dimorphic systemic mycoses
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Dimorphic Systemic Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses: Disease Mycoses: Disease situation in Nepal situation in Nepal
Dimorphic Systemic Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses: Disease Mycoses: Disease situation in Nepal situation in Nepal
Dr Kedar KarkiDr Kedar Karki
Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses
• These are fungal infections of the body caused by fungal pathogens which can overcome the physiological and cellular defenses of the normal animal host by changing their morphological form.
• They are geographically restricted and the primary site of infection is usually pulmonary, following the inhalation of conidia.
Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses
Disease Causative
organisms
Incidence
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatumHistoplasma dubosii
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioides immitis
BlastomycosisBlastomyces
dermatitidis
Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses
Disease Causative organisms
Incidence
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Sporotrichosis
Sporothrix schenkii
Penicilliosis marnefffei
Penicillium marneffei
Tissue morphology of dimorphic pathogens:
Mycosis Tisue morphology
Blastomycosis
Large broad base unipolar budding yeast cells (8-10um).
Coccidioidomycosis
Spherules (10-80um) with endospores (2-5um).
Histoplasmosis
Small narrow base budding yeast cells (1-5um; 5-2um in var. duboisii)
Tissue morphology of dimorphic pathogens:
Mycosis Tisue morphology Paracoccidioidomycosis
Large narrow base, multi-budding yeast cells (20-60um).
Sporotrichosis
Small narrow base budding yeast cells (2-5um).
Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses
• These are fungal infections of the body which occur almost exclusively in debilitated patients whose normal defence mechanisms are impaired.
• The organisms involved are cosmopolitan fungi which have a very low inherent virulence.
Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses
• The increased incidence of these infections and the diversity of fungi causing them, has parallelled the emergence of AIDS,
• more aggressive cancer and post-transplantation chemotherapy
• and the use of antibiotics, cytotoxins, immunosuppressives,
• corticosteroids and other• macro disruptive procedures that result in
lowered resistance of the host.
Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses
DiseaseCausative
organisms
Incidence
Candidiasis
Candida albicans andrelated species.
Common
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Common
Aspergillosis
Aspergillus fumigatus etc.
common
Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses
DiseaseCausative organisms
Incidence
Pseudallescheriasis
Pseudallescheria boydii
Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)
Rhizopus, Mucor, Rhizomucor,Absidia etc.
Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses
Hyalohyphomycosis
Penicillium, Paecilomyces,
Beauveria, Fusarium,
Scopulariopsis etc.
common
Phaeohyphomycosis
Cladosporium, Exophiala, Wangiella,Bipolaris, Exserohilum, Curvularia.
Penicillosis marneffei
Penicillium marneffei common
HyalohyphomycosisDescription:
• A mycotic infection of man or animals caused by a number of hyaline (non-dematiaceous) hyphomycetes where the tissue morphology of the causative organism is mycelial.
Description:
• This separates it from phaeohyphomycosis where the causative agents are brown-pigmented fungi.
Description:
• Hyalohyphomycosis is a general term used to group together infections caused by unusual hyaline fungal pathogens that are not agents of otherwise-named infections; such as Aspergillosis.
Description:
• Etiological agents include species of Penicillium, Paecilomyces, Acremonium, Beauveria, Fusarium and Scopulariopsis.
Clinical manifestations:
• The clinical manifestations of hyalohyphomycosis are many ranging from harmless saprophytic colonization to acute invasive disease.
• Ideally, individual disease states involving invasive fungal infection by a hyaline hyphomycete should be designated by specific description of the pathology and the causative fungal genus or species.
Clinical manifestations:
• Predisposing factors include prolonged neutropenia, especially in leukemia patients or in bone marrow transplant recipients, corticosteroid therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy and to a lesser extent patients with AIDS. The typical patient is granulocytopenic and receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics for unexplained fever.
Laboratory diagnosis:
• 1. Clinical material: Skin and nail scrapings; urine, sputum and bronchial washings; cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid and blood; tissue biopsies from various visceral organs and indwelling catheter tips.
2. Direct Microscopy:• (a) Skin and nail scrapings, sputum, washings
and aspirates should be examined using 10% KOH and Parker ink or calcofluor white mounts;
• (b) Exudates and body fluids should be centrifuged and the sediment examined using either 10% KOH and Parker ink or calcofluor white mounts,
• (c) Tissue sections should be stained using PAS digest, Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) or Gram stains. Note hyphal elements are often difficult to detect in H&E stained sections.
3. Culture:• Clinical specimens should be
inoculated onto primary isolation media, like Sabouraud's dextrose agar.
Culture of Chrysosporium [left] and Fusarium [right] showing typical colony colour
for a hyaline hyphomycete ie any colour except brown, olivaceous black or black.
Causative agents:
• Acremonium sp., • Blastomycoses sp: Khari in Buffaloes• Fusarium sp.,:Degnala in Buffoloes• Paecilomyces sp.,• Penicillium sp.,: moldy corn poisoning
in horse. HPPGE in Poultry.• Scopulariopsis sp.
Proventriculitis and gizzard erosion
syndrome
• Causative agents:Penicillium sp.,: HPPGE in Poultry.
Clinical Symptoms• The response to the routine
treatment is often poor .• Condition has been like • malabsorption syndrome,• Infectious Proventriculitis, • Infectious Runting syndrome, pale
bird syndrome .• Stunting syndrome. Feed Passage,
Post-mortem lesions• Anemic appearance, poor growth.• Mucous in URT.• Distorted shape of
proventriculus,gizzard.• Swollen large ,small intestine.• Liver pale, enlarged with white
spate.• Enlarged spleen.
Intestines of a young broiler chick suffering from malabsorption
syndrome. They are distended with poorly digested feed. A sample of the
faeces produced is shown at the bottom of the picture - poorly
digested food enclosed in mucus.
MAS – STUNTED VS NORMAL BROILER
MAS – NORMAL VS PALE SHANK
MAS - HELICOPTER FEATHERS
RSS – UNEVENNESS & STUNTING
RSS – CLINICAL SIGNS
RSS – PASTED VENT
RSS-CHICKS,HUDDLING
RSS – CAKED LITTER
MAS – ENLARGED PROVENTRICULUS
RSS - GROSS LESIONS
RSS - GROSS LESIONS
RSS - GROSS LESIONS
RSS - GROSS LESIONS
RSS - GROSS LESIONS
DEGNALA DISEASE:• What is your identification?
Historical Background• Exist in western Pakistan for nearly half
century• Got name cases first seen in Deg Nala
area mostly buffalo (1929-30)• No longer confined around Deg Nala• India report of cases Punjab Hariyana
(1969-1973)• Nepal - 1986
Historical Background• Bihar Nalanda (1983)• In Nepal Banke(1986) First time• Sunsari ,Bardiya (1995)• Current Epidemiological situation(1998-
2000)• Morang, Banke, Bardiya, Chitwon,
Saptari, Siraha Sun sari, Parsa,( Endemic foci)
CLINICAL FEATURE Associated with Deg Nala.• Off Feed, progressing ematiation, drop in
milk production• Hair loss from twitch of tail• Ascending drying of tail• sloughing of tissue of tail end• Drying curling sloughing of ear tip • Loss of hair, swelling reddening of
coronet
CLINICAL FEATURE Associated with Deg Nala.• Drying and sloughing of skin at coronet
region, leaving raw open wound• Cracking of skin at lower extremity of
all feet• Difficulty on movement• Grounding• Drying and sloughing of skin on muzzle
Clinical Features Associated with Degnala
Disease
TREATMENT ATTAIMTED
• Pentasulphate,E.M.Biovet(Pakistan)• Tail docking, anti-septic
dressing,anti-biotic therapy,Ivermectin,multi-vitamin,mineral mix.
• Anti-Deg Nala liquor( oral/ parental) ( Nepal)
•23.6% Acetylarsan, liquor arsenic,Degcure(India
Morbidity and Mortality Data of Degnala Disease,
Nepal, 1998 - 2002
Year No. of Outbreaks
No. of Cases
No. of Death
Case Fatality
Treated
1998 18 1158 143 12.3 1015
1999 8 554 15 2.7 539
2000 19 368 1 0.3 367
2001 13 44 0 0.0 44
2002 55 89 7 7.9 82
113 2213 166 2047
Treated with Anti Degnala Liquor by Dr. Karki in Banke(2056 f/y)
MOLDY GRAIN POISONING IN MULE-
HORSE
• Causative agents:Penicillium sp.,:
symptoms– TWISTING OF HEAD ON STARGAZING
POSITION.– EXCESSIVE SWEATING.– AIMLESS BITING TO INNATE OBJECTS.– DEATH WITHIN 10-15 MINUTES AFTER
COLLAPSING ON THE GROUND.
BACKGROUND OF MORTALITY.
• A Total 31 adult mules died during o63/2/16---o63/76.
LABORATORY FINDINGS.
• BACTERIOLOGICAL CULTURE OF TISSUE SPCIMEN,SWAB,BLOOD- NO GROWTH OF ANY BACTERIAL ORGANISM.
• BLOOD PARASITE.NEGATIVE.• TOXIC AGROCHEMICAL RESIDUE IN
TISSU-NONE.• INTESTINAL PARASITES; MIXED
STRONGYLUS Spp.
MYCOLOGICAL CULTURE,MYCOTOXIN
ANALYSIS• PENICILLUM,ASPERGILUS,CANDIDA
SPECIES GROWTH IN MEDIA.• 6*10-110*10 CFU/GM OF FEED SAMPLE
GROWTH OF PENICILLIUM Spp in FEED SAMPLES.
• NO AFLATOXIN B1B2 DETECTED IN FEED SAMPLE.
TREATMENT ATTAIMPTED.
• ADVISED FOR PROPER DRYING OF GRAIN BEFORE FEEDING.
• 2% COPPER SULFATE MIXED IN GRAIN BEFORE FEEDING.
• COMERCIAL TOXIN BINDERS,VARISHTA,TOXICURB @ 1Kg/tone of grain for 15days.
• Livertonic,Immunomodulater,Vitamin B complex.
Current Situation
• No more Mortality Reported
Khari DiseaseCausative organisms
»Blastomyces dermatitidis
Blastomycosis»Candida spp,»Absidia spp.,
Symptoms of disease when it
occurre• Denudation of hair at tail twitch.• Rough coat.• Lethargic • Inappeatance
Symptoms of disease when it
occurre• Unconscious movement.• Fore part leg at scapula region
bow shaped shoulder• Rest on knee.
Symptoms of disease when it
occurre• Chalky powder drops from hoof.• Rocker shaped foot, which enables
to normal movement.• Mortality in some cases.• After change in season disease
suppress itself
stiffness of joints, lameness, rough coat,
loss of long hair, and hoof sloughing and deformities
Hoof deformities are a classic sign pain for the
animal;
Diagnosis of disease:
• Mainly pre-history of animal, whether animal had been fed the type of plant.
• Analysis of feed fodder in area.• Parasitological Examination.• Examination of skin scrapings.• Blood chemical analysis.• Mycological Examination.
Laboratory Findings.• low blood phosphorus.• Mite.• Protein deficient in fodder.• Presence of Blastomyces spp,
Candida spp,Absidia spp., in hoof scraping
TRUE SYSTEMIC (ENDEMIC) MYCOSES• Blastomycosis:• Chronic cutaneous and osseus
disease • lesions on the skin • damage to the vertebrate, ribs,
skull, and bones