dinosaurs 79
TRANSCRIPT
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tinoiiurtsiorat rjittiiirstoiii,
Find out about one huge dinosaur Follow the steps and draw your7
I
andtwo prehistoric creatures ownPINACOSAURUS 1896
UTAHRAPTOR 1873r
5
’JUXIA 1876
HYPERODAPEDON 1877
Dr DavidNorman of Cambridge
University answers more of your
dinosaur queries BACK COVERShiver with the Ice Age creatures
in CHILLING OUT 1878
'I"I'ER'S GUIDE JGet boned up on THE INSIDE
STORYof a dinosaur 1886
Two young Utahraptor have a
playful fight I883
Discover the work of the
PREHISTORIC EYEWITNESSES
who have left a record of animals compsagnarhus tries to catch a
1888 flock of pterosaurs 1884
I t .4— 3HairLFL t_
More fascinating trivia and theweekly quiz I894
that no longer exist
\
HISTORY IN PIC'l'I.IRESl
DINOSAUR TRACKSDOWN
UNDER 1892
HOWTOCONTINUE
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DINOSAURS! ispublished byOrbis Publishing LtdGriffinHouse161Hammersmith RdLondonW685D© I994OrbisPublishing
EDITORIAL8; DESIGNbyTucker Slingsby36 LondonHouse66-03Upper RichmondRd
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UTXHRAPTORA savage ’switchblade’claw on each
hind foot made Utahraptorone of the
deadliest dinosaurs of all.
dromaeosaurids, or ‘runn1ng1izarWhen it stood straight, an adultUtahraptor was the same heighta t
tall men standing on each othershoulders. Everymember “fthigroup offlesh-eaters was armedWitha" V
pair of savage, sickle-shaped hindclaws.
V‘_¢‘u,;~0r“*"‘ ' A .
vb
runningdown‘t [hada Victim surrewith their claws an
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KILLERCLAW
Utahraptor’smain
weapons were the two
‘switchblade’ claws on its
back feet. It could raise
the clawswhen it was
running to avoid
damaging them. Thenit could flick themforwards to attack its
prey.A cutwith justone of those talonswould have sliced
through its victim’s body.
Utahrapfor
SCISSOR HANDSThe huge hands ofUtahraptorwere armed
with sharp, bladed claws. Like its smaller
relative, Deinonychus, it probably had
specialwrist joints that meant its hands
were as flexible as humanhands. Thedinosaur could haveheld its prey in a
deadly grip. Eachhandwas bigenough to
wrap completely round a football andhad three powerful talons.
‘
COOL KILLERUtahraptor may have been one ofthe most
intelligentotthe huntingdinosaurs. Ithad a brain the same size as a cat's, to
help itplan its moves. Some scientists
think Utahraptorwas such an etticient
killer itcould have wiped outwhole species.
1874
Deinonychus
The dromaeosaurids
ranged in size fromDromaeosaurus at
1.8m long, to giganticUtahrapfor,which was
upto 8m
long.
Velocirupfor Dromaeosaurus
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TALL TAILA long, strong tail helpedUtahraptor to
balance itselfas it dashed along. The tail
was probablystrengthenedwith thin, bonyrods at the tip, to keep it stiffenough to
steady the dinosaur’s hugebody.Utahraptor could also have used its tail to
support itselfwhen it kicked out.
SAW POINT
Utahraptorhadpowerful jaws linedwith
saW—like teeth. Its jaws would have openedextraWide and snapped shutwith
lightning speed.
LEADEROF THE PACK
Expertsbelieve that dromaeosauridshunted in packs, and thatmale
Utahraptor may have hadfierce clawingcontests to decide Who should be leader.
MONSTMFACTSO NAME:Ufahrapfor(@-tab-gap-tor)means
’Utal1plunclerer’O GROUP: dinosaurO SIZE: up to 8m longO FOOD:meat
O LIVED: aboutl 25 millionyears ago in the
EarlyCretaceous Period inNorthAmerica
.\ ‘\._"‘-.\.‘?~s~v‘<A.,‘.’«.l‘m\‘Ax\* I
.'U}!.'v.~x.'
1875
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Jl/XIAJuxiawas a prehistoric rhinocerosbuilt for running.
alloping along on its four slim
legs, J uxia lookedmore like a
horse than a rhinoceros. But
the earliest rhinos came in all shapes and
sizes. They ranged from creatures thatwere no bigger than today’s tapir, to
lumberinggiants four times heavier thantoday’s elephant.
RHINO RUNNER
Juxiawas pony-sized and built for
speed. Like a horse,it probably had
A
extra-strong lower leg
and toe bones,which
meant it could dash ">-r.
along'Witliblfitlr:“anyE
risk of twisyting an
ankle jo‘"i*1i'€f
.NAME: Juxia (jg-ck-sge;-a) means ’iromJuxia’.GROUP: rhinoceros.SIZE: up to 1.5m long.FOOD: plants.LIVED: about 40million years ago in the Late
Eocene inAsia
H:-'|.5m—>]
PEACEFUL PLANT-EATERUnlike today’s rhinoceros, J uxia
had no hornwithwhich toU
charge at an enemy.Its only defence
against hungryI meat-eaters,
uch as
H5/aenodon,was to outrun
, them.
» ‘fifiroesl .
f‘ Jwsgia, an odd-
‘xg’= v
V‘ toeéd ungulate,
E”
,;”v\io’uldhave
n" on itsU
tides, ratherlike today’spbny.
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IDENTIKIT _};,}i,
fiYPEK’€@@fl1PE@@MBuilt like a barrel,Hyperodapeclonwas one of the most successful planteaters before the dinosaurs arrived.
yperodapedon was a
member of the rhynchosaurgroup of early reptiles. They
flourished around the world more than
220millionyears ago.Hyperodapedonhada heavy,pig-sized body and a largehead linedwith many rows of powerfulteeth. AlthoughHyperodapedon could
only bite up and down, and could not
move its jaws from side to side, its teeth
were very efficient formunchingplants.
END OFAN ERA
Hyperodapedon feasted on the seed ferns
which grew everywhere in the Triassic.But seed ferns died out at the end of that
Period and conifers grew instead.Unable
to adapt to eating adifferent plant,Hyperodapedon died,autxtoo.
/WC
OOOO
Ilfl©IiiM@‘l€§NAME: Hyperodapedon (fix-per-o-_ap-e-don)means ’upper pavement tooth’GROUP: reptileSIZE: up to l.3m longFOOD: plantsLIVED: about 220 millionyears ago in the
LateTriassic Period in India and Scotland
6 3 %
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Blizzardswhistle clown from the
Poles,and the seas freeze over-if is!he coming of an IceAge.
n the longhistory of the Earth,‘
there have been many Ice _.e'
' "
Ages, when the frozen‘
I '
groundhas been covered in snow
all year round.
“L 177/
OLD ICE
In the distant era of the Precambrian, a n
time that spans seven’-ei‘ghtl1‘s of the ‘ ”*
Earth’s history, there were at least four Ice
Ages.But there
areno’
good fossilsof the
”
simplemicroscopic creatures tha
3~51‘* c
e
Ic
e
,‘ livegdpin theee times,,We d*
1’
T,
V
"
Io
4,
1J
I
what effect the coming‘of the
p
i , ‘Ordovicianyet another IceAge
l'.j.;.__ I began.At the endof this Period,
f%::;: is several kinds of trilobites ande wgraptolites died out. Thiswas probably
due to the change in climate brought’about
bythe Ordovician Ice
Age.
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09.'
v C ‘55 A GLACIER
When snow falls and does notmelt, thelayers
ofsnow at the bottom become squeezed together.They turn into ice.When ice issqueezed like this,itflows like soft jelly. Itusually flowsdownhill as akindofslow riverofice.This isa glacier. The ice
‘ at the surface isnot being squeezed, and so it
THE FROZENSOUTH cracks and shatters. This gives the surfaceoftheThe next major IceAge came at the endof glacier its jagged look.the Carboniferous and the beginning ofthe Permian. Vast areas of ice coveredSouth
Africa, India,Australia and OUTLOOKWARMER
V
southern SouthAmerica. These freezing conditions gradu?”
At that time, all theseV
gave Way to the warmer, wetteficontinentswere joined , . times of theMesozoic, whenw .<
together in one greatA‘
dinosaursfirstWalked onc”eiEartl1;£*landmass. g;«:}W xx‘ 1“ '
A'
r it\
‘
.€.».i\>
. ‘\.‘ . A rFu.;'« .‘
Equator. (Today,Floridaand the PersianGulf lieWithin the ar :ll"“‘:c)sr»«1<(:,ie.~c(%‘)“‘V‘e"“‘1“—edby
ice!), h*~1_lsW
aéfifn)%'d"’f01“" if
if.1 :
H
T
afig"-. oc osaurus
SURVlVhlNGTHE COLDs
had inaded the land.T»T ‘ reptiles were
. hese*anima1s mayhave been coveredwith hair,whichwould havehelped them ‘
towithstand the cold, as the ice‘
“spreades¥9Sei-
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The IceAge that we knowmost
about is the Pleistocene Ice Age. It
finished about 10,000 years ago.
The Pleistocenewas not a singleIceAge. It lasted for 1.7million
years, and during that time the ice
sheets and glaciers came andwent
about 20 times. In between the
cold spells, the climate became
evenwarmer than it is today.
[%€EEEE€9§E§ £(Z% Wé3iE°l.%Wi\
Animal life in the Pleistocenewas
spectacular. Huge mammothsand
woollyrhinoceroseswandered the frozenwastes.
They scrapedaway the snow to graze on
the sparse vegetation. Herds ofgreat Irish
elk and aurochsmigrated across the icywilderness. Our ancestors learned tomake
fires, build shelters and fashion clothes out
ofanimal skins to keep themselves alive.
Even in the deepest IceAge, theWholeworld did not cool down.There were still
tropical forests at the Equatorbut, as thesheets of ice spreadout from the Poles, the
cold areas became larger.
li"%l\.l§R fFR@W‘l THEE SUN?
No one is sure what causes an Ice Age. It
may involve the way the Earthwobbles
like a spinning top as it travels round the
Sun. The Earth is tilted on its axis, andthis gives us the seasons. Over very long
periods of time, the tilt ofthe Earthchanges.At certaingtfmes, one area of
9
b the a th maybeo
Alene IceAgegwwéally.~
., .....,2*h$?dndéb¢é*d5tiofiIrish.
5 , ‘dso far awayfrom'\I
Thismagllj W V,
‘W ./ Xi
A glacier (left) is
a river of ice.This one is in
L
New Zealand,Evenwhen the
Earthwas in thegrip ofanceAge, there were
still warm areas
like this (rignear the Eq r.
4,ElFlFl3§<{§lT
The oceans may also have an effect.I
water keeps climates from beingextrWhen all the continentswere jammed uptogether, as they were in CarboniferousandPermian times, the interior of the
i
landmasswould have been so far from the
ocean that it couldhave become very cold,and so started an IceAge.
/'M:\’lC3)‘Il"liH'l[%“:fi*:2 [K1133
At present, theAtlantic Ocean is getting
larger and all the continents are
surrounded bywater. Some scientists
think that we may not see another IceAgfor hundreds ofmillions ofyears. V
1
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they may be rivalsandfight KT
death for the leadershipof their ahead;Their killer claws can inflict terrib”lTe
damage, slicing through flesh. Theirreinforced tails help themtobalance as
they kick andmanoeuvre .;iga3in an
advantage.The lessons they newat
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‘I4
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Little Compsognathusfinds the lagoon a goodhuntingground. Small
animals come to drink
there, and can sometimesbe taken unawares.But
this flock of pterosaurstakes flight before
Compsognathus cangrab one for its lunch.
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GUIDE
YESTERDAYAND TODAY
Palaeontologistsdon’t just study extinct
animals, they also look at the skeletons of
today’s animals. An animal’s skeletonaffects the Way it canmove, how it hunts,
and indicateswhich other animals it isrelated to. This is true ofdinosaurs too. So,
by studying a skeleton, you canwork out
si0 r What it looked like andhow it behaved.
Dorsalvertebra
(spine bone)
Scapula
Palaeontologists study skeletons to (‘:;":°'°'discover the facts about dinosaurs.
a e)
l inosaur bones are the best‘ cluesWe have to the Way
“A .9 dinosaurs looked.
Palaeontologists spend a lot of time
studying the bones they find. They
have todecideWhere a
particularbone belongs andwhichdinosaur it belongs to.
Every type ofbone has a
name, as you can see fromthis Tuojiangosaurusskeleton.
Cervical vertebra
(neck bone)
Humerus
(upper arm
bone)Rib
Eye socketFem‘-"'
Skull , _ (“fishElbow |omt bone)
Ulna
(forearm _bone)
Fibula (calf bone)
Ankh ioimTibia (shin bone)
/‘
andible
(lower iaw)
1886
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SPO'I"I'ER'SG
HEAVY BODY, BIG LEGS NEW LOOK DINOSAURS
Different types ofdinosaur had special As the experts learnmore about a
types ofbone. Heavydinosaurs had thick, dinosaur, they may change theirminds
solid legandarm bones to support their aboutWhat it looked like. Theymay decide
Weight.Light dinosaurs hadhollow, light that the skeleton should be put together
limb bones. Carnosaurs hadholes in their differently.When Tuojiangosauruswas
skulls,whichmade them lighter andmeant first discovered, they thought the plates
they couldmove their heads aroundwhen along its spine lay down flat. Expertsnow
theywere looking for prey.think they stuck out.
Dorsal plate(back plate) Tuoiiangosaurus, which means ’Tuo River lizard’,
lived about 150 million years ago. Itwas the
Ilium (one of two first almost complete skeleton to be dug up inbones that make up China. This huge plated dinosaur was larger
the top of the pelvis) than a modern rhinoceros but much lighter. It
was about 7m long and 2m high -taller than a
human. Ifyou look at its skeleton you can
see that Tuoiiangosaurus had a typical
stegosaur’s body shape. It had
a tiny headwith a toothless
caudd platebeak and small, ridged
(Mi.Pkfle)cheek teeth. Look at its
‘
body. It is bulkywith an
arched back and strongtrunk-like legs to
support itsweight.
4-_..
Caudal vertebra
(tail bone)
Caudal spike(tail spike)
Chevron bones
1887
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Paintings from the past reveal what‘ .‘prehistoric animals really looked like.
{_ow do we know what a
» mammoth looked like?., I . Several skeletonshave been
found, but they only show the rough shapeof the animal. Mammoths have also been
found preserved in frozen mud, but theirremains are rather shrivelled. Clumps of
hair have even been discovered, but these
have probably changedcolour over thousandsof
years.However,
.
_f rehistorkprehistoric cave paintings
'
_,_ Z mgjmls on thecan tell us more about
I
« A .how these animals looked.
THE FIRST ART GALLERIESIn France, along the
valley of the Dordogneriver, there are manycliffs. About 20,000 years
ago, duringthe Ice
Age,these caves were thehomes of people that we
call Cro-Magnon man. In the same cliffs,This is how two
there are caves whose Walls a r e coveredartists have
with animal pictures. There are paintingsdrawn
wfionyof familiar animals, such as reindeer, ;.'l:T:::
5'
horses andbears. There ar e also drawings Painter wasofanimals that no longer exist. Wedo not able ,0 drawknow why people engraved, drew and the animag
paintedthese animals. from r e c ] fife!
i
1888
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\\ PYRENEAN PAINTINGS
xxxnother famous site of IceAge paintings is
-~‘;‘i‘§inthe Pyrenees—mountain range in
orthern Spain. Here, too, the caves are
\\-\ \
xix
V
3IW§&@[él(C3"Jl“
CRO-MAGCOPIESThe best Cro-Magnon paintings trom the
Dordogne area of France are found at a
place called Lascaux.Theywere discoveredin 19210bysome childrenwho were
playing in the cave.Atter the cave had
been visited bymillions otpeople, thepictures began to fadewith the heat andthe moisture. Inthe 19605 the caveswere
closed tovisitors.Artiticial cavesmadetrom glass Fibre have been built nearby.There, you can see pertect copies ofthe
original paintings.
Woollyrhinoceros
MAMMOTH HUMPSThe cave paintings ofmammoths show
they hada fatty hump, like a camel’s, on
their backs. Skeletons do not show this
bump, so we wouldn’t have known about it
without the cave paintings.
WOOLLY RHINOS
Cro—Magnonman also hunted thewoollyrhinoceros. Several caves in central France
have vivid drawings of this shaggy beast.
1889
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CAVE LIFE This cave painting
Cave paintings not only tell us about theW 0 5 °“5¢°V°'”°d in‘
animal life, they give us clues to the way '-°5‘°""r F""“‘°-
people livedand the world they lived in."‘h°‘"‘" herd °f
migrating deer
crossing a river.A DIFFICULT CROSSINGOnewall paintingat Lascaux shows aherd of deer crossing a river.All you can
see is a row ofheads. One deer seems
to have lost its footing and is beingwashed
away.We can guess from this that
Cro—Magnon people used towatch the This is gnome.-
deermigrating. If the local riverswere in painting from
flood, the rush ofwaterwould havebeen I-clscaux.It shows a
strong enoughtowash
awaysome of the bison standing next
deer as theywere crossing.
UNDERGROUND ARTNot all the caves are easy to reach. In
1991, divers discovered a cave in the
south ofFrance. It can only be reached
by going through a submerged tunnel,33m below"sea level!
ODD GIRAFFESome cave paintings raisemore questionsthan they answer. One of the paintings in
the Sahara‘Desert is of a strange animal
with large horns. Nobody canmake out
what it is supposed to be. Some scientiststhink it is a Sivatherium. This is a gigantic
giraffewithhorns likemoose antlers.
NOTSOOLD
/ ,»K
9Until this
mysterious paintingwas found
V Ly in the Sahara Desert, no one had thought\V
that early people lived at the same time as
Sivatherium. Then, in 1977, someoneTrois fréres
rneans ’three brothers’ French.The
i noticed that a bronze Statuette,which hadBeast ofTrois Fréres IS a cave painting In the been discovered in Iraq in 1927 lookedFrench Pyrenees. It shows a creature with a -
-1 t th-
1- hi<3
head and tall. The most likely explanation IS that ll‘Sivatherium then this Very Strange
h'
cl l<cl'
. ’ .-
:e:(:::o<:‘;:orc::i?1:3::::lnfiC(|:toefirhgggg ffiligng
0
looking beastmust havebeen alive as'
recentlyas2,500BC.
1890
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grasslands.When these paintingswere
CLUES FROM THE CAVES
TheTassili mountains lie in the middle ofthe SaharaDesert.Cave paintings foundthere show antelope, zebras, giraffes andother animals thatare now only found in
climatemustg_ g
LONG-LIVED DIPROTODON?Another fascinating rock paintinghasbeen found in Australia. It is of a largepig—like animal.Most people believe itshows a
pigbroughttoAustralia
bythe
explorer CaptainCook.But it is possiblethat it is a picture ofDiprotodon,aWombat that was as bigas a bear. Again,-before the discovery of the painting,noone had thought thatDiprotodon lived atthe same time as people.
A VALUABLE RECORDAll these pieces of art record the animallife
of the time.What will archaeologists inthe futuremake of our pictures and tapesofanimals that are becoming extinct today?
1891
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/I/1/LL/O/V5‘ OF YEARSAGO, /N WHAT IS /VOWAUSTRALIA: A HUNGRY
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FOOTPR/N75‘ /N MUD. MUD HARDENED AND ; THAT COVERED T/-/E FOSS/L/ZED, — El/E/VTUALLY TURNED
‘FOOTPR/N75, LEAVING THEM EXPOSED
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7'0 K/LL AT LEAST ONE OF THESMALLER DINOSAURS.
‘
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tdlmprove and test yourknowledge
Follow the footprints on the gp ‘mammoth’sback and answer Nigefla“930
'
the questions posed! believedha
Cave paintingsof
mammoths show:
a) they had fafly humpsb°“
\'whi°_°rmsd
b) they hadWings0 shoulder I3ade I *_
c) theywere blackwith red E’'“° --
Snipes
)vertebra
L c) scapula
Urahraptor had abrain the size}of:
. a)*a human‘brain
)a cat's brain, . V
Hot, sunny FloridawasM
once covered in:
cu) oil and t a r _~ b) iceand snowc) warm water
Tuoiiangosauruswas found in:
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Tastytermites!
Fora long time,expertsthoughtthat prehistoricanteaters onlylived inSouth
America. Then a
complete skeletonofEurotamandua was
und inGermany.
Anteaters%
carry their young ontheir backs and
use their long tongues to lick uptermites andants; _
Di”PaddlesSome scientists
thoughtthat the lime
dinosaur
c°""P5'°9nathushadPaddles oniffg
forelimbsandcouldSwim inthe sea. The
V
Paddles turned nu} 1-oh
bejustmarkson“,5rockononeofthe
fossils.
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L =7 Answers to the questions on inside back cover
1895
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PIN/I005AI/RI/3First of all, imagine a simple shape Look carefully at your dinosaur and
that fits the shape ofPinacosaurus. mark lines inside your shape to show
The shape that works best is like the side themainelements of its body.Mark the
View of a building. head, the legs, tail and the belly.
Now you can draw in the outline of Now you have a complete outline of
Pinacosaurus.Carefully follow the Pinacosaurus.The next stage is to fill
points youmarked in Step 2 and you will find in all the details of the skin, armour andthe
you get an accurate drawing. bony spines on itsback.
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Ifyou wont to colour in your drawing, you can
follow the colours we have usedor make up your
1896
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; Keep your copies safe and neon?with Hmese
fantastic binders.! Yourbiundershaveheendesignedtolookgoodat homeora1:schooJLEachis
;f sturdyandhardwearing-itovenhasawipe-cleanoover-amdlholds18; issues.You'llwant. to useyourDINOSAURS!collectionagain andl again
-l for reference, for school projects, orjust for fun. Sodon't letyour copies go
missing;keep them in your own setofbinders.
DINOSAURShulmlenarenowavailable andcost just £4.95(imclndfluug£11p&p).Pleaserefer to thei o t i o non theinmlidiemmcoveror telephoneM84755755fw dmnils.
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whichcouldflyfasten;
a.mmmmof
Uiniwmrsifyuuswmyour
questiuoh
WouldfherehaveAI’6fi&60Pf6FYX bunforestfires inorapterosaur? coal forests?
Some of the larger Inmostoaoesa weptaruoaurs, such us know there have beenPterurwdor:aué foroot fires in 5. particularareaQuetzalcoufilus, maywell because wefind fieuositis ofoharcoal
;
homo beatenArchoeopteryzxz them. Wehave not found themdeposits inin a moo.ButPtomolaotyius and what used toho tho coal forests. This doeo
Amhueopteryx, whichwere about the some notmean they neverhappened. Duringsize, probably had a similar flying speed. the Carboniferous Period, many of theThoughmy guesswould be that dense coal forests were found in hugePterodactylus would have been a far more swamps at themouths ofvast rivers. The
acrobatic flyer thanArchaeopteryx. rivers supplied the Water and sedimentV ; that made up
a:% _ _ the swamps.
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DudPlestosauruseat From time
ammonites? lfso, mime,
largemarine reptiloo.Fromthe repti}e’s caught; fire
whatha ed to the riversthe 9 Is? ‘hanged
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p
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‘V2 o _ It is quite likely that out offamas
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Plesiosazzirzzs ate of lanaithat
ammonites.Marks then dried,« W havebeen found in out. The ‘dry’
ammonite ahells areas maythat fit the teeth of Wellhave
point ofview,ammonites were a good if theywereseamsof food -—~ they didnotmove very struck byfast and, to fwd on them, the reptile lightning, or
sirnply grasped the axumonite by its ifhot volcanictentacles and shookvigorously untilthe ash fell on