlawsm ii.Aristeas. Letter of . .• ii.Aristotle. . . .. . . . . . .. ii.Ark of the CovenantArkillJi.ih~.i8.~ .(ili. ii.and fronlupiece to

Ark~f Wo~h(iil:): : : :: tl:Armilus.. ..•......•• ii.

573-575578-580582-583

142

537-540546-550553-556559-561566-569569-571

i. 413-422i. 424-425i. 430-431i. 437-438

438-439439-454454-455455-464464-469469-474474476-479482484-485488-490491-492492-506511-512512-517

394-397397-398398-400400

403-411

i. 352-354

355361-366

368-371375-377377377-378381-385390-392392

348-349350-351

i. 341-343

345-348

Alabarch

8UBJEcr VOL. PAGEAlabarch.. . . . . . . . . . . i. 315-316Alatri, Samuel (ill.). .. i. 319Albertus Magnus. • • •. i. 323-324Alho, Josepll.. •• .... i. 324-327AlChem~(ill.). •• • •.• i, 328-332'Alenu ill.).... ..•• • i. 336-338Alexan er the Great(ill.) .......•.•..••

Alexander I., II., andIII. ... " .. . . . . . . . i.

Ale~nder of Aphro-disias, ••.... .... .• i.

Alexander of Hales. . . i.Alexander JaDlUllus(ill.) .............•

Alexander, Bishop Mi-chaels. . ..... ..... i.

Alexandria (ill.).. . . . . i.Alexandrian Philoso-phy i.

Alfasi (port.).. . . • . . • . i.Alfonsi, Petrus. " . . . . i.Alfonsine Tables. • •. • i,Aliiil!- (ill.). .. ... .. . i.Al- arlZl, Judah. . . . . • i.'Al et (ill.) _ i.Ali~~ation and Acqui-sition. i.

Aliens. ....•.••••••• i.Alimony............ i.'Aliyah i.Allegorical Interprets-tion.............. i.

Alliance Israelite Uni-verselle (ill.) ....•..

Alliteration ...•....•Almemar (ill.) .Alnaqua Family .Alpha and Omep(ill.).............. i.

Alphabet (ill.). . • . • . • i.Alroy, David. • .....• i.Alsace. i.Altar (ill.).. . . .. .. i.Alt-Ofen (ill.).. •••. .• i.Altona (ill.). • . . •. . . • i.~!:cg;!ea~hlo~::. I:'Am ha-Arez.. . . . . . .. i.Ambrose, St. . • •. . . . . i.Amen... ....•. .••.. i.America (ill.). . . .. . . . i.America, DiscoveI'f of i.

/ America, Judaism 10.. i.Amsterdam, Nether-lands (ill.).. . . . . . .. i.

Amulet (ill.). .. . . . . . . i.Anan ben David. . . •. i.Anathema. . . . . . . . . . i.Anaw Family....... i.Ancestor Worship. . . . i.Ancona. Alessandro d'

An<a:;~;::: : : : : : : : : : ~:Angel. Moses(port.). ; i.

INDEX Bareheadedness

SUBJECT VOL. PAGE SUBJECT VOL. PAGEArmy (ill.).......... ii, 120-129 Av~Lallement, F.Arnstem, Fanny von C.B .............. ii. 343

(port.) ...•......•. ii. 133 Avenger of Blood..... ii. 344-346Arr~el, Moses (ill.)... ii. 137-138 Averroism .......... ii. 346-348Art (iWt ........... u, 138-141 Avesta .•........... ii, 348-350Arthur egend ....... ii. 147 Avicenna ........... ii. 350-351

<-Articles of Faith ...•. ii. 148-152 Avi~non (ill.)•....... ii. 352-355Artisans ............ u, 152-156 Ay on,Solomon (port.) ii. 359-360Arton, Leopold Emile ii. 157 Azazel. ............. ii, 365-367Ascension ........... ii. 164-165 Azharot ............ ii. 368-372Asceticism .......... ii. 165-167 Azulai <tzulay) Family ii. 375-377Ascoli, Graziadio 'Azzut anim ........ ii. 377

Isaiah (port.) .••... ii. 171-172Asenath ............ ii, 172-176 BAsher, Asher (port.) ... ii. 180-181Asher ben Jehiel. •... ii. 182-183 Ba'aI ............... ii. 378Asherah ••.......... ii. 185 Ba'aI and Ba'aI Wor-Ashes.••........... ii. 185-187 ship (ill.) .......... ii. 378-381Ashkenaz ........... ii. 192-193 Ba'aIShem .......... ii. 382-383..Ashkenazi, ~ebi Hirsch ii, 201-203 Ba'al Shem-Tob ...... ii. 383-386Ashtoreth ........... ii. 206-207 BabaBuch .......... ii. 391-392Asia................ ii. 208-211 Babski Refues ....... ii. 398-399AsiaMinor .......... ii. 211-213 Babylon (ill.£- ••..... ii. 399-401Asknazi, Isaac Lvo- Bab~lonia (i l.).•.... ii. 401-415vich (port.) ••••.... ii. 214-215 Bac arachlEva ...... ii. 419

Asmakta .•.......... ii. 215-217 Bacher,Wi helm (port.) ii. 421-422Asmodeus ........... ii. 217-220 Bacon, ROfer........ ii. 423-424Ass-WorshiJj (ill.).... ii. 222-224 Ba~e (ill........... ii. 425-427Assault an Battery .. ii. 224-227 Bad an .......•..... ii. 427Asser, Carel. .. . ..... ii. 227-228 Baer of Meseritz...... ii. 430-433Assignment ......... ii, 231-234 Baer Seli~man (port.). ii. 433-434Assyria ............. ii. 236-239 ~~~ ~U::)::::.:::: ii. 435-438Astrology (ill.) ••....• ii. 241-243 ii. 441-442Astronomy •.•....... ii. 245-251 Bahur .............. ii. 444-445Astruc, Jean ......... ii. 252-254 Bahya ben Asher.••.. ii. 446-447Asusa.............. ii. 255-256

Ba(Wj ... ~~ .. ~~~~1~h~Y~.'.'::: :: :: ::: ii. 256-259 Ii, 447-454ii. 262-265 Bailments .•......... ii. 456-459

Athenians ........... ii. 265-266 BakFamily ••....... ii. 460-461Athletes .• '" ....... ii. 269-273 Baking (ill.)......... ii. 462-464Atlas, El Lazar (La- Bakri, Joseph Cohen.. ii. 464zar) .............. ii. 273-274 Balaam (ill.) ••••.... ii. 466-469

Atonement .......... ii. 275-284 Baldness ............ ii. 470Atonement, Day of Balearic Isles ........ ii. 471-473(ill.)...•.......... ii. 284-289 Ballads ............. ii. 473-474

Attar, Ibn ......... ? ii. 289-291 Ballin,Joel. .•....... ii. 474Attestation of Docu- Bally, Davicion ...... ii. 475ments ............ ii. 291-293 Baltimore, Md. (ill.).. ii. 478-482

Attributes .......... ii. 294-296 Bamberger, LudwigAuerbach, Berthold (port.) ............ ii. 484-485

(port.) •.•.•....•.. ii. 300-302 Ban ................ ii. 487-489Augury •............ ii, 307-310 Banking ............ ii. 491-493Augusta, Ga. (ill.).... ii. 310-311 Banquets .•••....... ii. 496-497Augustine ........... ii. 312-314 Baptism ••.•••...... ii. 499Aus of Jo(urai,a....... ii. 317 Bar la~hara ........ ii. 503-505Auspitz Heinrich Bar 0 a (ill.)...... ii. 505-509

(Port.) ............ ii. 317 Bar Mi,wah (ill., iron-Australia ........... ii. 319-321 tia'J!iece tovol.ii.). . . ii. 509-510Austria ............. ii. 321-335 Beraita .•••••......• ii, 513-521Authentication of Baratier, Jean P ..... ii. 523Documents ........ ii. 335-337 Barbados ........... ii. 523-525

Authority, Rabbinical ii. 337-338 Barby, Me'ir......... ii. 526-527Auto da F~ (ill.)...... ii. 338-342 Barcelona (ill.)••••.• ii. 527-529Autographs of Jewish Barches ............. ii. 529celebnties (ill.) .... ii. 376-377 Bareheadedneee ••••.. u, 530-633

143

•

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144

8UBlEcr VOL. PAGE 8UBlEcr VOL. PAGEBarit, Jacob <.r:!')' .. ii. 535-536 Berdychev (ill.) .••.. iii. 51Barlaam and osaphat ii. 536-537 Bereehiah ben Na- ...Barnacle-Goose ...... ii. 538-540 trouar. . . . . . . . . . .. Ill. 53-55Barnato, Barnett Berek, Joselovich. ; .. iii. 55

Isaacs ............ ii. 540 Bereruce ............ iii. 57Bamay,Ludwig (port.) ii. 541 Bererah ............. iii. 58-62Barrios. Daniel Levi Bereshit Rabbah ..... iii. 62-65de............... ii. 544-545 Bertrrheil, Jonas ...... iii. 68

Bartolocci, Giulio Ber Inbill.).......... iii. 69-77(port.) ...•.......• ii. 547-548 Berlin onp:ess.. .... iii. 77-78

Baruch, Apocalypse of ii. 549-556 Berlin, I8&Jah.•...... iii. 79-80Baruch Yavan .••.... ii. 563 Berlin, Saul. .•...... iii. 83-84Baruk She-Amar, .... ii. 564 Bernard of Clairvaux. iii. 88B~~~.~~~~n:. ~.e.z:-

Bernays, Isaac (port.) iii. 90-91ii. 565 Bernays, Jacob. . • ., . iii. 91-92

Basel Congress (ill.).• ii. 568-570 Bernays, Michael. •... iii. 92Basel Program (ill.)... ii. 570-572 Bernhardt, Sarah .... iii. 94Basilea Family ....... ii. 576-578 Bernstein, AaronBasnage, Jacob C. (port.) ............ iii. 97-98

(port.) ...•........ ii, 579-582 Bernstein, Ignati. .... iii. 100Bass, Shabbethai ••..• ii. 583-584 ~:7sb~j~~LI:: ::: : : : : iii. 103-104Bat,!ol. ............ ii. 588-592 iii. 105Bat yusi•......•... ii. 593-594 Beruriah ..•....•.... iii. 109-110Bavaria ............. ii. 602-606 Beschreien ..•••••... iii. 111Beard (illl .......... ii. 611-615 Beesarabia ..•......• iii. 111-113Beck, Kar .......... ii. 622 Bet Din............. iii. 114-115Beelzebub ........... ii. 629 Bet Hillel and BetBeer, Ben~amin (ill.).. ii. 631 Shammai ......... iii. 115-116Beer Family ......... ii. 633-636 Bet ha-Midrash. . .... iii. 116-118Beer-sheba (ill.) ...... ii. 637 Beth-el (ill.)......... iii. 119-120Be~infJ and Beggars. ii. 639-640 Betrothal (ill.) ..•••• iii. 125-128Belt, A fred..•...... ii. 648-649 Bettelheim Family ... ill· 128-131Belasco, David (port.) ii. 652-653 Betting ..•.......... w. 132Belgium............ ii. 653-657 Bevis Marks Syna-Belmont Family .••.. ii. 663-665

Bi~f:3:~~~~·. : : : : : :: ill: 133-134Ben Me·ir............ ii. 677 140-154Ben Temation ...... ii. 681 Bible Editions (ill.) .•• iii. 154-162Bendemann, Edward Bible Exegesis. . . . . .. iii. 162-174J. F. (port. and Bible Exegesis, Mod- ."~r:~i.piece to vol. ... ern............... W. 174-178~n.)..••.......... W. 2-3 Bible Manuscripts

Benedict, Sir Julius (ill.).............. iii. 178-182(port.) .••••••.•••• iii. 7 Bible Translations .... iii. 185-197

Benedictions ..•..... iii. 8-12 Bibliography ........ iii. 199-202Benedikt, Moriz Bibliomancy ..•..... iii. 202-205

(part.) ............ iii. 12-13 Bibliotheqtle Nation-Benet, Mordecai ale, Paris .......... iii. 205-207

(port.) ...........• iii. 14-15 Biedermann, MichaelBenfey, Theodor L. (jort.) •......... iii. 208

(port.) ............ iii. 16-17 Bien, ulius......... iii. 209Beni-Israel (ill.) ...... iii. 17-21 Binding (ill.) ....... iii. 214Ben~acob, Isaac ...... iii. 22-23 Bindin~ and Loosing. iii. 215Ben/:tmin, Judah Bin~, eyer ......... iii. 216P 'lip (part )...... iii. 28-31 Bir s.............. iii. 217-219

Benjamin ben Moses Birth, New.......... iii. 220-221Nahawendi. ....... iii. 32-33 Birthday ............ iii. 221-222

Benjamin of Tudela .• iii. 34-35 Births .............. iii. 224-226Benmohel, Nathan Bismarck ........... iii. 229-230Lazarus ........... iii. 37 Biurists............. iii. 232-233

Bennett, Solomon .... iii. 37 Black Death (map) ... iii. 233-236Benveniste Family ... iii. 38~1 Blemish ............ iii. 241Benveniste de Porta .. iii. 42 Blessing and Cursing.• iii. 243-244Bequest ...•........ iii. 42-45 Blessing, Priestly •...• iii. 244-247Berab.•............ iii. 45-47 Blind .........•...•• iii. 248:"'249Berachah, ••the Hero" iii. 47 Blind-Cohen••..•.• iii. 249

INDEXBarit

Digitized byCoogle

INDEX Chajes

SUBJECT VOL. PAGE SUBJEcr VOL. PAGEBlioch, Ivan S. (port.) iii. 250-252 Burial (ill.) •......... iii. 432-437Bloch, Moritz..•..... ill. 256 Burnin~ Bush (ill.) •.. ill. 439BloodAccusation•.•. ill. 260-267 Burnt fi'ering..•.... iii. 439-442Blowitz, Henry ...... ill. 270 Bush, Isidor ......... iii. 442-443Blumenfeld, J. C.•... ill. 273 Bush, Solomon......• iii. 443Blumenthal, Oskar Busnash, Naphtali .•• lli. 443-444

(port) ............ W,. 275 Buxtorf, Joliannes, I.B'nai B rith (ill.). • ... w. 275 (port.) ...........• lli. #4-446Bodleian Library, Ox- Buxtorf, Johannes,lI. lli. 446ford (ill.) .......... W,. 281-283 Byelostok (ill.) ..••.• iii. 447-449

Body..........•.... w. 283-284 Byzantine Empire ••.• iii. 450-456Boethusians. . . •. . . .. iii. 284-285Bohemia.•.......... iii. 286-291Bokhara (ill.). .. . . . .. ill. 292-296 oBomberg,Daniel (ill.). iii. 299-300Bonet de Lates.. . . . .. ill. 305 Cabala (ill.) ...•..... iii. 456-479Book-ColIectors. • •. .. iii. 310-312

g~citin:s~1~cte.: : :iii. 480-482

Book-Plates (ill.) •.. " iii. 313-314 ill. 482-483Bordeaux ~ill.).•..... iii. 317-320 Cresarea............ iii. 485-489porders (il.) .••...... iii. 320 CahenJCoralie. . ..... iii. 491

orne, Karl Ludwig Calen ar, History of .. iii. 498-501(port., ...........• iii. 323-325 Calendar (ill.) ..••... ill. 501-50S

Borows i. ••. '....... iii. 326-327 California ........•.. iii. 511-513Borrower••••••.•.•• ill. 327 Calisch..........•.. ill. 513-514Bostanai. • •. • •• • • • .• ill. 330-331 Camel (ill.) .......... iii. 520-521Botany .....•.•..... ill. 332-339 Canada ............. iii. 524-528Boton Family. • . • . .. iii. 339-340 Cancer.............. ill. 529-531Bottle (ill.) .......... ill. 340-341 Candlestick (ill.) ..... ill. 531-533Boundaries (ill.) .•... iii. 341-343 Canterbury, EnglandBrafmanry, Jacob. .. .. iii. 346 (ill'l' ............. iii. 536-537Braham, ohn (port.). iii. 347 Cantil ation (ill.) .••.. iii. 537-549Brandes, Georg (port.) iii. 351-352 Cantonists .......... iii. 549-550Brazen Sea (ill.) ...... ill. 358 Cantor, Georg....... iii: 550-551Breach of Promise of Cantor, Moritz (port.). ill. 551-552Br~~r~~: : :: : : : : :: llt: 361-363 Capital Punishment .. iii. 554-558

363-365 Capsali Famil&....... iii. 559-561Breal, Michel J. A. Captivity, Ba ylonian ill. 563-568

(portl·········· . iii. 365-366 Carabajal FamilyBreastp ate (ill.) ..... iii. 366-367 (ill.) .............. ill. 568-569Breithaupt, John F. Caro, Joseph (ill.) .•.. ill. 583-588

(port.) ...........• iii. 369-370 Carpentras .......... iii. 589-591Brest-Litovsk ••••... iii. 373-378 Carregal, Raphael H.Bribery ..•.......... iii. 379-381 1. (port.)•......... w. 592-593Brick (ill.) .••....... iii. 381 Carvajal, Antonio. .., iii. 595Bride •.............. iii. 381-382 CasesFamilt. .. . . . .. iii. 596-597Bridegroom of the CaspiiJosep •.•..... iii. 600-601Law (ill.). •. ...... iii. 382 Casse (ill.) .•........ 'iii, 601--602

Bristol (ill.) .•....... iii. 387-388 Cassel, David (port.).. iii. 603British Museum, Lon- ... Cassel, Paulus ... ' .... iii. 604-605

don.............. nl. 388-391 Castro, De, Family....Brokers............. iii. 395-396 (ill.) .. , ........... iii. 608-612Brotherly Love. . ... iii. 397-398 Castro, Sarmento •.... iii. 612Brothers, Richard ...• iii. 398 Cat ................ iii. 613-614Brull, Ignaz......... iii. 401 Catacombs (ill.) ...... iii. 614-618BrUU,Jakob ......•• ill. 402 Catal°lPles.... " ..... iii. 618-620BrUll, Nehemiah. . . .. iii. 402-403 Catechisms.••....... iii. 621-624Brunetti, Angelo..... iii. 403-404

g:~:re~~y:.'.·.::::::: :iii. 625

Brussels (ill.) ........ iii. 406-408 iii. 627Buber,Solomon (port.) ill. 409-410 Caucasus (ill.) ••..... iii. 628-631Bucharest ...... " ... iii. 411 Caul................ m· 631-632Budapest (ill.) ....... iii. 416-420 Cedar (ill.) .......... 111. 635-636Budweis (ill.) ........ iii. 421 Cemetery (ill.) ....... iii. 637-642Bueno Family (port.). iii. 422-423 CensorshiZ (ill.) .. " .. ill. 642-652Bulgaria ............ iii. 425-427 Chajes, ebi HirschBurglary ••..•....•.. iii. 4,30-431 (port.) .•.•.•.....• iii. 660-661

145

211217-219219

221-224224-226226229-230232-233

234-236237-244244-245245-248248-249249-253254-257258-260260-261261

262-265265-268269-273276280-283

283-288

288-292293-303

304-308311-316316-317318-322324325-331331-332333-336336-340342-344

345-348350-353354354-355359-361362-363

i~=~'369-372

372373-374374-376377-378378-379385-386386-389390-394395-398

PAGE

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146

8UBJF.:cr VOL.Co~erences, Rabbin- .

ical IV.Confession of Sin (ill.) iv.Confirmation ... ~ "" .. iv.Confiscation 01' He-

brew Books (ill.) ... iv.Conflict of Laws. .. . .. iv.Conforte, David. •. . .. iv.Consanguinity. . . . . .. iv.Consistory iv.Constance, Switzer-land (ill.) ..•...... iv.

Constantinople (ill.). . iv.Constellations. • • . . .• iv.Consumption (map) •• iv.Contract. . . .. . . . . . .. iv.Conversion. . . .. . . . .. iv.Cookery (ill.) iv.Copenhagen iv.Copper••........... iv.Coral IV.Corcos Family (pedi-

gree) •......•••••• iv.Cordova (ill.) iv.Corfu iv.Coronation Chair iv.Cosmogony iv.Cossacks' Uprising

(map) .•.......... iv.Costa, Da, Family

(pedigree). . . . • • • •• iv.Costume (ill.) .•.....• iv.Council of Four Lands

(ill.) ...........•.• iv.Courland iv.Court Jews. . . . . . . . .. iv.Covenant iv.Cowen, F. H. (port.).. iv.Cracow (ill.) .••..•••• iv.Cradle Songs...•.... iv.Craniometry iv.Creation (ill.) iv.Cremation. . . . . . . . .. iv.Cremieux, IsaacAdolphe (port.) iv.

Crescas, Hasdai iv.Cresques 10 Juheu. • .. iv.Cresson,Warder iv.Crimea iv.Criminology. . . .. . . .. iv.Cromwell, Oliver (ill.) iv.Cross iv.Crown iv.Crown of the La.w(ill.) .........••.•. iv.

Crucifixion. . . . . . . . .. iv.Cruelty. . . . . . . . . . . .. iv.g~~:~1e!~.~~~.a~~: ~~:Cup (ill.) iv.Cura~ao (ill.) ..•..•.. iv.Curtain (ill.) ....•• '" iv.Custom iv.

INDEX

PAGE

663-664660-666666-667667-676

677677-6796796841-77-813-1616-2122-2728-3133-3841-42474849-5963-6464-7577-8686-898889-9192-102104-105107-109

110-111114-116118-120120-121

125-132135-138138-139142-144144

145147149156-157157-158161-162163166-170170-171171-174174-178178-179180-181

181-186186-192

194-201204-207207-209209-211

8UBJEcr VOL.Chamberlain, Hous-

ton S in.Chao Yng-Cheng iii.Char~ot (ill.) m.Charlty m.Charlemont, Countessof m.

Charleston, S. C. (ill.). iii.Chartography (map) .• iii.Chaaanowics, Joseph .• iii.Chazars (map) .....•. iv.Cheese iv.Cherub (~ll.) iv.Chess (ten poru.) iv.Chicago (ill.) . • • . . .. iv.Childbirth (ill.) iv.China (ill.). . . . . . . . .. iv.Cholera " iv.Choynski, Joseph. . . .. iv.Christian iv.Christianity •.......• iv.Chronogram iv.Chronology iv.Church Councils. . . . .. iv.Chwolson, Daniel (ill.) iv.Cid iv.Cincinnati (ill.) .•.... iv.Circumcision (ill.). . .. iv.City iv.ClassicalWriters iv.Clean and Unelean

Animals iv.Clementina. .. . . . . . .. iv.Cleveland, O. (ill.) .... iv.Climation. . . . . . . . . .. iv.Coat of Arms (ill. andfronti8'fJie.cetovol.iv.) iv.

Cochin (t.ll.)••....... iv.Cock iv.Coffin (ill.) iv.Cohen iv.Cohen, Alfred J. (Alan

Dale) ..........•.. iv.Cohen, Elias. . .. . . . .. iv.Cohen, Hermann " iv.Cohn, Albert iv.Cohn, Ferdinand. . . .. iv.Cohn, Tobias (ill.) iv.Cohnheim, Julius iv.Cologne (ill.) , iv.Colon, Joseeh. .. . . . .. iv.Colophon (t.ll.) '" iv.Color iv,Colorado (ill.) .•..... iv.,Commandment iv.Commandments, The,

613 iv.Commerce. • . . . . . . .. iv.Communi ty Organiza-

tion .......•...... iv.Concordance iv.Conditions. . . . . . . . .. iv.Conegliano Family ... iv.

Chamberlain

Digitized byCoogle

36-3942-4851-5455-737378-79

80-8182-8484-8587-88

90-919292-93100-101105-106113-115121-128128-129 .

130-135138-139141142-144145-146

16-1820-21

651-653653-654654-657660-6883

v. 3-4v. 7v. 7-8v. 11-13v. 14-15

636-637639640-641643-644645-646646-651

619-621621623623-624624-628630-632633

Emanation

147

Eden, Garden of. . . .. v.Education (ill.). . .... v.Eger Family (portB.).. v.EjO'pt (ill.). .. . . . . . .. v.Ebad MiYodea' ..... , v.Einhorn, David (port.) v.Eisenmenger, Johann(ill.).. . .. .. .. . . . .. v.

Eisenstadt Family.... v.Ejectment. . . . . . . . .. v.EI Nora 'Alilah (ill.).. v.Eldad ben Mali ha-Dani v.

Elder v.Elder, Rebellious. •. .. v.Eleazar of Worms. . .. v.Elephant (ill.). . . . ... v.Eliezer ben Hyrcanus. v.Eli~ah (ill.). . .. . . . . .. v.Elijah's Chair (ill.). .. v.Elijah ben Solomon orElijah Wilna (port.). v.

Elisha ben Abuyah ... v.Elloji Shahir '" v.~lohi!'!t. v.Emanation. . .. . .. v.

B

ms .reyfus Case (ill.) .

Dropsie, Moses AaronDrumont, Edouard A.Dubno,Solomon (port).Dubnow, Simon .Dunash ben Labrat .Duns Scotus, John .Duran Family (pedi-

gree). . • . ..•.• v.Duty v.

INDEX

8UBlF.cr VOL. PAGEDisinterment iv. 613-614Disputations (ill.). . .. iv. 614-618Disraeli, Benjamin

(port.). . . . . . . . . . .. iv.D'Israeli, Isaac (port.) iv.Divekar, Samuel. . . .. iv.Divination iv.Div~rce (ill.) iv.

E~ftt~kY;MeWili~~·.::~~:Dominieo Irosolimit­ana or Hierosoly-mitano ..•........ iv. 635

Domninus " iv. 635-636Domus Conversorum(ill.).. . . . . . . . . . . .. iv.

Donmeh iv.Dorbolo. . . . . . . . . . .. iv.Dositheus iv.Dowry iv.Drama, Hebrew iv.Drama, The Jew inModern...•....... iv.

Drama, Yiddish iv.iv.iv.v.

553553-556559-574574-575576577-585585-58R58S-59459ti-601

506-509515-521522-524526-529529-530

483-486487-488490-491491-492492-498499-500501-502505-506

474-475476-477477-479479-480480480-482

415-420420-421421424-426426-430

D8UBlECT VOL. PAGE

Daggatun: iv. 410Damascus (ill. and

map) ...........•. iv.~mascus Affair. . . .. iv.

Damrosch, Leopold. .. iv.Dancin~ iv.Daniel iU.).•....... iv.Daniel n MOBesAl-

~umisi •.......... iv. 433-434Darmeeteter, Arsene

(port.) iv. 443-444Darmesteter, James

(port.) iv, 444-447DaUJ!lter. . . . . . . . . .. iv. 448-450DaVId (ill.) iv. 451-458David, Ferdinand

(port.) iv. 462-463David ben Solomon. .. iv. 469-470Davids, Arthur Lum-

le:y.•............. iv. 471DaVIS,James , iv. 473-474Dawison, Bogumil

(port.) ........••.. iv.Day of the Lord. . •. .. iv.Dead Sea (ill.). iv.Deaf and Dumb .. " .. iv,Deaf-Mutism IV.Death, Angel of. . . . .. iv.Death, Views Con-

cerning (ill.) ... , ... iv.Debarim Rabbah.. . .. iv.Debtor and Creditor .. iv.Debts of Decedents.. iv.Decalogue (ill.). . . . .. iv.Deed iv.Deiches Family ' iv.Delitzsch, Franz iv.Delmedigo Family

(port.) iv.Demonology (ill.) •... iv.Denmark iv.Derek Ere, .. " . " '" iv.Derelicts. . .. . . . . . . .. iv.Derenburg Family

(porta.). • . . . . . . . .. iv, 530-532Dernbur~, Heinrich... IV. 532Dessau (ill.) iv. 535-536Detmold, Johann Her-

mann. . . . . . . . . . . .. iv. 537-538Deuteronomy iv. 538-546Deutsch, Emanuel.. .. iv. 547-548Devotional Literature. iv. 550-552Dhu Nuwas, Zur'ah

Musuf ibn TubanAs'ad abi Karib. . .. iv.

Diabetes " iv.Diaspora .•.......... iv.Dibbukim. . . . . . . . . .. iv.Dick, Isaac Mayer .... iv.Dictionaries. . . . . . . .. iv.Didache. . . . . . . . . . .. iv.Didasealia, . . . . . . . .. iv.Dietary Laws .. " . . .. iv.

Digitized byCoogle

Emden INDEX

8UB.TECI' VOL. PAGE 8UB.TECI' VOL. PAGEEmden, Jacob (ill.) •• v. 149-152 Ferrara~ill.) ........• v. 365-373Emin Pasha (port.) .•. v. 152-153 Ferrer, icente...... v. 373En Kelohenu (ill.) .... v. 154-155 Festivals ............ v. 374-377Encyclopedia ........ v. 156-157 Fettmilch, VincentEndingen (ill.) ....... v. 157-158 (ill.) .............. v. 378-379

~nd(ill.) ........ v. 161-174 Fez (ill.) ............ v. 38D-381Engraving and En- Filipowski, Hirsch.... v. 383gravers ........... v. 175-177 Finance ............. v. 383-384

Ennery, Adolphe P. d' v. 177 Finder of Property ... v. 385-386Enoch, Books of. . . . . v. 179-182 Fines and Forfeiture. v. 386-387Enriquez Family ..... v. 183-184 Finger .............. v. 387Epstein Family (pedi- Finzi Family ........ v. 389-390

gree) •••••••.••.•. v. 195-198 Fire ................ v. 391-393Era ................ v. 198-100 Firkovich, Abraham'Erub (ill.) .......... v. 204 (port.) ..••.....•.• v. 393-394Eschatology .••...... v. 209-218 First-Born, Redemp-Essenes............. v. 224-232 tion of (ill.) ........ v. 396-398Esther (ill. and [ron- First-Fruits ......... v. 398-400

tupiece to vol. v.) .•• v. 232-237 FischeIJMoritz von... v. 401Ethical Culture, 80- Fiscus udaicus (ill.) .. v. 402-403ciety for.......... v. 244-245 Fish and Fishing (ill.) v. 403-451

Ethics ..•........... v. 245-258 Flesh............... v. 409-410Etiquette ........... v. 259-261 Flood.............. v. 410-415Etrog (ill.) .........• v. 261-262 Florence (ill.) ........ v. 416-419Etting Family ....... v. 262-263 Flour (ill.) •••....... v. 420~~~~ ~~~.~.:.: : v. 263-264 Folk-Lore ........... v. 423-426

v. 265 Folk-Medicine•...•.• v. 426-427Euphemism ......... v. 267-268 Folk-Songs.......... v. 427Europe (map) ••••.•• v. 269-274 Folk-Tales ........•. v. 427-428Evans, Samuel. ...... v. 274-275 Fonseca Family .••..• v. 429-430Eve of Holidays...... v. 276-277 Foot .............•. v. 430-433Evidence........... v. 277-280 Forest .............. v. 433-434Evil Eye ............ v. 28D-281 Forgiveness.•....... v. 434-435Exchequer of the Forty .............. v. 438-439Jews (ill.) ......... v. 284-285 France (map and ill.). v. 442-470

Excommunication .... v. 285-287 Franck, AdolpheExilarch ............ v. 288-293 (port.) .•.......••• v. 472-473Exodus (ill.) ......... v. 296-305 Franco Family. " .... v. 474Exorcism ........... v. 305-306 Frank. Jacob (port.) •• v. 475-478Exctation of Life... v. 306-318 Frankel Family (pedi-'f,:y ehute, Jonathan gree) .•••.•.....•• v. 479

(port.) .......•.•.. v. 308-310 Frankel, ZachariasEye ................ v. 31D-313 (port.) .•••......•• v. 482-484Ezekiel <fIl.)......... v. 313-316 Frankfort-on-the-Ezekiel, oses (ill.). " v. 319-320 Main (ill.) ......... v. 484-492

Franke, Ludwig Au-F KUSt.............. v. 495-496

Franks Familr ~ort.) v. 497-498Falaahas (ill.) ........ v. 327-330 Fransos, Kar milFalk, T;layyim(port.). v. 331 (port.) ..........•• v. 498-499Fall ofMan.......... v. 333-335 Fraternities ......... v. 499-500Familianten Gesetz... v. 335-336 Fraud .............. v. 500-501Fano Family ........ v. 341-342 Frauenstadt, Chris-Faraj ben Salim (ill.). v. 342-343 tianM.J .......... v. 501-502Faro ............... v. 346 ~~:d:ri~ta\ra~h~ ... v. 502

_- Fasting and FastDays ............. v. 347-349 great (ill.) ......... v. 502-503

Fat •................ v. 349-351 Freemasonry ........ v. 503-505Faudel-Phillips, Sir FreeWill ........... v. 505-506George (port.) ...... v. 352 Freund, Wilhelm..•.. v. 509-510

Fear ••............. v. 354-365 Friedenwald Family .• v. 513Fee..•............. v. 355-357 Friedlander, DavidFeet, Washin~f. .... v. 357 (port.) ............ v. 515Felix, Elisa- chel Fringes ..... , ....... v. 521-522

(port.) •.•.•••..•.. v. 360 Frohman, Charles.... v. 523-524

148

Digitized byCoogle

118121-124124127-130130-131133-134

135135-137141-146149-151153-155155-156157-160161164

166-167

109-113

107

81-8385-8888-9092-9497-9898102102-104104-105106

.Halberstam

Habdalah (ill.) vi.Haber (ill.) vi.

ftabib, Jacob ibn. . vi.ad Gadya (ill.). . . .. vi.

. adad (ill.). . . . . . . .. vi.l;Iadith , vi.Haffkine, WaldemarM.W vi.

Haftarah. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Ha~adah (ill.). . . . .. vi.H~JOgrapher vi.Hal Gaon. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Haidamacks vi.Hair vi.Hakkafot (ill.) v~.Halalah.. . . . . . . . . . .. VI.Halberstam, Solomon

(port.) .•...••••••• vi.149

B

8UBJECl' VOL. PAGEGoldsmiths and Silver-smiths vi. 32-33

Goldziher, Ignas

Go\~'~: '.: : : : : : : : :: ~: gtg~Gomel Benshen. . . . .. vi. 40Gomez Family (pedi-

gree) ••••......•.. vi. 40-42Gompers, Samuel

(port.). . .. . .. .. ... vi. 42-43Gompertz."Lewis. . • .. vi. 43Gordon, Lord George

(port.) vi. 47Gordon, Leon (port.). vi. 47g~~~fJ\2:.·..Ab~~h~~ vi. 49-50Baer (port.) .•••... vi. 65

Goudchaux, Michel.. vi. 56Goudsmit, Joel Eman-uel. .•............ vi. 56

Government. •. . . . . .. vi. 57-60Grace, Divine. .. . . . .. vi. 60-61Grace at Meals vi. 61-62Gradis Family (pedi-

gree). . • • . . . . . . . .. vi. 63Graetz, Heinrich

(port.) vi. 64-67Grammar, Hebrew. •• vi. 67-80Gratz Family (pedi-. gree) ..•.....•.... vi.Greek Language. . . . . vi.Greetings, Forms of.. vi.Grodno vi.Groves vi.Growth vi.Guardia. . . . . . . .. vi.Guardian and Ward.. vi.Guastalia, Enrico. . .. vi.g~'if:~~m~r~~~"vi.vergne " vi.

Gunsburg Family(pedigree) •.....•.. vi.

INDEX

26-27

584-587587-588589-592593-596599599-611612-613615-626627-629631--635635-637641643646-647648649-650650-652652-655656-659660665-666668-669670-671671-672677681-6861-151617-1818-1921-222324-25

547-548549-553553-554558-563563564-565565-566566-567567-572573574-575575-576582-584

538-540540-543

Gabbai Family ••..•.. v.Gabriel. v.Galante Family (pedi-

Gat:r~:: : : : : : : : : : :: ~:Galilee v.Gamaliel(ill.). • • • . .. v.Gambli~ v.Games (iU.). . • . .. v.Gans, David (ill.).. . v.GaDS,Eduard (port.).. v.Gaon v.Garmu ••••......... v.Gate .••............. v.Gatigno Family. • . ... v.Gehenna (ill.).. . . . . .. v.Geiger, Abraham

(port.) v.Geiger, Lazarus. . . . .. v.Gematria. •• ••... v.Gems v.Generation, Length of. v.Genesis (iU.). v.Genizah (iU.). • . • . . .. v.Gentile .....•....... v.Georgia v.Germany (iU.). . . . . .. v.Geronla •........... v.Gerstoe, Lewis. . . ... v.Gesenius .•••...... " v.Get ..•............. v.Ge'uUah.•.......... v.Ghazali. v.Ghazzati, Nathan (ill.) v.Ghetto .•........... v.Giants ..•........... v.Gibraltar (ill.) .Gikatilla, Joseph. . . .. v.Gilyonim. . . . . . ..... v.Ginzberg, Asher (port.) v.Girth v.Glass (ill.).. . . . . . . . .. v.Gnosticism. . v.God vi.Godfather vi.Godliness. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Go'el vi.Golden Rule. . . . . . . .. vi.Goldfaden. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Goldmarkt Karl (port.) vi.Goldschmidt, LevinGoVds:~~i'dt: .. Me'I~.. vi.

Aaron (]!Qrt.). .. • .. vi. 27GoldsmidFamily(pedi-

gree) •••••••••.•. , vi. 28-32

8UBJECl' VOL. PA.GE

~~n~~Lu8:~~:o"Jd v. 527-528Rites , v. 529-530

Furniture, Household v 531-533FUrst, JulIUS(port.). •. v. 533-534FUrth (iU.) ......•.... v. 536-538

G

346345-347350350-351353-354354-355355356-361362r363

363

365365-366366-367370--371373373-377385385-386387-389389-393

395-396397-400405-406406-408409409-410

411-412413

414-416

417423-425426-428429-430433-434437-439439-442444-446446-447450450-451451-454454-457457-458463-465

467

468-469469-470470-472473476-478479-480480-481

481-482485-486487-488

VOL. PAGE

Digitized byCoogle

287-289292-294294-295295-297298-300300-304304-305306-310314-315316316-318

270--271277-278278-279280--282283-284284-287

244245248-249250-251250-256256-258260

234-236236237-238239-242234

194-195197-198198-200211-212214-216221-223223-226226-229232-233

167-168168-169169169170-174176-178179-186191-194

8UBJEcrHendricks Family

(pedigree) .......•• vi.Henle, Friedrich. • • .. vi.Henschel, Georg. • • •. vi.Hepl Hep!. .. vi.Heresy vi.Hermes, Books of. • • . vi.Hermon (ill.). . . . . . .. vi.Herod (pedigree) ••.•• vi.Herschelil.SSirWIlliam.. vi.Hersche, Solomon

(port.) ..........• , vi.Hertzveld, Estella D.S vi.

Herz, Cornelius vi.HerziHenriette (port.) vi.

z , Theodor (port.). vi.Hess, Moses.•. , . . . .. vi.Hesse vi.Bibbut ha-Keber " vi.lliddushim. • •. . . . . .. vi.High Place. .. . . . . . .. vi.Hiib Priest. . . . . . . . .• vi.Hifdesheimer, Israel

(port.) .......••••• vi.Hillel (ill.). . • . . . . . •. vi.Hiram (ill.). • . . .. . .. vi.Hiring and Letting. •. V!.Hirsch, August. . • . .. VI.Hirsch, Clara de (port.»vi.Hirsch Fund, Bar,pnde vi.

Hirsch, Jenny ..•.... vi.Hirsch, Baron Mau-

261-264 rice de (port.) .....• vi.Hirsch, Samson Raph-

267-269 ael (port.) .....•.•• vi.HistorIography. . . . .. vi.Hittites (ill.)..•..•.. vi.Biwi al-Balkhi, . .. . .. vi.Hochheimer Family.. vi.Holdheim, Samuel. . .. vi.Holiness. . . . . . . . . . .. vi.'Holy Days vi.Holy of Holies. . . . . .• vi.Holy Spirit. • .. . . . . .. vi.Homel (Gome!)...... vi.Homicide. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Homiletics. . . . . . . . .. vi.Honig, Israel.. . .. vi.Horology (ill.) vi.Horowitz, Leopold(ill.) , vi.

Horowitz, PhinehasLevi vi.

Horse vi.Horticulture.. . . . . . .. V!.Hosanna. . .. . . . . . . .. VI.

319-320 Hosha 'naRabbah (ill.) vi.Hospital , vi.

322-326 Hospitality vi.327-330 Host, Desecration of332-333 (ill.) vi.335-340 I House.............. vi.341-343 v .Hugh of Lincoln (ill.). vi.

150

PAGE

INDEX

SUBJECI' VOL.Halevy, Jacques

H;.re~-,>j~~ph (p~:j ~:Halevy, Uon .. " . . .. vi.Halevy, Ludovic ..... vi.Hali,ah. •. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Hallel (ill.) vi.Halu~J.tah (ill.).•.... vi.llamburg. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Hamburger, Jacob

(port.). . . . . . . . . . .. vi.Hameln, Glilckel of... vi.Hammurabi (ill.).. . .. vi.Hand vi.Hanina b. Dosa, . . . .. vi.llanover (ill.)....•... vi.Hanukkah. . . . . . . . .. vi.Hapax Legomena. . .. vi.Harby Family. . . . . .. vi.H(~~rr.. :~.~~:.... vi.Harland ..... " ..... vi.Harp (ill.).. . . . . . . . .. vi.Hart Family.. . . . . . .. vi.Hart, Ernest. . • . .. .. vi.Hartmann, Moritz

(port.). . . . . . . . . . .. vi.HartojJ, Edouard de.. vi.Hasdai, Abu Yusuf ... vi.Hasidseans. ., . . . . . .. vi.Hasidim. ., . . . . . . . .. vi.llaskalah. • ., . . . . . .. vi.Hatra'ah. . . . . . . . . . .. vi.Hattarat Hora'ah(ill.).. . . . . . . . . . . .. vi.

Hawkers and Pedlers(ill.) vi.

Hays Family (pedi-gree) vi.

J)ayyuj, Judah .•.... vi.

iayyun, Nehemiah... vi.aza\!:ah vi.azkarat Neshamot.. vi.H:==:~'F~~iiy' (~£. vi.gree) •••.......... vi.

Head-Dress (ill.) ..... vi.Health Laws. . . . . . .. vi.Heart vi.Hebra :ij:addisha. . . .. vi.Hebraiste, Christian.. vi.Hebrew vi.Hebrew Language. . .. vi.Hedar vi.HeCker vi.He~, Georg W. F.. .. vi.Heidenheirn, WolfHe~1;i~ F~~il~; (p~i- vi.

gree and port.) vi.Heine, Heinrich (port.) vi.Hekalot vi.Hellenism. . . . . . . . . .. vi.Heller, Yom-Tob ..... vi.

Hale1vy

Digitized byCoogle

178-181182

176-177

158-159160-173174-175175-176

118-157

92-9496-102102-107110-112115-118

90-91

4748-5053-6358-606363-6464-6566-6769-707172-53737575-7777-7982

181919-2427-2836-3941-4242-43

151

Jabn~h••......••••• ~.Jacklin ........•...• Vll.Jacob (ill.) vii.Jacob ben Asher (ill.). vii.Jacob ben MelrTam .. vii.Jacob ben Reuben .... vii.Jacob ben Wolf Kranz vii.Jacobi, Abraham

(port.) vii. 44Jaco~s, JRseph, .. the ..WIzard vu, 46

Jacobson, Israel(port.) vii.

Jacoby, Johann (port.) vii.Jaffe Family (pedigru) vii.Jaffe, Mordecai (ill.) .. vii.Jagel, Abraham vii.Jahr~it ~!.JahVlst VII.Jamaica (ill.) vii.James, Epistle of.•... vii.Jannes and Jambres .. vii.Japheth ha-Levi.•... vii.Jare Family vii.Jason of Cyrene ~!.Jassy VII.Jastrow, Marcus (port.) vii.Jehiel of Pisa vii.Jeiteles Family

(tJort.) .........•.• vii.Jellmek Family

(port.). . . . . . . . • .. • vii.Jeremiah (ill.) .•....• vii.Jeremiah, Book of..•• vii.Jericho (ill.) " ~!.Jerome Vll.Jerusalem (map. andill.) , vii.

Jessel, Sir George(port.) .........•.• vii.

Jesus of Nazareth vii.Jew (The Word) vii.Jewish Chronicle (ill.) vii.Jewish Colonial Trust

(ill.) vii.Jewish ColonizationAssociation vii.

Jewish Lads' Brigade .. vii.

SUBJECT VOL. PAGEIsaac ben Sheshet Bar-fat (ill.). .. . . . . . . .. vi. 631-632

Isaiah, Book of (ill.) .. vi. 636-642Islam.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. vi. 651-659Israel, Kingdom andPeople of.. . . . . . . .. vi. 660-666

Israeli, I!I8.8.c.. . . . . .. vi. 670-672Israels,Joseph (ill.) ... vi. 674-676Isserles, Moses. . . . . .. vi. 678-680Italy (map) ...•...•. vii. 1-11Itzig Family ~!. 11-12Ivory vu, 14

JewishINDEX

518-519519519-520520

520-524525-526

526-533534-535535-536536537-538539

539-540540-541542-543

544-550552552-553556557-558558-559559-560561-562562

563-564

564-567567-568568-571571-575575-580582-583583-585586586587-603603-605605-607607-609610-612612-613614-616

627628-629629

510-511511-512513-514518514-515

VOL. PAGEvi. 490-492vi. 494-503vi. 504vi. 504-506vi. 508-510

IIbn vi.Ibn Bal'am. .. . . . . . .. vi.Ibn Barun •.••...... vi.Ibn Danan. . . . . . . . .. vi.Ibn Ezra, Abraham

(ill.) vi.Ibn Ezra, Moses. .. . .. vi.Ibn Gabirol, Solomon(ill.) vi.

Ibn Janab. •. . . . . . . .. vi.Ibn Jau, Jacob. . .. . .. vi.Ibn Killis, Ya 'J}:ub... vi.Ibn Migas, Joseph. . .. vi.Ibn Pulgar, Isaac ..... vi.Ibn Shaprut, Shem-Tob vi.

Ibn Shem-Tob, Joseph vi.Ibn Shoshan Family .... vi.Ibn Tibbon Family(ill.) " vi.

Ibn VIVesAl-Lorqui. . vi.Ibn Wa'ar vi.Idioc~ vi.Ignatiev. . . . . . . . . . .. VI.Ignorance of the Law. vi.Illegitimacy. . . . . . . .. vi.

I~!:!'s~:ro~~=: ~:Immanuel of Rome

(ill.) vi.Immortality of theSoul vi.

Incantation ••..•.. " vi.Incense ......••.... vi.Incest .........•.... vi.Incunabula.. . . . . . . .. vi.Infancy vi.Inheritance .•.•..... vi.Ink (ill.) vi.Inn vi.Inquisition (ill.) vi.Insanity. . . . . . . . . . .. vi.Insects vi.Inspiration .....•.... vi.Intermarriage ..••..• vi.Invocation. . . . . . . . .. vi.Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . .. vi.Isaac ben Moses of

Vienna..........• vi.Isaac of Norwich (ill.) vi.Isaac, Samuel. . . • . . .• vi.

SUBJECTHumility .Hungary (map) .Hunting .Huppah (ill.) .Husband and Wife .ij:ushiel ben Elhanan(ill.).. . . . . . . . . . . .. vi.

HuJpa .•............ vi.llyneman Family. • .. vi.Hypocrisy. . . . . . . . .. vi.Hyreanus (ill.) vi.

400401-407409-411413-414414-416417-418423

424-426

426-429431435-436436-437

438-447449451

452-456

457-458

458-459459

460461-462'462462-463463468-471472-478480483483-484484-485487-491491-492493493-497.498-500500-502502-503509-510511512-514515-516517518-519

Digitized byCoogle

Ka'b al-Ahbar .•..•.. vii.

laddiSh (ill.) •••.•..• vii.ahal. ............• vii.abn, Zadoc (port.) •.. vii.

Kairwan ...•........ vii.Kalilab wa-Dimnah vii.Kallah vii.Kalrsn mus Family( igru) vii.

K onymus ben Ka.-lonymus (ill.) vii.

Kammerknechtschaft vii.Kapparah (ill.).. .,. vii.Karat Joseph . . . . . .. vii.Karaites and Karaism(ill.) vii.

Karlsbad (ill.) vii.Karpeles1 Gustav vii.Katzenel enbogenFamily (pedt,gree) •• vii.

Kaufmann, David(port. ). . . . . . . . . . • • vii.

Kaufmann, Isidor(ill.) vii.

Kaula al-Yahudi vii.Kayserling, Meyer

(port.) ...•••••..•• vii.Kayyaral Simeon. • •• vii.Kean, Eamund .•.... vii.

ledeshah .••........ vii.edushshah .••..•.•. vii.erobot (ill.) .•.•.... vii.etubah (ill.) ••••..• vii.

Key (ill.) .........•. vii.Kiamil Pasha (port.). vii.~~ddush vii.i(iddush ha.-Shem...• vii.~h~'~:: :: : : :: :: : : : ~:Kilo ~a'eh (ill.) ...... vii.

I!mbi Family .•..... vU·inah , " vp..lng•......•..••••• Vll.

Kingdom of God.•... vii.Kirkisani, Abu Yusuf. vii.Kisch Family. . . . • .• vii.Kishinef vii.Kiss and Kissing vii.Klacsko, Julian vii.Klaus •••........••• v;;.

8UBlEcr VOL. PAGF.Judas Maccabeus..... vii. 370-374Judenhut ........•.. vii. 375Judenschule vii. 375Judenstattigkeit vii. 375Ju~ent, Divine vii. 385Judischheit vii. 387Judith, Book of vii. 388-390Junior Right •••..... vii. 393Jurisdiction .••.....• vii. 394-395Jus Gazaka vii.. 395Justinian .•••.•••••• vii. 396-398Justis, Dr ...•••••••• vii. 398

INDEX

PAGE

353-355356-358359-368369-370

152

183-184185189-190190-191193-200200-202202-203204-208213

214-217217218-219219220-222222223-224236-238238240-241241-242242-243244-246246-253253-254256-257

259-261

264-265

267-268

269-270274-281284-288

288-289290-292293-294

296-297298299301-304304-309

309-310

310-311313-324324-326

331-332

332-333333-337344-345346-353

8UBlECl' VOL.Jewish. Theological ..

SeIIllIl&rY. • • . . . . • • Vll.Jews' College••.....• vii.Joab Family .•....•.. vii.Joachim, Joseph •••.• vii.Job ..•. , vii.Job, Testament of vii.Job, Well of (ill.) ..••. vii.Joel, Book of.••..... vii.Johanan b.Nuri vii.Johanan ben Zakkai(ill.) vii.

Johannesburg ...•... vii.John the Baptist vii.John of Capua vii.John of Giscala vii.Johnson Family vii.Joint Owners. . vii.Jonathan Maccabeus.. vii.

i~~h!~alir:~~:::::~H:Jose ben I1alafta ....• vii.Jose ben Jose vii.Josel of Rosheim•.... vii.Joseph (ill.)........• vii.Joseph Family vii.Joseph of Arimathea .• vii.Joseph ben Gorion(ill.) vii.

Joseph ben Jacob ibnZaddik .••........ vii.

JO~l>h .ben Judah ibn ..AJf;run Vll.

JOolflcial~~~ ..~~~~~~ vii.Josephus, Flavius •... vii.Joshua, Book of..•... vii.Joshua, SamaritanBook of•.........• vii.

Joshua ben Hananiab. vii.Joshua ben Levi vii.Jost, Isaac Marcus(ill.) vii.

Jotapata (ill.) ••••..• vii.Joy ..•............. vii.Jubilees, Book of. •••. vii.Judreo-German .••. ,. vii.Judreo-German Liter-ature •............ vii.

Judreo-Greek Liter- ..ature ..••......... Vll.

Judeeo-Persian vii.Judseo-Spanisb vii.Judah (AmericanFamily) vii.

Ju?ah (Russian Fam- "ily)...•.......... Vll.

Judah I. vii.Judah ben Isaac vii.Judah ha-Levi (ill.) vii.Judah Low ben Be-zaleel (ill.) vii.

Judah ben Samuel. vii.Judaism vii.Judaizing Heresy vii.

Jewish

Digitized byCoogle

SUBJECT VC?~J. P.~GE SUBJECT VOL. PA.GEKnot ..•........•... Vll. 525-526 Levanda, Lev........ viii. 17-18~ohelet Rabbah ••. , . vii. 529-532 Levi, Tribe of. ....... viii. 20-21

ohn, Solomon...... vii. 535-536 Levi, Borach ........ viii. 24-25Kohut,AUexander ..•• vii. 537-538 Levi, David (port.) .•• viii. 25Kol Nidre (ill.)....... vii. 539-546 Levi, David (port.) .•. viii. 25-26Konigsberg (ill.) .•... vii. 549-551 Le~ ben Gershon ...Ktinigswarter Fa.mily (ill.).............. vm. 26-32

(port.) ............ vii. 551-552 Levi, Raphael. . . . ... viii. 35-36Koni tz Affair. . . . . . . . ~!. 552 Leviathan and Behe- ...Koran .............. Vll. 557-560 moth ............. Vlll. 37-39Karasi, Joseph ....... ~. 563 Levin, Hirsehel (port.) viii. 39-40Kovno .............. Vll. 566-568 Levin, Rahel (port.) ..• viii. 42Krauss, F. S. (Folk- Levinsohn, Isaac Baer ...lorist) ............ vii. 571 (port.) ..•......... Vlll. 42-45Krimchaks .•••...... vii. 574-575 Levirate Marriage .... viii. 45-46Krochmal, Nachman Levita, Elijah (ill.) ... viii. 46-49Kohen .•.......... vii. 576-577Kronecker, Leopold.• vii. 577 Leviticus (ill.) ....... vH!. 50-55Kuh, Ephraim .••.... vii. 580-581 Levy, Aaron .•....... Vlll. 55-56Kurdistan ........... vii. 585-586 Levy, Abraham Hirt- ...

56zel. .............. Vlll.

L Uvy, AUbert...•.... viii. 56Uvy, Alfred...••... viii. 56

Laehieh (ill.) ........ vii. 590-592 Uvy, Alphonse ...... viii. 56Lamed-Waw .••..... vii. 596 ~vy, Amy.•........ viii. 56-57Lamp, Per~etus.I (ill.). vii. 599-600 Uvy, Armand ....... viii. 57Lamp, Sab ath (ill.). vii. 600-601 Levy, Asser......... viii. 57-58Lampronti, Isaac ..... vii. 601-604 Levy, Joseph Moses... viii. 61Lancaster, Pa. (ill.) •.. vii. 604-605 Levy, Uriah Phillips ...

64-65t:~:fi'~l:n~¥e~~~·)~t:

606-609 (port.) •...•....... Vlll.613-615 Lewald, Fanny ...... viii. 66

Lasker, Eduard (port.) vii. 621-622 Lewis, Sir GeorgeLasker, Emanuel. .... vii. 622-623 Henry (ill.) ........ viii. 68-69Lassalle, Ferdinand Lewis, Samuel A...... viii. 69

(port.) ............ vii. 623-625 Lewisohn, Leonard ... viii. 69-70Lasson, Adolf........ vii. 626 Libraries (ill.)....... viii. 71-77Lattes Family. . . .... vii. 627-629 Liebermann, Max ...Laver (ill.) .......... vii. 630-632

tf~~~: :::::::::::!ill: 81Law, Codification of.. vii. 635-647 82-83Law, Readin¥: from... vii. 647-648 83-84Laws, Noachian ...... vii. 648-650 Lightning, Benedic-Lazare, Bernard ..... vii. 650 tion on. . . . . ...... viii. 84Lazarus, Emma (port.) vii. 651-652 Lilien Ephraim MosesLazarus, Moritz...... vii. 652-654' - -<ill.).............. viii. 85Lebanon (ill.) ........ vii. 656-657 L!ljenthal, Otto (ill.) ..vm. 87Lebensohn, Abraham Lilith ............... Vlll. 87-88

(port. ). . . . . . . . . . . . vii. 657-658 Lily................ viii. 88-89Lee, Sidney. . . . . .... vii. 661-662 Lincoln (ill.) ......... viii. 90-91Le-Dawid Baruk (ill.) vii. 659-661 Lindo Family (pedi- ...Leeser, Isaac (port.) ..• vii. 663 uree) ..•.......... Vlli. 92~horn (ill.) ........ vii. 664-666 Lindo, Moses.•...... viii. 93

ren Family ....... vii. 668-669 Lipkin Family (pedi- ...Leibzoll............. vii. 669-671 uree)••••......... Vlli. 96Lekah Dodi (ill.) ..... vii. 675-677 Lipmann, Yom-Tob .. viii. 97-98Lemberg (ill.) ....... vii, 678-680 Lippold (ill.) ..•..... viii. 100Leon............... VII. 682-684 Lipschutz Family .... viii. 100-103Leon Family (port.) ... viii. 1-3 Lisbon (ill.) ......... viii. 103-107LeonofModena (port.) viii. 5-7 Literature, ModernLeon, Mosesde•...... viii. 7 Hebrew........... viii. 111-118Leprosy. . . . . ....... viii. 9-11 Lithuania (map) ••... viii. 118-130Leroy-Beaulieu, Henri tl~~~~·.::::::::::::~H:132-140J. B.A............ viii. 12-13 140-141Letter-Writing ....... viii. 15-17 Loeb, Isidor ......... viii. 148-149Letteris, Meir Halevi Loewy, Maurice...... viii. 151

(port.) .•.•.•.••..• viii. 17 Lombroso Family .... viii. 153-154

153

LombrosoINDEX

PAGE362-363365-371372-373373-374375-378

381383384-386386-391393-396397-398398401-4054Ol)-406406-409409-422423-425425-431432-431>437-440441-444444-447

450-454454-455455456-458458--463463464-465

476-485

477-478

479--484485--488

490492--493493-495495497-498498-500505505-512513-519519520-521521521-522522-524527-528

528-529529529-530531-532535-538

543-544544-545

546-547

Digitized byCoog Ie

SUBlF.cr VOL.Masariawaih viii.Masorah (ill.) viii.Massarani Family. . .. viii.Master and Servant viii.Mathematics. . . . viii.Maurogonato, IsaccoPesaro viii.

'Maxims, Legal. viii.May Laws viii.Mayence (ill.) viii.Ma"ah (ill.) viii.

~:c~~~~'::::::::::~m:Medals (ill.) viii.Medeba (ill.) viii.Mediator viii.Medicine viii.Medina Family .•.... viii.Megillah (ill.) viii.Melr (ill.) viii.Melr of Rothenburg viii.MeiselFamily (ill.) viii.Mekiltao viii.Meldola Family (pedi- ...

gree) Vlll.Melibah viii.Mels,Alfred. . viii.Memor-book viii.Memorial Dates viii.Memorial Service vm.Memra. . . . . Vlli.Mendelssohn Family

(pedigree) •........ viii.Mendelssohn, Felix

(port.) .........•.. viii.Mendelssohn, Moses ...

(port. ) vm,Mendes Family viii.Mendoza, Daniel (pu-

gilist) viii.Menken Family viii.Menorah (ill.) viii.Menstruation .•...... viii.Meridian, Date (ill.) .. viii.Merkabah viii.

~:::i!h~~~~·.·.·.:::::~m:Metals viii.Me~atron viii.Meter in the Bible. . .. viii.Metuentes viii.Meturgeman viii.Metz (ill.) viii.Meyer, Victor viii.Meyerbeer, Giacomo ...

(port.) Vlll.Meyubas Family. . viii.Meza Family. . . . viii.M~zuzah (ill.) v!H.Michael. Vlll.Micrococcus Prodigio-sus (ill.) viii.

Microcosm. . . viii.Middot, Shelosh-'Es-reh viii.

INDEX

PAGE

350-354355355-356357-358359-362 I

154

303-315

316-317318-322324327-330335-340

340-347347-349

233-234235-236236-237239-244249251-252252-254255-256259-260262-264266-269269-271279

282-284286-288

288290292-294

296-297

297-298299-302

154155-178181-182183-184184-185187-188188188-190192205-206209-213210-212213-215220

'220-227228

Ma'arib viii.Ma'aseh Bereshit viii.Ma'aseh Books. " viii.Mac~abees,Books of.. VF!.Maftlr Vlll.Mage!lDawid (ill.) v~~.M~d VllI.

~:f:~d::: '.:::::::~H:Ma~zor (ill.> viii.Mwmon, Solomon viii.Majority viii.Man, Son of. viii.Manasseh ben Israel(ill.) viii.

Mandreans viii.Mandelkern, Solomon

(port.) viii.Mandelstamm, Max ...

(port.) Vlll.Manna (ill.) , viii.Mansion House and. Guildhall Meetings. viii.Mantl~ of the Law(ill.) viii.

Mantua viii.Manuscripts (ill. and

fr.O!fliapiece to vol .tin'.) Vlll.

Mapu, Abraham ...(port.) Vlll.

Marano viii.Marcello, Benedetto .. viii.Margolioth (pedigree). viii.Marriage viii.Marriage Ceremonies(ill.) viii.

Marriage Laws viii.Martyrdom, Restric-

tion of viii.Martyrology viii.Martyrs, the Ten viii.MarxiKarl (port.) ..•• viii.Mary and. . viii.

M

8UBlEcr VOL.Lombroso, Cesare

(port.) viii.London (ill.) viii.Lope~, Rodrigo ~~.Lord sPrayer Vlll.Lord's Supper vm.Lots Vlll.Lousada Pedigree. . . .~~.Love VIll.Low, Leopold (port.) • viii.Lulab (iU.) viii.Luria Family viii.Luria, Isaac. . viii.Luther, Martin viii.Luzzatti, Luigi (port.) viii.Luzzatto Family

(port.) ..•.•....... viii.Lying viii.

Lombroso

Digitized byGoogle

187-188

188-190193194-195195-197198199-200204-205

213-214214-222225-227227228-233233

234-235243-244

244

246246-254254-258258

259-291293-294294-296302-303

139141145-146149-150150-1521:)2152-160160-165167-168171-172

172-174

177-178

180-183

73-8687-929799-100101-103110-111

112112117-118

118-135

PAGE

Nieto

NNebatseans. . .. . . . . .. ix.N!fasaki (ill.) ix.

~~l~.~~~~~·.:::: ~~:~~~J~~l~: :.: ::: ~~:Names, Personal. ix.Names of God (ill.) ix.Napoleon Bonaparte.. ix.Nasi ix.Nasi, Joseph, Duke ofNaxos ix.

Nathan Family (pedi­gree) ••••.. " .. '" ix.

Nathan ben Jehiel(ill.) ix.

National Farm School,Doylestown, Pa.(ill.) ix.

Nations and Lan-guages, the Seventy. ix.

Navarro Family ix.Nazarenes.. . . . . . . . .. ix.Nazarite ix.Neander ix.Nebich ix,Necromancy. . . . . . . .. ix.Neighboring Land-owners ix.

Ne'ilah(ill.) 1 •••• ix.Nervous Diseases.. . .. ix,Nesek ix.Netherlands. . . . . . . .. ix.Nethinim. . . . . . . . . .. ix.Neubauer, Adolf

(port.) ix,New Moon. . . . . . . . .. IX.New Moon, Blessingof (ill.) ix.

New Orleans, La.(ill.) ix.

~ Testament. . . ix.New~!l:r·(1.11.) ix.New-Year for Trees. " ix.New York (map andill.) ix.

Newman, Alfred ix.Newport, R. I.(ill.) ix.Nieto, David (port.) .• ix.

155

8UBJEcr VOL.Moses ben Maimon

(port. and ill.) ix.Mosesben Nahman. .. ix.Moszkowski, Moritz.. ix.Mo~ot. Samuel ibn. ix.Mourning (ill.) ix.Munk, Salomon. . . . .. ix.Munster, Sebastian(ill.) ix.

Munsterburg, Hugo ix.Musarnikes ... " ix.Music and Musical In-struments (ill.). . .• ix.

INDEX

10-1314-1515-16

18-2931-3535-36

3942-4444-5759-616364-65

68-70

675-677679679-6811-79-10

PAGE548-550550-569569-572

572-580583583-585588590-592594-595596596-597

597-598603-604

604--605605-606608609-619623-624625-627628628-631631-632632-634634-636

636-638639-640641644-647648-650651652657-659659-661

663-671

668-070

· BUBJEcr V~~.Midrash. . . . . Vlll.~~::tII~~~·. ::~H:Midrashim, Smaller

(ill.) viii.Miggo.•............ viii.Mitp'ation viii.~.l,c.weh(ill.) vH!.

~i~~':::::::::::::::~H:M!nes and Mining. . . .v!H.Mlnl}.ah .•.•......... Vlll.Minis Family (pedi- ...

gru) ••••......... Vlll.Minyan viii.Minz Family (pedi- ...

gree) ••••......... Vlll.Mirabeau. • . . viii.~res, Jules Isaac vH!.M~~hnah V~!!.Ml un Vlll.Mizmor (ill.) viii.Mizrah (ill.) viii.MizraQi~amily. . . V!!!.MnemoDlcs V!!!.Moab Vlll.Moabite Stone (ill.) viii.Mocatta Family (pedi-

gree and port.) viii.Modena Family viii.Moghilef (ill.) viii.Mohammed viii.MoiseFamily viii.Molko,Solomon (ill.) ..viii.MoUnFamily viii.Monogamy viii.Monotheism viii.Montef!.ore Family '"

(pedt{1Tu) •........ Vlll.Montefiore, Sir Moses(port..) viii.

Monuments in theirBearin~ on BiblicalExegesis viii.

Moos!Solomon viii.MoraIS, Sabato (port. )viii.Morbidity .... " ..... ix.Mordecai Family. . . .. ix.Mordecai ben Hillel(ill.) ix.

Mordecaiben Nissan . . ix.Morenu ix.Morocco (map andill.) ix,

Mortality ix.Mortara Case. . . . . . .. ix.Moscheles, Ignas

(port.) ix.Moser ix.Moses (ill.) ix.Moses,Children of. . .. ix.MosesBotarel. . . . . .. ix.Mosesha-Darshan. . .. ix.Moses ben Jacob ofCouey ix.

2-56-1821-2828-3032-3333-3435-3839-43455253-5657-58

58-5960-6165-6869-7272-8585-8893-9999-100

582-584586589-592592-595596-598599-600602-640640-641642-646645-648653-655

658-659660-661661-666667-670670-678683-685

523-524524-525526-539541-542542-544545-546548-556556-557559-560560-561561-562566-568570-577577-579

479-504505512-514515-520520-522523

Digitized byCoogle

p

o

INDEXNikolsbutg

RUBlEcr vor., PAGE 8UBlEcr VOL. PAGENikolsburg (ill.) •..... ix, 305-307 Paleo(p"&phy ix. 471-478Nimrod.•........... ix. 309-311 Paleatine (map. andNippur (ill.) ix, 312-313 frontUpiece to vol.Nissim ben Jacob ix. 315-317 ix.) ix.Noah..•............ ix. 319-323 Palgrave, Sir Francis. ix.Noah. Mordecai Man- Parable .•...... " ... ix.

uel (port.). . • . . . . •. ~x. 323-324 Paradise. . . . . . . . . . .. ix.NOIDlsm.• . . . . . . . . .. IX. 326-330 Parallelism. . .. . . . . .. ix.Nones Family (pedi- Perashah ix.

gree) •.••..•••.... ix. 330-331 Parashiyyot. TheNordau, Max ix. 330-332 Four ix.Norwich (ill.) ix. ~36-337 Pardo Family '" ix.Norzi Family , ix. 337-338 Paris (ill.) " ix.Nose. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ix. 338-339 Parnas '. . . . . . .. ix.Nothhandel. • . . . . . .. ix. 340 Parody. . . . . . . . . . . .. ix,Novy Israel. ix. 343 Partnership' '" ix.Numbers and Numer- Passover (ill.) .....•. ix.als, ..... . . . . . . . .. ix. 348-349 Passover Sacrifice. . .. ix.

Numismatics (ill.) ix. 350-356 Patience ix.Nuremberg (ill.) .••.. ix. 358-362 Patriarchs ix.Nut. . . . . . . . . • . . . . .. ix. 363-364 Patriotism. . . . . . . . .. ix.

Peace-Offering. • .. . .. ix.Pedagogics. . • .. . . . .. !x.Pedigree .. \ . . . . . . . .. IX.Peixotto Family (pedi-

Oath ix. 365-367 P ur:eet)'t"al''D" !x.Oath More Judaico em en 1 ays IX.

(ill.) ix. 367-368 Ppentateteutch ix,O t · . 371 374 en cos........... IX.ccupa IOns llX'x .. 377=385 Pereire Family (port.) ix.Odessa (ill.). . . . . . . . . P F '1 .

Off b h J erez amlly......... IX.en aen, acques Per~odicals(ill.) !X.(ill.).. . . . . . . . . . . .. ix. 387-388 P IX

" Oliphant, Laurence ix. 394-395 erlur); . .. . . . . . . . . . .Ollendorff, Henri ix, 395 ~er es amily ix.Omen ix. 397 ersia (ill.) ix.'0 (ill) . 398-31\1\ Peshit.ta ix.mer .. . .. . . . . .. IX. .... Pfefferkorn, Johann'Omer, Lag be- (ill.).. ix, 399-400 (ill.).. . . . . . . . . . . .. ix.Omnam Ken (ill.) IX. 400-401 Pharaoh ix.Onias ha-Me'aggel. ••. ix. 404-405 Pharisees ix.Ophir ix. 406-407 Ph .. .Oppenheim Familr ix. 409-41.0 emcia !x.Op~nheim, MorItz Philadelphia (ill.) IX.

. 1('11) . 413 PhilipP80DFamilr·· .. ix.awe 1......... ix, Phillips Family (pedi-Oppenheimer, Joseph 415-419 gree). • • • • . • . . . . .. x.Suss (port. and ill.). ix. Phil J d usOppenheimer, Samuel 0 u III ••.••••• x.(port.) ix. 419 Phylacteries (iff')' . •• x.

Oppert, Jules (port.) .. ix. 420-421 Picart, Bernar x.Optimism and Pessim- Pictorial Art.. . . . . . .. x.ism ix. 421-423 Pierleoni (ill.). . • . . .. x.

O al L . 423-426 Pilgrimage x.raw IX. 428-430 Pi'!Pul... .. .. .. .. x.

Ordination. . . . . . . . .. ix. 442 A A A .Pinero, Arthur Wing.. x.Ostrog (ill.) ix. -- P' k Le ( ort)Ottolenghi, Giuseppe ms er, V p. x.

~) . 449 Pinto Family (ill.). x.

O d·· . . . . . . . . . .. !x. 452-453 Pirbright, Baron. . . .. x.or .•. . . . . . . . . .. IX. Pir~e de-Rabbi Eli-

'ezer..•.......... x.Pisa (ill.).,( • . . . . . . .. x.Piyyut x.Plague (ill.). . . . . . • •. x.

PacificoCase. . • . . . .. ix. 454 Plants. . • .. . . . . . . . .. x.Padua (ill.) '" ix, 456-461 Pledges. . . x.Pahlavi Literature. .. ix. 462-465 Poetry.............. x.Pale of Settlement. '" ix. 468-470 { J)~try, Lyric. • . • . • •• x.

156

Digitized byCoogle

INDEX Rufina

8UBJF.Cl' VOL. PAGE 8UBJEcr VOL. PAGEPolemics and Polem- B

ical Literature. 0 0 0 • x. 100-109Police Laws ......... x. 109-113 Rabbi .............. x. 294-297Poll-Tax ......... 0.0 x. 113-114 Rabbinovicz, RaphaelPollonais, Amelie..... x. 116 Nathan (port.) ..... x. 298-299Pollonais, Gaston .... x. 116 Races of the Old Tes-Poltava (ill.) ...... 0 • x. 119-120 tament ........... x. 304-305Ponte, Lorenzo da Rachel (ill.) ......... x. 305-307

(port.) ............ x. 125 Raphael. .. 0 •••••••• x. 317-318Popes .............. x, 125-129 Raphael, Mark. " .... x. 319Porges Family ....... x. 131 Rapoport FamilyPorgi~ ............. x. 132 (port.), .... 0 .... o. 0 x. 319-323Porto amily ........ x. 133 Rashi (ill.) .......... x. 324-328Portsmouth, England Ratisbon (ill.) •...... x. 330-331

(ill.) .............. x. 134-136 Rebuke ............. x. 339Portugal ............ x. .136-141 Recife .............. x. 342-343Posen .•............ x. 141-144 Recording Angel. .... x. 343-344P088art, Ernst von ~form Judaism .. 0 •• x. 347-359

(port.) ••••••••••.• x. 146 Reggio, Isaac SamuelPotocki .... " ....... x. 147 (port.) ............ x. 360-362Pottery (ill.) ••••...• x. 148-151 Reinach Family ...... x. 366-368Poverty ...•........ x. 151-152 Remak ............. x. 370-371Prague (ill.) ......•.. x. 153-164 Rembrandt (ill. and\Prayer .............. x. 164-171 fronti8piece to vol. z.) x.. 371-375IPrayer-books (ill.) •... x. 171-180 Remnant of Israel. ... ox. 375-376Precedence .. " ...... x. 180-181 Renan ............... x, 376Predestination ....... x. 181-182 Repentance ......... x. 376-379Preexistence ......... x. 182-184 Responses ........... x. 380-381Prefaces and Dedica- Responses to Bene-

tions•............ x. 184-187 dictions ........... x. 381Presburg (ill.) •.•.... x. 188-190 ResUrrection. . . . .... x. 382-385Priest ..•.... " ..... x, 192-197 Retaliation .......... x. 385-386Primogeniture ....... x. 198-199 Reubeni, David .... , . x. 388-389Printers' Marks (ill.). x. 200-201 Reuchlin ............ x. 389-390Procedure ........... x. 201-206 Revelation, Book of.. x. 390-398Procurators. . . 0 ••••• x. 206-209 Ricardo, David (~.) x. 402-400Professions .. " ...... x. 209-210 Richmond, Va. (,U.) .. x. 406-407Pronunciation ....... x. 210-212 Riddle .............. x. 408-409Prophet, False ...•... x. 212-213 Riesser, Gabriel <r;J') x. 410-411Prophets and Proph- Rieti Family pedi-

Pr~~b~: ::. : : : : : : : : :x. 213-219 gree)••••••...•••• x. 411-413x. 219 Riga (ill.) ........... x. 418

Proselyte ........... x. 220-224 Right and Left ....... x. 419-420Proverbs ............ x. 226-229 Right and Righteous-Providence .......... x. 232-234 ness.•............ x. 420-424Prussia. 0 ........... x. 234-238 Rime ............... x. 425-427Psalms Cjll.) ......... x, 241-248 Rings (ill.) •......... x. 428-430Pseudo- essiahe ..... x. 251-266 Roads (map) .••..... x. 434Pseudonymous Litera- Robbery ............ x. 434-437

ture .............. x. 256-261 Rodenberg, JuliusPtolemy ............ x. 261-265 (port.) •..•••...... x. 439Pulitzer, Joseph ...... x. 267 Rodriguez Family .... x. 440-441Pulpit (ill.) •......... x. 267-268 Rome (ill.) ....•....• x. 444-446Punctuation ......... x. 268-273 RommFamil:r. ....... x. 467Pur~tory ........... x. 274 Rosanes Family ...... x. 470-471Punm~ill.) .......... x, 274-279 Rosenfeld, Morris.... x. 475-476Purim lays (ill.). •• x. 279-280 Rosenroth, Baron von. x, 477Purim, S/jecial....... x. 280-283 Rossi, Azariah benPurity 0 Race ....... x. 283-284 Mosesdei ......... x. 485-486

Rossi, Giovanni B. de. x. 486othschild Family

Q (~igree and porta.). x. 490-504Ru instein, Anton

Quebec ...... 0 •••••• x. 286 (K:.)............ x. 507-509Queensland (ill.) •.... x. 286 Ru na.............. x. 509-5lO

157

Digitized byGoogle

•

Rules INDEX

sUBlEcr VOL. PAGE SUBlEcr VOL. PAGII:Rules of Eliezer b. Samuel ben Metr.•... xi. 22-24Jose, etc .......... x. 510-512 Samuel ha-Nagid .•... xi. 24-25

Rumania ...•....... x. 512-517 Samuel, Sydney Mon-Russell, Henry ....... x. 517 tagu .............. xi. 28Bussie: Samuel Yarhina'ah

History ........... Jr. 518-529 (Mar Samuel) ....•• xi. 29-31Census Statistic'! ... 529-534 Samuel and YatesArtisans .......... 534-538 (pedigree)••....... xi. 31-33Charities .... , ..... 538-541 San Francisco (iU.) •.. xi. 34-36Education ........ 541-547 Sancho Family ....... xi. 38.Emigration ........ 547-548 Sanctuary ........... xi. 39Legislation ........ 548-551 Sandalfon ........... xi. 39-40The Jew in RU8I!ian Sandals (ill.) ........ xi. 40-41Literature ....... 551-554 Sanders, Daniel ...... xi. 41

Municipal Govern- Sanhedrin (ill.) .•.... xi. 41-44ment ........... 554-556 Sanhedrin; Frenc ........ xi. 46-48

Periodicals ........ 556-558 Santangel Family •... xi. 48-50Rural Communities 558-561 Santob de Carrion .... X!. 50Poland (iU.) ....... 561-575 Sanua, James ........ Xl. 50-51

Saphir, Jacob (port.) •• xi. 518 SaRhir, Moritz Gott-

.eb (port.).. .. . • . .. xi. 51Saadia ben Joseph ..•. x. 579-586 ~:~~~::::::::::: ~: 52-54Sabbath (ill.) •••..... x. 587-602 55-58Sabbath-Schools ..... x. 602-603 Sarajevo (ill.) ........ xi. 58Sabbath and Sunday .. x. 603-605 Sarasohn, Kasriel. • . . xi. 59Sabbatical Year and Saraval Family. . . ... xi. eo-eiJubilee ........... x. 605-608 Sargenes. . . •. . . . . . .. xi. 62~

Sabeans ............ x. 608~10 Sargon, Michael. . .. .. xi. 63Sacrifice... '" ...... x. 61~23 Sasportas FamilySacrifice, Samaritan .. x. 623~25 (port.) ...•....•... xi. 65-66Sacrifice, Talmudic ... x. 625 Bassoon Family (pedi-Sacrifice in Theology . x. 625~28 greeand porta.)•••.• xi. 6fHJ8Sacrilege ............ x. 628~29 Satan ...•.......... xi. 68-71Sa'd al-Daulah ....... x. 6~0 Satire .............. xi. 71-74Sadducees ........... x. 630-633 Saul of Tarsus. . ..... xi. 79-87Safed (ill.) ..•....... x. 633~5 Saxon Duchies andSahl ben Ma,ila9' .... x. 636 Kingdom ......... xi. 89-91Saint and Saintlinesa.. x. 637~9 Schatz, Boris........ xi. 93St. Petersburg (ill.) ... x. 641~2 Schenk, LeopoldSalant, Samuel (port.) x. 647 (port.t............ xi. 94-95Sale................ x. 647~50 Schiff amity (pedi-Saliva .............. x. 651

Scg(:e~ht.~~·.):: : : :: ~:96-101

Salkinson, Isaac Ed- 102ward ............. x. 651 Schmid, Anton Von... xi. 105

Salomon Family (ped- Schnorrer ........... xi. 106igree)•••.......... x. 652 Schomberg Family ... xi. 106-107

Salomon, Hal:m ...... x. 653~55 Schorr, Joshua ....... xi. IOS-I09.>Salomons amily Schreiber,Moses (port.) xi. 110-111

(port.) ............ x. 65~56 Schudt, Johann J.Salonica (ill.) ••••.... x. 658~60 (port.) ............ xi. 112Salt ................ x. 66~61 Schulman, KalmanSalvador, Joseph ..... x. 662~63 (port.) ........•.•• xi. 114-115Salvation ........... x. 663~64 Schutzjude .......... xi. 116Samsel. ............ x. 665~66 Schwab, Moise......• xi. 117-118Samaroand (ill.) ..... x. 6~7 Schwarzfeld Family .. xi. 119-121Samaria (ill.) ........ x. 667~69 Scott, Charles........ xi. 122-123Samaritans (ill.) ..... x. 669-681 Scribe.............. xi. 123-126Sambation.......... x. 681~3 Scroll of the Law (iU.) xi. 126-134Samson ............. xi. }-2 Heal (ill.) ............ xi. 134-140Samson of Sens... xi. 2-3 Second Day of Festi-Samson ben Sam~~~ vals .............. xi. 141-142

(ill.) .............. xi. 4 Seder (ill.) .......... xi. 142-147Samuel (ill.) ......... xi. 5-8 Seder 'Olam Rabbah .. xi. 147-149Samuel, Haeem (port.) xi. 16-17 Seder 'Olam Zuta. ••. xi. 149-150

158

Digitized byCoog Ie

159

411-412412-413413-414414-417418-420421-423

3S3383386-388388-397398399400-402402-403

359-363364364-365366-368369-370370-371371-373374-375376376-379379-381

339-341341-344349-350352-354354-355357-358

306-310306-311312-313316-317317-319319-323324-327328-329330-332332-333333-334334-335337-339

SUBJECT VOL. PAGE

~tfr~~{o~~:::::::~: ~200Shofar (iU.) .•....... xi. 301-306Shofet Kol ha-Arez

(ill.) xi.Sho1;.l.et...•......... xi.Showbread. . . .. . . . .. xi.

vSflylock.; . . . . . . . . . .. xi.Siberia. • . . . . . . . . . .. xi.Sib)."l xi.Sicily (map). . . . . . . .. xi.Sidra xi.Sifra xi.Sifre xi.Sifre Zuta. . . .. . . . . .. xi.~t~r!~~·.:::::::::: ~t:Siloam Inscription

(iU.) xi.Silva Family. . . . . . .. xi.Simeon ben ~alafta " xi.Simeon the Just (ill.) .. xi.Simeon ben LaJsish. . . xi.Simeon ben Sheta'll... xi.Simeon ben Yobai

(ill.) xi.Simhah of Vitry. .. . .. xi.Simhat Torah (ill.). . . xi.SimonCephas. . . . . .. xi.Simon, Sir John (port.) xi.SimonMaccabeus. . .. xi.

~f~~~~~~t·.:::::: ~:Simson, Martin ,. xi.Sin xi.Sin-Offering. . . . . . . .. xi.Sinaitic Command-ment!" xi.

Sindbad xi.Sippurim. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Sirach (ill.) xi.Sisterhoods. . . . . . . . .. xi.Siyyum (ill.) xi.Slander xi.Slave-Trade. . . . . . . .. xi.Slaves and Slavery

(ill.) xi. 403-408Slonimski, HayyimSelig (port.) ,. xi. 409-410

Slousehs,Nahum , xi. 410Small and Large Let-ters xi.

Smol von Derenburch. xi.Smolenskin, Peter. . .. xi.Smyrna (ill.) xi.Socialism. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Societies, Learned. . .. xi.Sokolow, Nahum b.Joseph xi. 429-430

Sola. De. Family (p~di-areeand port.) ..... xi. 480-434

Solis Family (pedi-gree). . . . . . . . . . . .. xi. 436

Solomon (ill.) xi. 436-448Solomon's Seal. .. . . .. xi. 448

Solomon's SealINDEX

192-193100-197197-198198-200201-202202-203204-205206-207208-210211-212212-213215-216216216216

217-218218-285225-226229-230230230-231231-232232232-233234234-235235-236240-250250-251252-253253-256257-258258-260261262-264266-267267-268270-282282-283284

284-285286-287287287287-288291

159-161161-163163164-165

165-169170-180182-183184-187187-192

SUBJECT VOL. PAGESeduction. . • .. . . . . .. xi. 150-151See Family " xi. 152-153Sefirot xi. 154-155SeJl'e Family xi. 156-168Seixas Family (pedi-

SeFa~ ~~.i.l~.~ .. : : .:: :: ~:Selden, John X!.Seleucidre. . . . . . . . . .. Xl.Seligman Family (pedi-gr:uand port.) xi.

Seli4ah (ill.) xi.Semikah xi.Semites. . .. . . . . . . . .. xi.Semitic Languages.. , xi.Semitic Museum, Har-vard University(iU.) •............. xi.

Senses, The Five ... ,. xi.~ephardim. . . . . . . . .. xi.Sepphoris. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Seraphim. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Servant xi.Servant of God.. . . . .. xi.Set-Off xi.Seville (ill.) xi.Sforno Family xi.Sha'atnea. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Shabbat ha-Gadol. . •. xi.Shabbat Nahamu. . . . xi.Shabbat Shubah. . . .. xi.Shabbat Goy. . . .... , xi.Shabbethai b. Melr

ha-Kohen. . . .. . . .. xi.Shabbethai ~ebi. . . • . xi.Shadehan, . . .. . . . . .. xi.Shamir xi.Shammai. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Shammash xi.Shanghai. . . . . . . . . .. xi.ShanJi Family. . . .. .. xi.Shapira. . .. . . . . . . . .. xi.Shaving. . . . . . . . . . .. xi.She-Heheyanu. . .. . .. xi.Sheba. Queen of. .. . .. xi.She'elot u-Teshubot.. xi.Sheep (ill.) xi.Sheftall Family xi.Shebipah, . .. . . . . . . .. xi.Shekel. •............ xi.Shekinah. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Sheliab Zibbur. . . . . .. xi.Shem ha-Meforssh. . .. xi.Shema' xi.Shema' Koli. . . .. . . .. xi.Shemoneh 'Esreh xi.Sheol. xi.Shepherd. . . . . . . . . .. xi.Sherira b. 1;Ianins orSherira Goon. . . . .. xi.

Shetadlan ..•........ xi.Shetar (ill.) ...•..... xi.Shibboleth. .. . . . . . .. xi.Shield (ill.) xi.Shinnuy ha-Shem. . .. xi.

Digi'tized byCoogle

Solomon INDEX8UIU'Ecr VOL. PAGE 8UIU'Ecr VOL. PAGE

Solomon, Edward. ., . xi. 450 Sufism.•............ xi. 579-581Solomon ben Jeroham. xi. 452 Suicide............. xi. 581-582Solomon, Simeon..... xi. 457 Sullam, Sara Copia... xi. 583-584Solomon, Solomon Sulzberger FamilyJoseph •.......... xi. 4&7 (pedigreeand port.) xi. 584-586

Solomons, Adolphus Summons ........... xi. 586-587Simeon........... xi. 459 Sumptuary Laws..... xi. 587

Son of God.......... X!. 460-461 Sun................ xi. 588-590Son of Man.......... xi, 461-462 Sun, Blessing of the... xi. 591Soncino Family (ill.) .. xi. 463-464 Sun, Rising and Set-S0lt of the Three ting of the (ill.). . . . xi. 591-597

olyChildren. . . .. xi. 467-468 Superstition ......... xi. 597--601Sonnenfels Family Suretyship. . . . . . . . .. xi. 601--602

(port.) ............ xi. 468-469 Suspended Letters.. .. xi. 603Sonnenthal, Adolf

xi.Silsskind of Trimberg

Ritter von (port.) .. 469 (ill.) .............. xi. 603--604Sonnino, Sidney, Sutro, Adolph H. J .... xi. 604--606Baron •........... xi. 469-470 Sutro1 Alfred. . . ..... xi. 606

Sossnitz, Joseph Ju- SwaYIngthe Body .... xi. 607dah Loh .......... xi. 471 Sweden............. xi. 607--609

Soul................ xi. 472-476 Swine.............. xi. 609South Africa (ill.) .... xi. 476--480 Switzerland ......... xi. 609-612South Carolina ....... xi. 480-481 Sydney .............. xi. 613--614South and Central Sylvester, James Jo-America.•........ xi. 481--483 8ebh (ill.)......... xi. 614--615

Spaeth ........ ; .... xi. 483--484 Sym 01............. xi. 615--619Spain (rs and ill ). xi. 484-502 Synagogue (ill.) •..... xi. 619-631Spektor, S8.8.C Elhan- Synagogue Architec-an (port.) ••••..... xi. 503-504 ~ture (ill.) .......... xi. 631--640

Speyer Family (Pedi-S~~~~~,.~~~.~~t. ~:

640--643gree)••••...... '" xi. 508 643--645

Speyer .............. xi. 504-508 Synod of Usha ....... xi. 645--646Spielmann, Sir Isidor. xi. 509-510 Szegedin (ill.) ....... xi. 649--651Spinning ............ xi. 510-511Spinosa (port., ill., and Tfrontiapiece to vol,

xi.) .............. xi. 511-521 Tabernacle (ill.)...... xi. 653--656Spira Family ........ xi. '520-523 Tabernacles, Feast ofSpirzer, Friedrich .... xi. 524-525 (ill.) .............. ,q. 657--662Sta~, friedrich Julius xi. 526-527 Tables of the Law (ill.) Xl. 662--664Btatietiee. . . . ., ..... xi. 528-536 Ta.gin (ill.) .......... xi. 666--667Stature ............. xi. 536-539 ranun.•.

xi. 667--668Stiendorff, Georg..... xi. 542-543 aharah ............ xi. 668Steinits, Wilhelm.... xi. 544-545 ai~za, Family ..... xi. 669Steinschneider, Moritz a~ anah ........... xi. 669--676

(port.) ............ xi. 545-547 Tal age............. xi. 676Stemthal, Hermann tallit (ill.). • . . . . . . .. xi. 676--678

(port.) .•.......... xi. 547 ally ............... xi. 678Sterner, Albert Ed- Talmid ~akam. . . . .. xi. 678--679ward ............. xi. 553 Talmud ill.)........ xii, 1-27

Stiassny, Wilhelm.... xi. 553-554 Talmud Commentaries xii. 27-30Stone and Stone-Wor- Talmud Hermeneu-shi~ (ill.).. . . . . . . .. xi. 556-559 tics..•........... xii. 30-33

Strac , Hermann Le- Talmudic Law ....... xii. 33-37berecht ........... xi. 559 almud Torah ....... xii. 37-39

Strakosch, Alexander. xi. 559-560 Tammuz ........... xii. 41-42Strasburg (ill.) ....... xi. 560-565 Tanbum ben Joseph .. xii. 43-44Straus Family ....... xi. 566-567 Tanbuma ........... xii. 45-46Stripes (ill.) ......... xi. 569-570 Tanna Debe Eliyahu .. xii. 46-49

StO/dh~~;~!,:~:~. ~~~Tannaim and Amor-

xi. 570-572 aim.............. xii. 49-54Strousberg, Bethel. .• xi. 572 t~~~·.:::::::::::: ~: 56-57Stuttgart ........... xi. 573-576 57--63SU8.8BOFamily ....... xi. 577 TaIT8.8ch,Siegbert .... xii. 64--65Subbotniki. ••....... xi. 577-578 Tashlik (ill.). " ...... xii. 66--67

160

Digitized byCoogle

395395-397398-399

399-400401402-403405406-407408-416416421-423424-426427-439441-442442-444446-448448-449449-450451-452452-453

164164-166166-167167-169175175-176176-182183-190190-195195-196196-199199-200200-201202-207207-209209-210210-211212-213214-215215-216216-219

161

Valabregue Maruo-chee-Georges (port.) xii.

Valencia (ill.) xii,Valuation xii.Vambery, Arminius

(port.) xii,Van Praagh xii.Vatican LIbrary xii.

~ :ft~~~i~~.s~: : : : : : : ~H:Venice (ill.) xii.Ventura Family xii.Verse-Division xii.Vespasian xii.Vienna (ill.) xii.Virtue, Original xii.Vital Family xii.Vocalization (ill.) .••. xii.Vo~elh~irJulius ..... xH.~~~:..1~:: : : : : : : : : : : ~i:Vulgate. .. xii.

PAGE 8UBJEcr VOL. PAGf'68 Translations ......... xii. 219-22969 Transliteration. . . . . . xii. 229-23169-71 Tr~nsmigration of ..71 Souls.............. XII. 231-23473-74 Traube, Ludwig ...... xii. 23575-76 Travelers ........... xii. 236-23776-77 Tree of Life.......... xii, 238-23978 Tree-worship (ill.) .... xii. 239-24079-81 Trees, Laws Concern-

f~:~:'~': : : : : : : : : : : :~t 24081-85 241-24285-89 242-24389-92 Treves Family (pedi- ..

lI!ee) ...•......... XlI. 243-24892-97 Tnbes, Lost Ten (ill.). xii. 249-253

Tribes, the Twelve.... xii. 253-25497-98 Triennial Cycle (ill.) .. xii. 254--257

Trinity ............. xii. 260-26198-101 Trip<?li(ill.) ......... xH. 261-263104-105 Troki ............... xu. 261-263108-109 Troki Famili' ....... xii. 265--266109-110 Trusts and rustees .. xii. 268-269111 Tunis (ill.) .......... xii. 271-277

Turin (ill.) .......... xii. 277-279113-118 Turkey (map and ill.). xii. 279-291118-120 Types, Anthropologi-123-124 Cal (ill.) ........... xii. 291-295124-125 Typography (ill.) .... xii. 295-335128-137137-138 U138-139141 U-Ba le-Ziyyon ..... xii. 337-338142-144 Ugolino."............ xii, 338-339145-146 United States (map) .. xii. 345-376

Universities ......... xii. 377-380148-150 Urim and Thummim .. xii. 384--386150-152 Usque Family .......• ~~. 387-388152-156 g:~.;::::::::::::::~: 388-390

390-391156-160 Uziel Family ........ xii. 393160-162162-164 V

VulgateINDEX

8UBJEcr VOl ••Tawus, Jacob .. " xii.Tax-Gatherers xii.

f~~~i~~: : : : : : : : : : : : ~H:Teheran (ill.) xii.Teixeira Family xii.Tekufah, . . xii,TeOEl-Amarna xn,Temestar (ill.) xii.Te~ple .Administra- ..tion (ill.) XII.

Temple of Herod (ill.). xii.Temple, Plan of (ill.) .. xii.Temple in Rab. Lit.Te~~(~: . th~' .seoo~dxii.

(ill.) xii.Temple of Solomon

(ill.) xii.Tent (ill.) xii.

i:~:f~~·.::::::::::~H:1'erquem, Olry xii.Testament of theTwelve Patriarchs .. xii.

Tetragrammaton xii.Theft xii.Theocracy. . . . . xii.Theology xii.Theophany, xii.

ft;!:~i:I~·.::::::::~:Tiberias (ill.) xii.ft!!~l:lr::lY lG::i:')' xii.

(ill.) xii.Tithe xii.Title-Page (ill.) xii.Titles of Hebrew

Books xii.Titles of Honor xii.Titus xii.Titus, Arch of (ill.

and trontupiere to ..'!Jol.xu.).•.•...... Xli.

Tobacco xii.Tobiah ben Moses xii.Tobiads xii.Tokahah xii.Toled'anoFamily xii.Toledo (ill.) xii.Tombs (ill.) " . xii.Tombstones (ill.) xii.Tophet xii.Torah xii.Toronto xii.Tort xii.Tosafot xii.Tosefta xii.Totbri~f ..•......... ~!.Totemism XlI.Touro, Judah (port.) .. xii.Trabot Family ...•.. xii.Trade Unionism xii.Trani Family xii.

627632-633633-635639-643648-649650-651651-652656-660665-666666-686688-689689-693694695-697

698-6996lMt-704

578-579

581-584585-586589-590592-594595-600602-606606-610620-621622-623624-625

Digitized byCoogle

162

z~:CX:e~!fbLa.,!:~; i:~::

~angwill, israel (port.) xii,Zealots. . . xii,Zeda~h Box (ill.) •.. xii.Zedner, Joseph xii,Ze'enah u-Re'enah. .. xii,Z~m~rot(ill.) ~.Zlomdes xu.

,~~di~::.: ..:::::::~:Zohar " xii.Zola. Emile xii.Zoroastrianism. . . . .. xii.Zukertort, Johannes ..H..•............. xu.

ZUDJI,Leopold (port.). xii,

yYad (ill.) ..•........ xii.Yal)ya Family (pedi- ..

gree) •••••.....••• xu.Yal\cut xii,Year-Book xii.Yemen (ill.) xii.Yeshibah. . . . xii.Yesirah, Sefer xii.Yigdal (ill.) ..•...... xii,York, England (ill.) .. xii,Yoserot xii,Yudghanites xii.

. St;BlECT V!!L. P."-GF.Wme xu. 532-535W~nnipeg x!~' 535-536WIsdom " Xll. 537-538Wise, Isaac M. (ill.) xii. 541-542Wolf, Johann Cristoph

(port.) xii, 549Wolf, Lucien xii. 549

I Wolf, Simon (port.) .•• xii. 550Woman, Rights of xii. 556-558Worms (ill. l xii. 560-565Worms, Jules xii. 566-567Worship, Idol- xii, 568-569Wreath xii. 569-570

ZunzINDEX

PAnE454-455455-456456-457458-459459459-460462-463463-466

466-467468-473473

476-477480481482

483-490491491-492493-494

495-497497-498499-500501

502-503

503-505

506-507508-510514-515516516517518-519521-522522-524524524-531531531531-532

I'IUBIECT VOL.Wachnacht xii,Wahb ibn Munabbih .. xii.Wahl, Saul xii,Waldstein, Charles xii.Waldteufel, Emile. . .. xii.Waley, Jacob xii.Wandering Jew xii,War xu.Warburg Family (ped- ..

'l,{/ree) ••........... Xli.Warsaw (ill.) " xii,Washin_g xii.Water-Drawing, Feast ..of Xli.

Weather-lore. . xii,Week xii.Wehu Rahum ,. xii.W(~~)~. ~~ ~~~~r~ xii.Well, Gustav (port.) .. xii.WeiliiHenri (port.) xii.Wei ,Alexandre xii.Weiss, Isaac Hirsch

(port.) xii.WeiSS,Max " xii.Well (ill.) xii.Wellbausen, Julius xii.Wertheimer, Joseph,

Ritter von (port.) ... xii.Wertheimer, Samson

(ill.) " . xii.Wessely, Naphtali

Hirz (purt.) xii.W~~tIndies (ill.) x!f.Wldow Xli.Wiener, Leo .. " xii.Wiener, Leopold xii.Wiernik, Peter xii.Week xii.Wilenkin Gregory xii.Will xii.William of Norwich xii.Wilna (ill.) xii.Winawer, Simon.•... xii.Winchester (ill.) .••.. xii.Windows..••..•.•.• xii.

wWachnacht