dimensions of articulation, part 2 january 22, 2014
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dimensions of Articulation, part 2
January 22, 2014
![Page 2: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
This Week• There is a graded homework exercise due on Friday:
• Chapter 1, Exercises D-F
•On Monday, Jacqueline will lead you through some practice transcriptions.
•Narrow transcription of English sentences.
•For next Wednesday, the first production exercise is due.
•= produce your name phonetically backwards!
•Let’s walk through an example of how it’s done…
![Page 3: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Consonants• To understand the Canadian Raising pattern, it helps to
know more about the way consonants are produced.
• Consonants productions may be characterized along a series of articulatory dimensions.
• The first dimension to consider is: airstream mechanism.
• Most speech sounds use a pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism.
• = air is pushed out of the lungs
• it’s possible to produce pulmonic ingressive sounds; give it a try.
![Page 4: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mid-Sagittal Diagram
![Page 5: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dimension 2: Phonation• On the way out of the lungs
• Air passes through the trachea
• Reaches the larynx
• The larynx consists of two “vocal folds” which may be opened and closed. If the vocal folds are:
1. open: air passes cleanly through (voiceless sound)
2. closed: air does not pass through (no sound)
3. lightly brought together: vocal folds vibrate in passing air
(= voiced sound)
![Page 6: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Voicing, Schematized
Voiceless (folds open) Voiced (folds together)
![Page 7: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Laryngoscopy
Source: http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/endo.htm
![Page 8: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Voicing, in Reality
![Page 9: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Some Voicing Distinctions• Among English consonants:
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced
[f] [v] [p] [b]
[t] [d]
[s] [z] [k] [g]
![Page 10: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Voicing Allophony Vowels are longer before voiced consonants than voiceless consonants.
Length is denoted with the [:] diacritic.
‘feed’ [fi:d] vs. ‘feet’ [fit]
Note that Canadian Raising occurs before voiceless consonants.
voiceless: ‘out’ ‘write’
voiced: ‘bribe’ ‘ride’
![Page 11: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Layers• Canadian Raising occurs when and are followed by a voiceless consonant.
• The voiceless consonant does not need to be at the end of a word.
• Interesting examples:
• ‘rider’
• ‘writer’
• Note: flap is voiced.
• The voiceless consonant which induces Canadian Raising does not need to be voiceless on the phonetic “surface”!
• The technical term for this is phonological opacity.
![Page 12: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
More Voicing Allophony• Consonants at the ends of words are sometimes devoiced.
• Voicelessness is denoted with the [ ] diacritic.
• ‘lose’ ‘peas’
• Also: ‘languages’ example from homework #1.
• You can sometimes get contrasts in English like:
• ‘peace’ ‘peas’
• /l/ and can be (partially) voiceless in English when they follow an aspirated consonant:
• ‘play’
![Page 13: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Aspiration Allophony /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated if:
1. They are at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
2. They are not preceded by /s/.
• Ex:
![Page 14: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dimension 3:Place of Articulation
• After the stream of air passes through the larynx…
• speech sounds may be made by constricting the flow of air through the vocal tract.
• The place where such constrictions are made is known as the place of articulation of the sound.
• Constrictions are made by placing an active articulator against (or near to) a passive articulator.
• Generally:
• active articulator = on the bottom
• passive articulator = on the top
![Page 15: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Anatomy Lesson #1
![Page 16: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anatomy Lesson #2
![Page 17: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
English Places of Articulation
Bilabial [p] [b] [m]
Labio-dental [f] [v]
Interdental
Alveolar [t] [d] [s] [n] [l]
Post-alveolar
Palatal [j]
Velar [k] [g]
![Page 18: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
X-Ray movie revisited• First check out “bogus”
![Page 19: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Place Assimilation• Place assimilation occurs when:
• One consonant’s place of articulation becomes identical to that of a neighboring consonant.
• /n/ often takes on the place of articulation of a following consonant.
• ‘unpleasant’
• ‘month’
• ‘engrossed’
• alveolars--except for /s/ and /z/--assimilate to following dentals
Ex: width, tenth, wealth
![Page 20: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Front and Back• Velars /k/ and /g/ become fronted when preceding front vowels
the diacritic for “fronter” is
the diacritic for “backer” is
• Examples:
• ‘coo’
• ‘key’
• These diacritics may apply to vowels, as well.
• Ex: ‘spoons’
![Page 21: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dimension 4: Aperture
• The type of sound created by a constriction in the vocal tract depends on how narrow the constriction is.
1. Stop (or plosive):
• Complete closure of the articulators
• The airstream cannot escape through the mouth.
2. Fricative:
• Close approximation of two articulators
• The airstream is partially obstructed
• Turbulent airflow is produced.
![Page 22: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
English StopsVoiceless Voiced
Bilabial [p] [b]
Alveolar [t] [d]
Velar [k] [g]
• Note--stops that:
• Follow a vowel involve a closing gesture
• Precede a vowel involve an opening gesture
• Stops at the end of words may be unreleased.
• Example: “chocolate pudding”
![Page 23: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
English FricativesVoiceless Voiced
Labio-dental [f] [v]
Interdental
Alveolar [s] [z]
Post-alveolar
Glottal [h]
![Page 24: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dimension 4:Aperture, continued
3. Approximant:
• a gesture in which one articulator is close to another
• but without turbulent airflow being produced.
4. Affricate
• combination of stop + fricative
![Page 25: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
More English Consonants• Approximants:
labio-velar, voiced: [w]
palatal, voiced: [j]
• Some dialects of English also distinguish:
• ‘witch’ [w] vs. ‘which’
• = voiceless, labio-velar approximant
• Affricates --
• Voiced: Voiceless:
![Page 26: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Really Narrow The stops, /t/ and /d/, have a post-alveolar place of articulation in affricates:
• An interesting question:
• How do you say “tree” and “draw”?
• /t/ and /d/ can become affricates before /r/:
• ‘tree’
• ‘draw’
![Page 27: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dimension 5: Retroflexion• A retroflex sound involves the curling back of the tip
of the tongue.
• generally in the post-alveolar region.
• There is only one retroflex sound in English, and it’s an approximant:
• In other languages, stops and fricatives can be retroflex, too.
![Page 28: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dimension 6: Nasality• The back of the soft palate may be lowered or raised.
• This may allow air to pass through the nose during speech.
• Air passes through the nose during the production of nasal consonants…
• …but it does not pass through the mouth in “nasal stops”
bilabial [m]
alveolar [n]
velar
![Page 29: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
One Last Time
![Page 30: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Nasalization Vowels often become nasalized before nasal consonants.
The diacritic for nasalization is:
• Examples:
‘can’ vs. ‘cat’
‘Ben’ vs. ‘bed’
• Before other consonants, /n/ can drop out completely…
and leave the nasalization behind:
‘can’t’ vs. ‘cat’
‘Winters’
![Page 31: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dimension 7: Laterality• Lateral approximant:
• Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract
• With incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.
• alveolar lateral: [l] “clear l”
• velarized alveolar lateral: “dark l”
• velarized = back of tongue is raised towards velum
• Note: consonants which are not lateral are “central”.
• Check out “oil” video
![Page 32: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
/l/ options• Dialectologically, /l/ is the most interesting consonant in English.
• Dialect Type A:
• “clear” /l/ syllable-initially: ‘leaf’
• “dark” /l/ syllable finally: ‘feel’
• Dialect Type B:
• “clear” /l/ before front vowels: ‘leak’
• “dark” /l/ everywhere else: ‘lock’
• Others have “dark” /l/ pretty much everywhere.
• (and maybe even lose the alveolar closure!)
![Page 33: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Consonant Dimensions: Summary
[t] [j]
1. Airstream Mechanism pulmonic egressive p.e.
2. Phonation Type voiceless voiced
3. Place of Articulation alveolar palatal
4. Aperture stop approx.
5. Retroflexion non-retroflex non-retro
6. Nasality oral oral
7. Laterality central central
![Page 34: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Manner of Articulation• Phoneticians usually combine dimensions 4-7 under the rubric of manner of articulation.
• Example manners of articulation:
• [t] = (oral) stop
• [n] = nasal stop
• [v] = fricative
• [w] = approximant
• [l] = lateral approximant
• = retroflex approximant
• = affricate
![Page 35: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Notes• Consonant sounds are generally assumed to be:
pulmonic egressive
oral
central
…unless stated otherwise
• Big picture thought:
• Through combinatorics, language makes a large number of distinctions out of a minimal number of articulatory gestures.
![Page 36: Dimensions of Articulation, part 2 January 22, 2014](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649d885503460f94a6d537/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
English Consonant Chart