dimension of universe? - computer science departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf ·...
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Dimension of Universe?
current scientific consensus:higher physical dimensions in order to resolve what we seeat the subatomic particle level with Einstein’s theory ofrelativity
2D hologram3Dexists in real-life data
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Dimension of Universe?
current scientific consensus:higher physical dimensions in order to resolve what we seeat the subatomic particle level with Einstein’s theory ofrelativity2D hologram3Dexists in real-life data
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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1. Where does The Heart of Mathematics address higherdimensional spaces?
a) artistic representationsb) mathematical spacesc) real-life datad) more than one of the abovee) all of the above
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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1. Where does The Heart of Mathematics address higherdimensional spaces?
a) artistic representationsb) mathematical spacesc) real-life datad) more than one of the abovee) all of the above
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Number of Stars?
The Shape of Space Hubble: Space Telescope Science Institute
perhaps the universe is infinite and perhaps the distributionof stars goes on and on. . .Critiques: infinite mass, Olber’s paradox (Germanastronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers), repeated starpatterns?
finite number of stars...Critiques: convenience sampling, light takes times to reachus and changes the view, repeated star patterns?
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Number of Stars?
The Shape of Space Hubble: Space Telescope Science Institute
perhaps the universe is infinite and perhaps the distributionof stars goes on and on. . .Critiques: infinite mass, Olber’s paradox (Germanastronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers), repeated starpatterns?finite number of stars...Critiques: convenience sampling, light takes times to reachus and changes the view, repeated star patterns?
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Does the real universe have curves? shape?
Mike Peters https://www.grimmy.com/comics.php?sel_dt=2012-05-21
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Hypersphere?What sequence (over time) would we see if a hyperspherepassed by us?
geometric: https://vimeo.com/73243719algebraic: x2 + y2 + z2 + w2 = 1
The overall shape of a protein...Shown are two views of the spherical histogram... for a largecollection of protein structures. The statistical treatment of suchdata is in the realm of directional statistics. [Thomas Hamelryck]
Applications: AI, biology, machine learning, statistics, andEinstein’s theory of relativity.
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Hypersphere?What sequence (over time) would we see if a hyperspherepassed by us?
geometric: https://vimeo.com/73243719algebraic: x2 + y2 + z2 + w2 = 1
The overall shape of a protein...Shown are two views of the spherical histogram... for a largecollection of protein structures. The statistical treatment of suchdata is in the realm of directional statistics. [Thomas Hamelryck]
Applications: AI, biology, machine learning, statistics, andEinstein’s theory of relativity.
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Hypersphere?What sequence (over time) would we see if a hyperspherepassed by us?
geometric: https://vimeo.com/73243719algebraic: x2 + y2 + z2 + w2 = 1
The overall shape of a protein...Shown are two views of the spherical histogram... for a largecollection of protein structures. The statistical treatment of suchdata is in the realm of directional statistics. [Thomas Hamelryck]
Applications: AI, biology, machine learning, statistics, andEinstein’s theory of relativity.Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Is the universe finite and wraparound?Euclidean 3-torus or other finite Euclidean universes
A room in Futurama: I, Roommate or Portal video game
spherical dodecahedron Paul Nylander: life from the inside
historically Platonic solids: universe = finite dodecahedronhyperbolic Weeks manifold
Futurama ™and © Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation.This educationalcontent is not specifically authorized by Twentieth Century Fox.
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Is the universe finite and wraparound?Euclidean 3-torus or other finite Euclidean universes
A room in Futurama: I, Roommate or Portal video game
spherical dodecahedron Paul Nylander: life from the inside
historically Platonic solids: universe = finite dodecahedronhyperbolic Weeks manifold
Futurama ™and © Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation.This educationalcontent is not specifically authorized by Twentieth Century Fox.
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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http://www.atheistrepublic.com/sites/default/files/styles/blog-featured-image/public/
proof.jpg
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Scientific & Mathematical Breakthroughs
They require imaginative leapsUnderstanding what we are seeing is complicated by filters
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Heliocentric Model
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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2. Does Carl Friedrich Gauss’s mountain peak experiment tomeasure the angle sum prove that the universe is flat?
a) Yes and I have a good reason whyb) Yes but I am unsure of whyc) No but I am unsure of why notd) No and I have a good reason why not
result was within 1/180th of 180 degrees.Experimental error provides an estimate of the inherentuncertainty associated with experimental procedures. This isquantified in many experiments as a margin of error.Critiques: Experimental error, light rays bend with gravity,triangles too small, convenience sample
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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2. Does Carl Friedrich Gauss’s mountain peak experiment tomeasure the angle sum prove that the universe is flat?
a) Yes and I have a good reason whyb) Yes but I am unsure of whyc) No but I am unsure of why notd) No and I have a good reason why not
result was within 1/180th of 180 degrees.Experimental error provides an estimate of the inherentuncertainty associated with experimental procedures. This isquantified in many experiments as a margin of error.
Critiques: Experimental error, light rays bend with gravity,triangles too small, convenience sample
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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2. Does Carl Friedrich Gauss’s mountain peak experiment tomeasure the angle sum prove that the universe is flat?
a) Yes and I have a good reason whyb) Yes but I am unsure of whyc) No but I am unsure of why notd) No and I have a good reason why not
result was within 1/180th of 180 degrees.Experimental error provides an estimate of the inherentuncertainty associated with experimental procedures. This isquantified in many experiments as a margin of error.Critiques: Experimental error, light rays bend with gravity,triangles too small, convenience sample
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Angle Sum ExperimentsGauss: Hoher Hagen, Inselsberg, and Brocken
Nikolai Lobachevsky: star Sirius180◦ − sum of the angles = 3.727 × 10−6 (should be 10−8)
Euclidean=180◦, spherical> 180◦, hyperbolic< 180◦
Critiques: margin of error, light rays bend with gravity,triangles too small, convenience sample
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Angle Sum ExperimentsGauss: Hoher Hagen, Inselsberg, and Brocken
Nikolai Lobachevsky: star Sirius180◦ − sum of the angles = 3.727 × 10−6 (should be 10−8)Euclidean=180◦, spherical> 180◦, hyperbolic< 180◦
Critiques: margin of error, light rays bend with gravity,triangles too small, convenience sample
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
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Supernova Experiments
Euclidean inverse square law: brightness ∼ 1distance2
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
![Page 51: Dimension of Universe? - Computer Science Departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf · Dimension of Universe? current scientific consensus: higher physical dimensions in](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040613/5f08cfc77e708231d423d64f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Venus
Euclidean inverse square law: brightness ∼ 1distance2
Hyperbolic < and spherical >
Distant supernovae dimmer than expected in EuclideanCritiques: Experimental error, no perfect model, not necessarilyexploding at the same brightness
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
![Page 52: Dimension of Universe? - Computer Science Departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf · Dimension of Universe? current scientific consensus: higher physical dimensions in](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040613/5f08cfc77e708231d423d64f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Venus
Euclidean inverse square law: brightness ∼ 1distance2
Hyperbolic < and spherical >
Distant supernovae dimmer than expected in Euclidean
Critiques: Experimental error, no perfect model, not necessarilyexploding at the same brightness
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
![Page 53: Dimension of Universe? - Computer Science Departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf · Dimension of Universe? current scientific consensus: higher physical dimensions in](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040613/5f08cfc77e708231d423d64f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Venus
Euclidean inverse square law: brightness ∼ 1distance2
Hyperbolic < and spherical >
Distant supernovae dimmer than expected in EuclideanCritiques: Experimental error, no perfect model, not necessarilyexploding at the same brightness
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
![Page 54: Dimension of Universe? - Computer Science Departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf · Dimension of Universe? current scientific consensus: higher physical dimensions in](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040613/5f08cfc77e708231d423d64f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Venus
Density Experiments: WMAP & Planck
Cosmic Microwave Background: small temperaturefluctuations due to primordial plasma densityDensity equationInfinite Euclidean universe 0 ± .4%
missing fluctuations on large scale better fit a largespherical dodecahedral space [Jeff Weeks] or hyperbolic[Ron Cowen]Critiques: convenience samples, observable, experimentalerror, difficulty agreeing on the meaning of the data,neutrino mass, dark energy, speed of light?
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
![Page 55: Dimension of Universe? - Computer Science Departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf · Dimension of Universe? current scientific consensus: higher physical dimensions in](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040613/5f08cfc77e708231d423d64f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Venus
Density Experiments: WMAP & Planck
Cosmic Microwave Background: small temperaturefluctuations due to primordial plasma densityDensity equationInfinite Euclidean universe 0 ± .4%missing fluctuations on large scale better fit a largespherical dodecahedral space [Jeff Weeks] or hyperbolic[Ron Cowen]
Critiques: convenience samples, observable, experimentalerror, difficulty agreeing on the meaning of the data,neutrino mass, dark energy, speed of light?
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
![Page 56: Dimension of Universe? - Computer Science Departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf · Dimension of Universe? current scientific consensus: higher physical dimensions in](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040613/5f08cfc77e708231d423d64f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Venus
Density Experiments: WMAP & Planck
Cosmic Microwave Background: small temperaturefluctuations due to primordial plasma densityDensity equationInfinite Euclidean universe 0 ± .4%missing fluctuations on large scale better fit a largespherical dodecahedral space [Jeff Weeks] or hyperbolic[Ron Cowen]Critiques: convenience samples, observable, experimentalerror, difficulty agreeing on the meaning of the data,neutrino mass, dark energy, speed of light?
Sarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe
![Page 57: Dimension of Universe? - Computer Science Departmentsjg/class/1010/wc/geom/universeintror.pdf · Dimension of Universe? current scientific consensus: higher physical dimensions in](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040613/5f08cfc77e708231d423d64f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Venus
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/990307/990307_1_1280.pngSarah J. Greenwald - Appalachian State University Geometry of the Earth and Universe