dimensional reasoning
DESCRIPTION
Dimensional Reasoning. How many gallons are in Lake Tahoe?. Dimensional Reasoning. Measurements are meaningless without the correct use of units Example : “the distance from my house to school is two ” Dimension : abstract quality of measurement without scale (i.e. length, time, mass) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Dimensional Reasoning
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How many gallons are in Lake Tahoe?
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Dimensional Reasoning
Measurements are meaningless without the correct use of units
Example: “the distance from my house to school is two”
Dimension: abstract quality of measurement without scale (i.e. length, time, mass) Can understand the physics of a problem by analyzing
dimensions
Unit: quality of a number which specifies a previously agreed upon scale (i.e. meters, seconds, grams) SI and English units
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Primitives
Almost all units can be decomposed into 3 fundamental dimensions (examples of units are in SI
units):
Mass: M i.e. kilogram or kg Length: L i.e. meter or m Time: T i.e. second or s
We also have: Luminosity i.e. candela or cd Electrical current i.e. Ampere or A Amount of materiali.e. mole or mol
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Derived Units (partial list)
Forcenewton N LM/T2 mkg/s2
Energyjoule J L2M/T2 m2kg/s2
Pressurepascal Pa M/LT2 kg/(ms2)
Powerwatt W L2M/T3 m2kg/s3
VelocityL/T m/s
AccelerationL/T2 m/s2
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Dimensional Analysis
All terms in an equation must reduce to identical primitive dimensions
Dimensions can be algebraically manipulatedexamples:
Used to check consistency of equations Can determine the dimensions of coefficients using
dimensional analysis Three equations that describe transport of “stuff”
Transport of momentum Transport of heat Transport of material
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Converting Dimensions
Conversions between measurement systems can be accommodated through relationships between units Example 1: convert 3m to cm Example 2: 95mph fastball; how fast is this in m/s ?
1 mile = 160934.4 cm
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Converting Dimensions
Conversions between measurement systems can be accommodated through relationships between units Example 1: convert 3m to cm Example 2: 95mph fastball; how fast is this in m/s ? Example 3: One light-year is the distance that light travels in
exactly one year. If the speed of light is 6.7 x 108 mph, convert light-years to:
a. milesb. meters
1 mi = 160934.4 cm
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Converting Dimensions
Conversions between measurement systems can be accommodated through relationships between units Example 1: convert 3m to cm Example 2: 95mph fastball; how fast is this in m/s ? Example 3: One light-year is the distance that light travels in
exactly one year. If the speed of light is 6.7 x 108 mph, convert light-years to:
a. milesb. meters
Arithmetic manipulations can take place only with identical units Example: 3m + 2cm = ?
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Deduce Expressions for Physical Phenomena
Example: What is the period of oscillation for a pendulum?
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Dimensionless Quantities
Dimensional quantities can be made “dimensionless” by “normalizing” with respect to another dimensional quantity of the same dimensionality Percentages are non-dimensional numbers
Example: Strain Mach number Coefficient of restitution Reynold’s number
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Scaling and Modeling
Test large objects by building smaller models Movies: models with scaled dimensions and scaled
dynamics Fluid dynamics: rather than studying an infinite
number of pipes, understand one size very well and everything follows
Aeronautics/automotive industry: can test properties of full sized cars by building exact scaled models
http:///www.wetanz.com/models-miniatureshttp://www.colorado.edu/aerospace/vs_focus.html
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Scaling
Exothermic reaction problem.
What’s the biggest elephant?
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Thought Experiment
What would life be like on different planets? For example, on the moon with 1/6th the gravity.
How would people look? How would bridges be different? How would landscapes be different?