diplom english

8/10/2019 Diplom English

1/49

Induction

The analysis of the Strategic partnership between Mongolia and China

Chapter 1Mongolian-Chinese relations stratification characteristics

1.1. Mongolian-Chinese historical relationship (1949-1990)

1.2. Mongolian-Chinese relations revival period (1990-2014)

Chapter 2

Mongolian-Chinese strategic partnership

2.1. Strategic partnership in the political sector - to strengthen political mutual trust

2.2. Economy, Trade and Investment Cooperation its strategic partnership

2.3. Niigem, a man and a strategic partnership in the areas of regional cooperation

Chapter 3

Analysis of the strategic partnership between China - Mongolian

3.1. China-Mongolian dakhistratyegiin political dialogue partnership between features

3.2. China-Mongolian trade, economy and investment, strategic financial sector partnership

features

3.3. The humanities and culture, education, science and technology, health and tourism

sectors in specific strategic partnership

3.4. International and regional cooperation in the sector specific strategic partnership

Conclusion


2/49

Induction

Modern Mongolian foreign cooperation relationship with the priorities of the two

neighbors. Mongolian and Chinese relations in political, trade, economic, scientific,

technological, cultural, educational and community organizations across all sectors ofsociety, such as developing successfully. Relations between the two countries in the

international relations and foreign policy under the new trends in primary goals sovereignty

and territorial integrity and to protect the integrity of the country's interest does not apply to

anyone who prefer to conduct an independent foreign policy as it is common.

However, the new circumstances, Mongolian and Chinese foreign policy and international

relations widened scope of its regulatory mechanisms, the new form and content, as

determined by the way. In the first decade of the XXI century Mongolian and Chineseprogress than ever to the nature of the communication process, mutually beneficial

pragmatic concept of Mongolian and foreign policy had become the focus areas of the

Mongolian and Chinese relationship is seen as a priority. Thus, relationships with our

neighbors for the past in order to develop and expand its friendly relations with neighbors as

important to the development of a wide range of cooperation.

In doing so, historical and traditional southern neighbors have been contacted and geo-

economic cooperation is important to take into account the unique. Withdrawal of the new

century Mongolian and Chinese neighborly partnership of mutual trust is an advanced stage

of the strategic partnership. Therefore, the relationship between the two countries to

determine the appropriate strategic partnership based on the strengths and weaknesses of

the documents I tried to perform this research.


3/49

The purpose of the study: In this paper, we define small Mongolian foreign policy, the

proposed strategy to achieve this goal, the choice could save the country's interests or

values provided in other words, depends on the ability to guarantee security. Mongolian and

Chinese relations have advanced level feature of the importance of the strategic partnership

is to analyze and study other issues.

Research Objectives: The objectives in order to achieve the above goals.

Mongolianand Chinese relations and the legal basis for a contract

Established strategic partnership with China, and the implementation of cooperation

Strategic partnership joint statement

Strategic partnerships, medium and long-term programs

Strategic partnership perspective to study what caused objective analysis.

Research review:Mongolian and Chinese relations and cooperation of many scientists who

produced books, articles, reports, numerous scientific publications is given by the on why.

For instance: N.Altantsetseg "Mongolian and Chinese relations in Century" UB, 2010,

N.Altantsetseg China's foreign policy UB, 2012, J.Bayasakh "Foreign Policy and Security:

Selective literature" UB, 2010, Mongolian Russia and China together for the XXI century

development UB, 2009, Sharad K.Soni Mongolia - China relations: Modern and

Contemporary times2000, John T.Rourke, Clashing views in World Politic, such as books,

guides, and the Institute for Strategic International Studies scientists and researchers at the

Institute of articles and research agreements between the two countries, heads of state,

officials and news related visits to see the websites. While many works that define the

relationship between the two countries, but the newly formed strategic partnership relations

of my self because of the lack of analysis of the present research is carried out.

The importance of research:Mongolian and Chinese strategic partnership of cooperation

relations between appearance of further study of the nature of international relations is a

new type of strategic partnership of cooperation between the two countries that bring the

research is important.

Research Methodology:The research, based on the work of researchers used statistical

methods to collect, study and document comparability.

The structure of the research: "Mongolian - Chinese strategic partnership between the

analysis for bachelor studies in the introduction, three chapters, nine points, conclusion,

bibliography and appendix sections.


4/49

CHAPTER 1

Mongolia - China relations stratification characteristics

1.1. Brief overview of the history of the Mongolia and People's Republic of China

Relations period (1949-1990)

Mongolian and Chinese ancient history and consider the relationship between our two

countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1949, the first 10 in history, and it is

comparable with the terms of a short period of time. Our country recognizes emerging and

China, and is one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations. 10 On July 1, 1949,

China's People's Council declared the establishment of the PRC central government hasstated "... the territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual respect and interests of both, and

are willing to obey the principle of equality, any foreign government authority is ready to

establish diplomatic relations".1

Mongolian Government accept this declaration and to establish diplomatic relations with

China 10 on May 6, 1949, by Marshall H. Choibalsan, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs

written note signed by Minister Zhou Enlai by this decision of the response letter from the

government expressed so glad agreed to establish diplomatic relations and diplomatic

solutions to exchange delecates Ulaanbaatar in 1950 and opened by the embassy in Beijing,

mutual our relationship and cooperation can be seen that.

Two of the original agreement between the Government of Mongolian and Chinese people

were very important in the history of friendship and 1952, the "People's Republic of China's

economy and discuss the cultural cooperation" was after the conclusion of negotiations

bilateral economic relations, particularly activated.2Diplomatic relations established in the

first two years, the highest increase in visits to the two countries about the relationship

developed. In 1960, "China - Mongolian friendly relations Cooperation Agreement", in 1962

boundary line agreement signed by these two important documents of international politics,

and culture laid the foundation expand exchanges and cooperation in the field.3Since then,

the two countries friendly relationships renowned for its international relationship for many

1Batbuyan.Ts "Mongolian and Chinese relations in Century NUM UB School of International Affairs, 2010, p-17

2Begzjav.L Mongol - China Relations(1949-1999), 1999 p 2

3Batbayr.H "In today's China," UB 1996 3rd parties


5/49

years to improve the existing strategic partnership has been developed to expand.

Mongolian and Chinese relations, political, economic, trade, science, culture and humanities

as a positive development across all sectors.

Mongolian decline in the past 65 years, China Relations growth, taking into account thedevelopment of the plot from 1960 to 1949, the mid-year relationship is calculated during the

first years of this generation friendship relations can be called. Relations between the two

countries ruling parties, the MPRP and the Communist Party of China and it was time to take

the lead in the world divided into two systems, staged to coincide with democratic countries.

This relationship was a significant influence of the Soviet Union was at the forefront of

democratic states, and that this high-level visits between the two countries during the

ongoing and new agreements have been established years of economic assistance to each

other. In 1960, the two heads of state and government"People's Republic of China's friendship, mutual assistance agreement" 4 our establishment

the border of the two neighboring superpower, equality, friendship and mutual assistanced

current law was a very important event opened with great opportunity.

Agreements and consolidation of cooperation between these two newly developed and

successfully this time of friendship and mutual assistance treaties and border agreements,

economic and cultural cooperation agreements between the two countries, including 40

percent of the legal foundation for the agreement is established. This generation is an

important event in the two countries relations on 26th May 12, 1962, for the first time in

history "Mongolian - Chinese border agreement" was founded yum.5

This border agreement a potent, confidential and friendship of the people of the two

countries, before entering into the contract is essential to strengthen the unity of our country

to protect its borders south spective, however, the Chinese government and any

international boundary line was formally identify unmarked. Mongol foreign relations and

cooperation prevailed before 1990 in Russia's transition to a market economy with a central

role in these sectors since the main partner while China and Mongolian trade and economic

relations and cooperation in other areas are expanding rapidly .

4 Begzjav.L "Mongolian - Chinese relations (1949-1999)", 1999 p 32

5 Begzjav.L "Mongolian - Chinese relations (1949-1999)", 1999 p 32


6/49

Mongolian and Chinese relations 1949-1960 year or ten-year period were developed within

the fraternal relations and 1960-1990 term relationship with more than thirty years, was in a

state of suspended time identified. Listed on the first ten years of the Soviet Union and

China-US relations were developed based on the principles of good-neighborly friendly

neighbor of the current in the People's Republic of friendly relations with both goodopportunities and development of Mongolian history is defined by the rapid advancement of

the rest. Determined by a certain number of years, 65-year relationship, but because of the

international relations of the two countries, primarily the Soviet empire, China and the United

States should be noted that it was due to the evolution of the relationship between changes.

Trade and economic approved in 1952 for "economic and cultural cooperation" OF

expanding bilateral cooperation agreement in 1961 increased year-over-year sales volume

has increased 24-fold compared to 1951. This increase trade volume between the twocountries was consistent with the interests of the people of the two countries. By 1960, the

highest level in the history of trade had reached 130 million tugriks.6People's Republic of

China between foreign

Through this based on the needs and potential of bilateral trade and economic development

of the cooperation in all sectors, to accelerate the development of the productive forces and

bilateral development and contribute to improving the lives of the people of the Mongolian

government policies, China's economic and trade activities focused on the development of

economic cooperation. Thus, Mongolian and China established diplomatic relations over the

first ten years (1949-1960), and interests of the people in Asia and the world peace, over the

years, the interest of security.7

6

Kitaiskaya Narodnaya Ryespublika. Str- 2717http: //www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/ideasToday/04/04_Mongolia.pdf


7/49

Communicate with the top leaders of the two countries and the friendship between the two

countries, rights laid the basis for a cooperation agreement, bilateral friendly relations among

peoples of favorable Chinese economic and technical assistance and development of our

country, and was a real role in the production. However, despite some difficulties with

development of period 1949-1960 Mongolian -Chinese relations as a whole advanced bycommunication was also an important positive role in the history of relations between the two

countries. Since 1960, the Soviet - Chinese relations, rapid changes in Marxist-Leninist

theory, war and peace issues of domestic and foreign policy began falling on the line. 8

USSR - Contest in China, our country has been demonstrated consistently in the latter stood

on the events of the Soviet Union.

The newly established China, from Moscow's influence and strengthen its position in the

communist regime and the "Cultural Revolution" in isolation from the outside world, thecountry becoming Mongolian - Chinese relations have basically stopped, all carried out in

accordance with the policy of the Moscow People's Republic of China is basically broke ties.

Because of the boundary line of the People's Republic of China, primarily the Soviet-

Chinese confrontation line became the armed forces during this period. Reasons for poor

communication experts considered to be caused by the following 3 reasons. Including:

- First:Mongolian authorities were closely related to their own policy action not in a position

to Moscow.

- Second:In China, the "Cultural Revolution" of the domestic political crisis in the country up

to the outside world isolation.

- Third:Foreign policy framework explained in a fight with the United States and the Soviet

Union.

Soviet - Chinese relations accompany the Mongolian - Chinese relations worsened China's

investment and aid stopped, the Soviet Union and China's Mongolian strengthen its position

was filled in the gap. Mongolian and China's current policy, especially foreign policy, political

leaders, have criticized the apparent position of the standards, but will not interfere in the

internal affairs of China. Deterioration in the relationship described above, "Cultural

Revolution" was halted trade relations and economic downturn. This time, our relationship

has stagnated for obvious reasons, but political relations were deteriorating phase was

dependent on external factors. Mongolia-China relations, considerable progress has been

8S.Jargalsaikhan "the People's Republic of China," UB, 2011, p 99


8/49

made since 1982, and 1982-1983 railway trade between two countries and a recovery in the

Soviet-Chinese relations grows Mongolian - Chinese relations.9

1985 in China, "Cultural Revolution" ending "Four reform" been reorganizing the

Soviet Union, publicity10

with the Soviet Union and China relations have improved andpositive impact on our bilateral relations, there he forgot all the things that happened before

Mongolian Foreign Minister Ts.Gombosuren official visit to China at the end of the eighties,

Gas completed the second phase of bilateral relations between the two countries Head of

understanding with China, China's fourth-generation leader Hu Jin tao visited in 2003

Mongolian between the two countries "good-neighborly and mutually trusted partnership"

identify and agree to deepen bilateral relations to a new level as what.11 Mongolia is

landlocked country, small commodities exports and imports for most of the day-to-day use.

This was a very difficult time for regional co-operation was essential.

1.2. Mongolian-Chinese relations Revival period (1990-2014), or up to date

communication

Mongolian - Chinese relations completed the third phase, present Cold War could say that in

the second half of 1980. This phase of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall

collapsed, which is caused by the time of the Democratic Revolution in Mongolia since

relations between the two countries began a gradual recovery. This balanced relationship

between the two countries' political, economic, cultural, science has evolved on the part of

all. This is the first "cold war" ended, the second new countries on the world map, and the

third is toward a multi-polar international relations, the two poles.

Thus, between the Mongolian People's Republic of China in 1994, during the restoration of

the "friendly relations and co-operation agreement" is all about the development since its

establishment12. The Agreement "use of force against one another", "together with a third to

join the coalition against each other," includes many important provisions, such as would

have been moved to a new stage of relations between the two countries. This Gerege

Since 2000, following the current document as its fundamental relationship the two countries

"good neighborly relations" OF I have now been transformed into a strategic partnership

9L.Khaisandai "International Studies and articles" UB, 2003. 50 p

10Transperacy

11N.Altantsetseg "China's foreign policy," UB, 2012, p 8

12J. Baysakh "Mongolian -Chinese political relations in Century" 2010 p 43


9/49

relations. Thus, the bilateral relations between the two countries advances again the

importance of a number of positive events occurred:

order cooperation and consular relations of the two countries has improved even more.

"Chinese, Mongolian and Russian parties 5, 1996, Chinese, Mongolian ,Russian bordercrossing agreement signed by China and Mongolian border issue completely resolved13

developed so much to the development of bilateral relations and consular relations. In 1990,

Mongolian Consulate General in Hohhot, the recovery in 2007 from the Mongolian State

Consulate officially established in Erlian

.

Bilateral economic and trade cooperation developed rapidly. In 1991, the two countries,

"Economic and trade cooperation council" was established cash-commerce trade between

the Government of the year, the two governments agreed to include investment promotionand protection agreement signed between.14

ocal cooperation continuously improved. Between between local governments and

communities Economic, Trade, Scientific, technological and cultural exchanges will continue

to contribute to the further development of bilateral relations.

Mongolian foreign policy directions and trends in China's southern neighbor relations with

the two countries in 1989, occupies a special place in the political, economic and cultural

relations in all fields completely normal in the 90s after it was released in relationship to a

new level. In May 1989, the Soviet Union's top Chairman of the Board of M.S.Gorbachyev

did an official visit to China15had a normal relationship between the two countries. The last

thirty years, the first summit between the two countries both foreign and domestic policy

develops the ruling party relationships and strong in all aspects of our relations with giant

neighbor has created favorable conditions for the development forward.

Our northern and north-neighborly relations of three people, including Mongolian relations

and good neighborly relations being made to Chinese development is influenced by external

factors. Relations between the two countries since the resolution of regular high-level

delegation to strengthen mutual cooperation and exchange of all would be important to

13Sharad K.Soni "Mongolia - China relations: Modern and Contemporary times" NY, 2000. p.105

14John Frederick Baddeley "Russia, Mongolia, China": Being Some Record of the Relations Between Them

Death of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Ad, 2007, p.3415John T.Rouke "Clashing views in World Politic" p.126


10/49

recovery. With the political relationship has reached a high level of trade and economic

cooperation promoted to a new level, but this is a huge potential to expand the relationship.

In the 90s culture, humanitarian Mongolian - Chinese cooperation to ensure sustainable

developing relations between the two neighboring peoples and mutual understanding of thereality of each other and contribute to help you determine.16 Any of friendship and

cooperation, and ordinary people ties, mutual understanding and mutual trust plays an

important role, and travel and tour business to communicate with each other through

extensive opened all those years. Mongolian good neighborly relations with neighboring

China relations and Asian countries surrounding the peace and sustainable development in

a positive yum. In last years, expanding mutually beneficial cooperation between the two

countries, China and Mongolian nation's largest trading partners, and investors such as

during this time, which still continues to be one of the international position of both sides ofthe issues and support each other and work together effectively.

China's Mongolian government with the harmony and equality to welcoming friendly

communication has always followed the direction of Mongolian independence, sovereignty

has long been respected. This period of bilateral relations, economic and trade from the

point of view from trade since the 1990s, the structure and content of public bodies believed

to be fundamentally changed while maintaining the stiffness of firms represented by private

trade and commerce, domestic demand is believed to have been exporting agricultural

commodities. Mongolian and Chinese relations in the 21st century, with their unique

features and specifications is independent of every other state interference based on the

path of development chosen independently and social institutions, regardless of ideological

differences, both large and small, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation has traditionally

been a continuing commitment to strengthen oversight. Enter into partnership with the new

relationship with jarand before the development of national interests in the context of mutual

respect, mutual benefit and development on the basis of the principle of equality is facing

new task. Thus, in the first decade of the XXI century Mongolian State has had two

neighboring superpower relations process and the general appearance of symptoms

progress than ever before, pragmatic been mutually beneficial. Boost relations with both

Russia and China since 2006 with the level of strategic partnership with Russia and the

People's Republic of China at the beginning of 2011, and began working in the same way

the development of strategic partnership relations together offer about 2013 medium and

long-term program was approved.

16John Frederick Baddeley "Russia, Mongolia, China: Being Some Record of the Relations Between

Them of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "2007, p.50


11/49

CHAPTER 2

Relationship of Mongolian - Chinese strategic partnership

2.1. A strategic partnership in the political field

Mongolian countries to establish diplomatic relations with China in the first one. 65

years of bilateral relations since the establishment of diplomatic relations, though there were

a number of obstacles to overcome, and prefer to have cordial relations. Today, Mongolian ,

and China, both international and regional economic integration of the economic and social

responsibility for the development and maturing. China, the Mongolian side of the two

countries for the good of the people came out to deepen cooperation and friendly relations to

consistent with the interests of the people of the two countries.17

However, in 2011, established a strategic partnership between the two countries have

opened a new page in our relations. The geographical location of strategic partnership

relations have played a critical role. The main features of Mongolian foreign environment is a

landlocked country sandwiched two locations. This position gyeopolitikt the world has been

defined in the position of Mongolian State. Look back on the history of Mongolian , Russian

and Chinese relations between the three countries under the influence of the global

geopolitical reflection on contemporary conflicts of interest between junction lap and going

.But based on the Mongolian foreign policy, leading the development of cooperation and

friendly relations with her neighbor direction as a concept used to be more precise.

National interests in international relations or service that appears in the relationship

between domestic policy objectives, and the other is about values. Therefore, define the

politics of a small country, choosing the right tools of the strategic goals of the country's

interests or values, provided that can be stored, ie, depends on the ability to guarantee the

safety. And small, national security than internal factors, external environment and the

border with the neighboring countries as well as regional and world-wide, and there are

many foreign countries, depending on the policy in Mongolian Relations with China is an

important issue.

17 Hundred-year history of Mongolian Foreign Affairs Review. UB, p 2011274


12/49

If relations between the two countries recovered from the 1994 "China, Mongolia, mutual

assistance agreement" reconditioned "the Mongolia-China friendly relations and co-

operation agreement on" the signing of the bilateral political, economic, cultural, educational

and military kindly history out to all sectors.18This time the Chinese Mongolian government

attaches great importance to developing good-neighborly relations with continued high-levelvisit the goal was to strengthen political mutual trust and aimed to intensify relations in other

areas.

Managing two visits is expanding to two people within the country's political climate by

creating even further strengthen bilateral trade and economic cooperation strategy partner

between Govisumber be particularly useful to enhance the country's foreign policy concept,

"Russia and China to have friendly relations with the Mongolian foreign policy priority and

follow the one and one-sided and completely balanced in helping to develop broad

cooperation and good neighborly relations ".Tradition between the two countries, providedthat corresponds to the specific nature of economic cooperation.19

Thus, the concept of foreign policy has been successful.

China's fourth-generation leader Hu Jintao's state visit in 2003 Mongolian between the two

sides during the good-neighborly and mutually trusted partnership to develop relationships

with the Joint Statement issued during the visit included. 20

Communication during this specific priorities of the bilateral relations:

quality of the two countries, each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity based on

the principles of mutual respect and to strengthen political mutual trust. This five of China's

foreign policy from developing countries on the basis of the principle to the development of

additional public trust.

o respect each other's development path selection and development efforts based on

the principles of trade and economy wide range of mutually beneficial cooperation in the

cultural and humanitarian relations,

egional cooperation, strengthening mutual trust with the active cooperation towards

regional integration affairs Strategic Partnership in 2013 and was incorporated to participate

in the development of medium and long-term plans, political, economic, trade and

18 N.Ulaan-Od "Chinese and Mongolian tells you about the state of bilateral relations," "Mongolian , Russian,

China together for the development of XXI century "UB, 2009 217 p19

Mongolian foreign policy concept. Ulaanbaatar, 201120

www.fmprc.gov.cn/pub/eng/topics/hjtcf/t23129.htm


13/49

humanitarian cooperation in sectors such as and set out the priorities for the deepening of

political relations, eight proposed.21

In 2011, the Mongolian and Chinese strategic partnership relations between our two

countries established a special event in the history of the two countries, which have agreedto Mongolian and Chinese strategic partnerships, medium and long-term program for the

development and implementation of continuing to strengthen and deepen the strategic

partnership between the two countries, cooperation in the development of forward planning

stages, Mongolian and Chinese co-development and the building of people's well-being and

protection of national, regional and global peace, stability and development is considered to

be helped to move forward.

In June 2012, the President of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) heads of statesummit in Beijing, Chinese President Hu Jintao, Vice Premier of the State Council Li Kechan

with constructive and effective meetings and bilateral strategic partnership further guidance

how to determine the direction of the development of trade and economic cooperation and

humanitarian relations reach an understanding on deepening integration in 2013, the

medium and long-term programs was approved by JS Co, Mongolia, People's Republic of

China friendly relations and co-operation.22

Agreement between the Mongolia and People's Republic of China, "a joint statement on

strategic partnership" between the two sides and the political other documents within the

concept of mutual respect and mutual support, mutual benefit and win-win principle of

Mongolian and Chinese strategic belief about relations country to make an example of the

relationship between our two countries have agreed to unanimously by the political relations

following.

21

"Mongolia and People's Republic of China to develop the strategic partnership between the medium and long-term program," UB, 201322

http: //mobile.news.mn/mcontent/107494.shtml? S = world


14/49


1. A. Political Relations

o develop mutually beneficial relationships with the other parties of its foreign policypriorities and emphasized that one of the areas of strategic and long-lasting relations

between the two countries, and agreed to joint efforts to develop healthy.

arties have each other's independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and

development path chosen mutual respect and be reliant on the vital interests and focus on

the key issues. Any way directed against any military and political blocs joined the other

powers, and any harm to the security agreements and other international powers, in any of

its territories at the expense of the security forces not possession for states.

Mongolian National Security Concept of "Mongolian vital national interests of the Mongolian

people, culture, survival and Mongolian national independence, sovereignty, territorial

integrity and inviolability of borders and national unity and constitutional institutional security

and economic self-sufficiency and ecological development including23 and told Foreign

Policy Concept" in Mongolian exposed to an external military threat conditions to join any

military alliance, territory and not allow any anti atmosphere, impervious to foreign troops in

its territory, to be located and lines of transit through following "political relations with

strategic medium and long - term program of such an accommodation is a show of political

cooperation in mutual respect.24

This strategic partnership relations and the previous generation process compared to

Mongolian and Chinese good-neighborly friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation in

order to increase the Mongolian and Chinese good-neighborly and mutually trusted

partnership with other sectors to improve as a strategic partnership is intended to strengthen

cooperation. In fact, we are constantly affected by political ties among the two countries,

increasing political mutual trust unshaken resolve to strengthen the basis of this concept has

been contacted.

he Mongolian side of the Chinese government reiterated China as the sole legitimate

government representing. Mongolian side of Taiwan, Tibet, and Xinjiang, China firmly

supports the position on.

23"Mongolian foreign Policy Blue book" UB 2007-2011, p 222

24"Mongolian Foreign Policy Concept of" Resolution UB 10, 2011


15/49

On the direction of the Mongolia follow one-China policy onTaiwan. In June, 2009 Prepaids a

member of the Ministry of Defense of the CPC Discipline Inspection Committee Chairman

Ha Guo Tsyan during a visit to Mongolian President Ts.Elbegdorj said Mongolian still "one-

China" policy pursued, the Chinese government in Taiwan and Tibet issues raised have

been shown to consistently support the position.

But in Taiwan, the Chinese were apparently unaware of the problem and that some of the

media in Taiwan to develop a strategic partnership to determine fault for medium and long-

term program and are encouraged to put forward this proposal. China's foreign policy, the

basic principle of the one-China policy, our official documents and policies, but recognizes

Tibet and Xinjiang's absence from the Mongolian state-specific issues. Most of the Mongols

in China because they live in the history and development of literature and cultural

cooperation between two countries give more importance.

The future development of bilateral political relations and the long-term because of the

important events and meetings and visits between the leaders and high-level visits, using

multiple measures of meeting with leaders of the two countries and other officials on bilateral

relations and in that country, it is important to have regular exchange of views on the region.

In Mongolia, 65th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China

program for high-level official visits and mutual visits by representatives of the Communist

Party of China and the political parties and representatives of the Chinese People's

Liberation Army visiting Mongolia25bilateral relations and regional issues of mutual interest,

such as to arrange a meeting to exchange views on a regular basis is consistent with the

above conclusion. Thus, further communication and cooperation between the two countries

mutual visits by heads of state and other senior officials will play a very important role.

The content of the strategic partnership relations in the political field of equality and mutual

benefit, mutual respect, and develop sustainable relationships and strengthen mutual

political trust and considers expansion of multilateral cooperation. By political and diplomatic

relations between the two Ministries of Foreign Affairs to implement relations is set to

intensify co-operation.

25"Mongolian and Chinese friendly event celebrating the Year of the exchange program"

The City Administration, International Relations and Cooperation Department


16/49

the cooperation between the Ministries of Foreign

Affairs and Trade. Visit between the two foreign ministers and multilateral international

events and meetings in active work. Vice Foreign Minister-level and the level of consultation

with directors of the relevant Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Trade to continue.

The strategic partnership between the public sector and their relationship is intended to

strengthen the bilateral relations, trust only the heads of state to put a high-level meeting

between officials of international organizations and local authorities to establish friendly

relations between the activities in favor of the advancement in every sector of our country It

is important to address.

Mongolian cultivating friendly relations with China to ensure political stability and economic

stability should take yum. 2003 in China during the visit of Chinese President Hu Jintao inMongolian and Mongolian head of state "good-neighborly partnership of mutual trust"26and

reached agreement on the establishment of this good-neighborliness and mutual trust

meaning of partnership relations with political mutual trust, economic

Government mutually beneficial and mutually beneficial security can be summarized as this

is a strategic partnership of 2011, as mentioned above, and seeks to strengthen the political

credibility problem for a two-state shows the problem is still being dealt with. However,

Mongolian and Chinese while the other two countries each other's sovereignty,

independence and territorial integrity of mutual respect, peace, development and

cooperation walking through regional and international cooperation, mutual understanding

and mutual support positions following a favorable political mutual trust has formed the

foundation.

26Gao Shumao "China's foreign relations and the China-Mongolia relations," Strategic Studies, CR, 2006 P 116


17/49

2.2. Economy, Trade and Investment Cooperation its strategic partnership

Between the People's Republic of China, "Economic and Cultural Cooperation Agreement"

since the establishment of bilateral economic relations are very vibrant. 1953-1959,

commercial loan agreements, trade and payment agreements, including agreements signedand implemented for new contract basis for economic cooperation between the two

countries is a solid foundation. In 1960, "People's Republic of China's friendship and mutual

assistance agreement" establishing equal rights with the People's Republic of China and the

development of friendly relations and mutual assistance between the two countries with the

opening of the opportunities in the field of law was an important event.

Mongolia and China economic relations deepen and develop our important high-level visits

between the two countries. Accordingly, Chinese President Hu Jintao, invitation of Presidentof the Mongolia N.Bagabandi in 2003 a state visit to Mongolia.27During this visit, between

"good-neighborly and mutually trusted partnership" between the two countries agree to

developed set known trade surplus and rapid development of economic ties and cooperation

in various sectors and channels to facilitate various forms of trade and investment promotion

and mining and cooperation in the field of manufacturing deepen and use of natural

resources and infrastructure to be an important area for further development of cooperation

agree visited Mongolia in 2008,28and also the head of China Mongolian and Chinese trade

and economic cooperation between medium-term strategic relationship between the two

countries by the current program partnership relations are important to document.

Our economy is entirely dependent on climatic change dramatically, landlocked and

underdeveloped infrastructure and low population density, poor production capacity is seen

as weakness of democracy, and laid a good foundation for market and civil society

organizations as well as activation of the consistently high economic growth rate over the

last few years have observed the positive aspects.

China factor in the development of natural resources, cheap skilled labor resources, open

economies are constant economic growth in recent years. In addition, well-established small

and medium enterprises in China baking and competitiveness of their products, and tight

2727, "the development trend of China: Achievements and Challenges," UB, 2008. 50 p

Academy of Sciences Institute of International Studies28

N.Tumur "Mongolian and Chinese economic relations and prospects," Mongolian Chinese relations jarnaas

jarand UB, 2010, p 102


18/49

integration between enterprises, and significant advantages such as a focus on reducing

rural poverty, unemployment and the gap between rich and poor, weak points.

But factor in the development of the Russian Federation has rich natural resources, a vast

and relatively high level of education of the population and labor force potential is high, andeconomic growth in recent years, the good side of the industry, including outdated

equipment and capacity utilization, and derived products uncompetitive economy based on

oil and natural gas industry is considered as weaknesses. Russian oil and natural gas

through the policy of the country's economy in the world, was built to increase the political

influence of the largest enterprises in China in the manufacturing sector to develop and

produce the final product's policy is to provide a global market.

Mongolian national economy through economic restructuring for creating a new industrybased on the comparative advantages to develop properly considered the interests of its two

neighbors, the natural resources internally to produce the final product, it is important to

resolve the issue for export. Our powerful dynasty is sandwiched between the world's

geopolitical and economic policies, primarily related to our two neighbors to take a clear right

and equity calculated self-interest of both is needed to implement the policy.

Mongolia is considered important for the Northeast Asian region. Because of this region,

Japan, Russia, China, North Korea, and is located in the northern part of the Pacific

countries, including Canada, the United States, and in this sense, Mongolian national

sovereignty, security, and economic and social development is directly related to the

development of Northeast Asia. Here our major trading partners, major investors, the biggest

donor countries - Russia, China, South Korea and Japan are located. Such as Mongolian

globalization, based on its context of development in the era of social problems by

determining the correct line with the global economy, it is necessary to ensure sustainable

economic growth.

Mongolian and China in the World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries. Our

bilateral trade and economic relations coordinator is the main mechanism "Trade, Economic,

Scientific and Technical Cooperation of the Mongolian Government and Intergovernmental

Commission of China" held regularly and are in operation in the economic and trade

cooperation in order to further encourage the development.29

29"Mongolian , Russian and Chinese: XXI century together for development," UB, 2009, p side - 291


19/49

Mongolian membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1997, after China's

accession to the WTO in 2001, according to the world trade organization rules expressed the

Government's proposals to increase trade cooperation between two countries in 2008, and

China in the last ten years Mongolian over30have been the country's largest trading partner.

China, Mongolian country as a member of the World Trade Organization within the system,and established procedures for keeping the development of the two countries' markets to

operate more freely and minimize customs duties and port restrictions to reduce the bilateral

economic and trade ties are crucial to improving the trenches. Strategic partnerships,

medium and long-term analysis of the program, investment, mineral resources, energy,

finance, trade, and other sectors in the program present below. Including:


1. A. Cooperation principles, objectives and mechanisms

1. The Parties mineral resources development, infrastructure development, financial

cooperation, with the holistic development of trade and economic cooperation and

consultation in accordance with the general concept of equality and mutual benefit and win-

win principle of Mongolian and Chinese trade and economics one with agreed offer to

deepen practical cooperation.

Mongolian mining sector occupies the central position of the national economy. Mongolian

and Chinese cooperation in the mining sector is a major contributor to economic cooperation

between the two countries. Mongolia, China's largest trade partner, as well as Mongolian

nation's largest investor's position has been maintained continuously for many years. The

majority of Chinese investment in the mining sector, however, the Mongolian mining

products are mainly exported to the Chinese market. Mongolian foreign trade export

products mainly to study the factors affecting mineral-catching, too. As of June 2013 foreign

trade statistics, statistics of coal, copper, iron ore, crude oil, gold and molybdenum mining

mining product exports accounted for 88.6%.31

30"The World Trade Organization: International negotiation phase and the Mongolian "

31

Mongol National Statistical Office, "Foreign trade turnover"

www.nso.mn/v3/index.php?pagenewsmoreid_1053


20/49

Mining sector, the country's foreign trade and investment subsidiary branch of mining

resources development, infrastructure development and cooperation developed in

conjunction with the financial cooperation is required. Traditional technologies based on

agriculture and mining production technology and added that it is impossible to develop the

production of natural resource-based income and invest with them should develop.Mongolian vast area is sparsely populated, rich in natural resources, the mining industry is

able to fully develop exports of mineral products in recent years due to an increase in

temperature of our main export products, such as copper, coal, gold prices surged in

addition to cheap raw materials to provide a short distance is related to China's interest.

Although the mining export earnings are increasing, but due to lack of infrastructure

development adversely affect the ecological environment using a dirt road transportation of

coal exports increased costs first travelling exports increased desertification destroying the

soil reduces the efficiency of the second Desert.

Mongolian mining sector is very high profit opportunities for cooperation between the figures

of Chinese and Mongolian trade is growing from year to year, and $ 2466.3 million in 2010.

In 2011, $ 4439.9 million to $ 4059.7 million in 2012, has grown.32

Total revenues from mineral exports to neighboring countries carefully considered the

position occupied in the economy, there is a need for the development of mutually beneficial

cooperation should be taken into consideration because these mountains mining resources

program development, infrastructure development finance cooperation to develop in line with

set is plausible.

2. The parties to improve the structure of trade between the two countries and to promote

cooperation in priority sectors and projects, and rapidly create more favorable conditions for

bilateral trade and increase stability.

Mongolia is more than forty percent of goods imported from Asian countries, especially in

2008-27.7%, 2009 - 25%, 2010 - 29.9% - a wholly imported from China exports of goods

2008 64.5% , 2009 73.1%, 2010 - 84.4% exported in China. 33Thus, more than 50% of the

total foreign trade turnover with China, with 90 percent of the imports and exports pass

through the port only about 75 percent of the road-Ud. Therefore, the opportunity to focus on

32"Mongolian Statistical Yearbook" UB, 2012, p 270

33

E-Trans Logistics Co. Prospectus. "Figure 1 trade growth"

http://www.bdsec.mn/files/pdf/ETrans_Logistics_investor_presentation_Mon.pdf


21/49

the infrastructure and support projects that address the need to create more favorable

conditions for bilateral trade to increase steadily.

Strategic partnership in the field of trade and economic cooperation is affected positively in

the next issue should be resolved as soon as possible is to improve the infrastructureconstruction projects. The infrastructure of the Mongolian sub structure at an early stage of

development, economic development occupies.

Mongolian mining products, and for use of infrastructure and investment in line with the

development of the three things that Mongolian ability to meet the specifics of .Chinese

Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visited in 2010, in the Mongolian mining, infrastructure and

investment in three directions submitting policy development in accordance with the policy of

co-operation between the two countries are in full compliance.

3. The Parties Mongolian and Chinese trade and economic cooperation renewed as soon as

possible in the medium-term program to develop bilateral trade and economic cooperation

and focused and disciplined development forward.

Mongolian considerable advantage of natural resources by the international community,

China's capital, it is possible technically. Expanding trade and economic cooperation

between the resources and mining, infrastructure, energy, oil and agricultural sectors broadly

and are able to work together quickly. This medium-term economic and trade cooperation to

improve the early stages of development of our bilateral cooperation to the renewal of the

program is crucial.

Long-term stability, efficient, economic and trade cooperation, the two countries is the basis

for deepening public relations material. First, in order to enhance cooperation and mutual

trust between the two countries, especially in the two countries to increase mutual trust

between citizens and their right to party laws of Mongolia to improve its stability and

guarantee the continuity of Chinese-Mongolian economic and trade cooperation between

two sides, one on need to be expanded.


22/49

Two. Investment Cooperation

The future of any progress in the country's economic growth will always be linked. Economic

growth is the most important thing is the investment. In particular, the development of

economy, attracting foreign investment could gain significant leverage. Follow the propermanagement of its foreign investment in new technology, financial and physical assets,

access control management is the foundation for long-term development. But too short

uncontrolled growth of the economy increased the amount of quantitative real-time without to

undermine the country's economy.

Therefore, foreign investment in the Mongolian economy, efficiency and should be

consistent with the interests of the Mongolian State. Today, Mongolian foreign direct

investment in the economy, especially small and medium enterprises to improve theproduction capacity of the country to attract foreign investment and acquire new

technologies of information and an increase in labor productivity of the workforce has the

capacity and increase the competitiveness of national industries to contribute considered.

Our transition to a market economy has steadily grown, particularly in investment to increase

government investment in recent years, as more work is done to attract foreign investment, a

total of 8.5 trillion MNT has made investments.34Mongolian international cooperation for the

two neighbors of the most dynamic form a joint venture way to material is considered to

invest in sectors of our country.

Since 1990, the retail and food demand for investment, such as low-flow of foreign

investment in these sectors accounted for the largest portion of the total investment capital

was increased in recent years, investment in the mining sector, and thus create more than

60% of the total investment and are likely to continue to rise.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the form of direct investment in the property, financial

investments and other investments classified 35and today Mongolian companies through the

stock market dominated by foreign direct investment in stocks, bonds and financial

investments accounted for a relatively small percentage of purchase .

34"China's economic situation and future trends and influence of the Mongolian economy"

Mongolian National Security Council's Strategic Research center. UB, 2012, p 51

35 "Business environment and trade White Paper" UB, 2011. 33 p


23/49

Increasing foreign investment in our favor is a new factor affecting Europe-centered world of

traditional markets in Asia, especially China is moving toward. Mongolian National

Development Strategy, adopted in 2008, according to the decision to invest a large turnover

of mineral deposits is influenced by a significant increase in investment.

At the same time, we are mining, energy, infrastructure and investment in strategic sectors

such as balance the interests of security measures at the earliest possible time to establish

state black box strategy calculated on the basis of a careful study of the legal recalled the

urgent need for better coordination of strategic partnership It is important to develop.

Figure 1. Mongolian registered in foreign direct investment, 36

According to statistics, China's foreign investment in the Mongolian capital investment of 2.5

billion US dollars, or 71.8 percent of the geology and has been in the mining sector. China

offers another reason for increasing the rate of investment in China, Mongolia, Mongolian

economic structure due to uneven bilateral economic cooperation between the two countries

is a very strong complementarity Effects. For example, in Mongolian copper, coal, iron, oil,

rich in mineral resources, such as China's rapid economic development is the need to

compensate for the lack of raw materials. Advantageous geographical position in China,

increasingly large industries and enterprises to establish the Mongolian market investment,

especially in mining exploration and mining are included.

In this regard, the investment policy with the relevant laws and regulations and to improve

the stability of the two entities maintain relations and to strengthen the exchange of

environmentally friendly, advanced technology development advocated by both parties to

invest in strategic relations with medium and long-term programs include .

3636 Mongolia registered in foreign direct investmenthttp://www.mongolianminingjournal.com/content/51030.shtml


24/49

The main purpose of Mongolian Foreign Investment Promotion Policy tax discounts and

other incentives to foreign investors and their own rights and legal guarantees to protect the

investment is to eliminate bureaucracy to implement. Mongolian market relations transition

economy with a special focus on attracting foreign investment has long been regarded as a

source of continuing to be an important factor. This concept of the Mongolian Constitutionand the Law on Foreign Investment, joined the Mongolian state is protected by international

negotiations and bilateral agreements will be confirmed. On the other hand, our Government

legal framework was established in 1993 to promote foreign investment in Mongolian

State"Foreign Investment Law" implemented.37

And since 2005, "Investors Forum" of our government is a leading economic importance of

heavy industry, mining, manufacturing, tourism, food, agriculture and infrastructure sectors,

organized in a systematic way within the world for foreign investors and the opportunity toparticipate in regional economic integration is essential for giving is considered.38Foreign

direct investment (FDI) 2011-2012

In reaching its peak in the investment has been declining slightly since 2013 due to several

factors concerned. (see Figure 2)

For example, China's economic slowdown and instability in the Mongolian legal, technology,

machinery and equipment may be due to market demand satisfied certain extent. Negative

impact on foreign investors, particularly legal uncertainty. For example, in 2001 11 and

February 1, 2002, after amendments to the Law on Foreign Investment in foreign direct

investment had declined $ 25 million to $ 7 million.

Was adopted in 2012 as well as the 5th "is operating in the field of strategic importance auin

on the regulation of foreign investment" in the third quarter of 2012, after the introduction

dropped to US $ 1348 million in the fourth quarter was $ 600 million.39 Therefore, the

investment environment is unstable major factor is reasonable to conclude that scares

investors abroad.

37"Mongolian Overview of the national socio-economic development," UB, 2010. 6 p

38http://www.politics.news.mn/content/158061.shtml

39http://www.mongolianminigjournal.com/content/51030.shtml


25/49

Figure 2. The Mongolian foreign direct investment (FDI) and seasonal

Source: http://www.mongolianminingjournal.com

Therefore, to improve the investment climate in our country more negative factors affecting

investment identify further edit it in a timely manner, of the medium and long-term measures

to improve the sector to foreign investment in the National Development Strategy in defining

reflect .

Chinese investors interested in any of our raw materials for the primary aim to carry forward

any orientation. Therefore, Mongolian mining and raw materials finishes at home and

international markets to regulate the legal and regulatory framework for neighborhood

interests and equity in accordance with international standards to ensure equal standards

are necessary to determine the principle of mutual benefit.

Mongolian rapid development of large-scale investment is required to attract foreign

investment to implement it, in order to improve the efficiency of our investments is important

to improve the absorptive capacity. This in order to create a positive environment for

investment, of course, the legal environment is very important. Therefore, for the

development of the strategic partnership medium and long-term program to include.

Government to continue developing a more precise agreement between the two supports on

both sides to protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors, transparency and control

activities should be carried out.


26/49

Three. Mineral Resources and Energy Cooperation

Mongolian wealth of natural resources, economic cooperation as an important partner of

China. Mongolian exports to China in key products such as coal, copper and zinc

concentrates, such as crude oil and mineral leader (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Mongolian main export commodities

Unit 2009 2010 2011 2012

Coal 1000 Ton 7113.2 16726.2 21296 20915

Crude Oil 1000 Barrell

1938.5 2070.8 2553.7 3568

Offal products Ton 568 2048.6 414.6 821.2

Copper concentrate 1000 Ton 587 568.7 575.9 574.3

Feldspar concentrate 1000 Ton 314 405.6 407.1 428.9

China out of the country since 1998, proposed the implementation of a strategic policy. In

2001 the official X ten years after the implementation of a five-year plan, China's overseas

assets increased 10 times over. This significant investment and a majority of the Mongolian

mining sector is dominated by energy investments. Therefore, concerns over mineral andenergy investments, and further deepen the cooperation between the two parties are

encouraged to conduct their activities. China's rapidly growing energy demand, support the

development of the mining sector in Mongolia, on the one hand and on the other hand, only

market is heavily dependent on raw materials appendage giant is bringing double the risk.

Mongolian National Security Concept of "energy and mineral resources policy" exception,

"mineral in devoloping to ensure security priority, and to prevent them from raw materials

appendage.40However, the vast majority of our exports to China are not processing industry

as a complement to our commodity is considered to be the main reason for this high market

demand for energy in order to neutralize the exporting and manufacturing challenges to build

. Pile iron deposit located in Sukhbaatar soum of Sukhbaatar province and type of minerals

zinc and lead mining agreement with the Mongolian government stability and cooperation

with China has signe projects. 41This communication and cooperation to continue, with

subsequent large and medium-sized projects that seek to implement a strategic program to

reflect on the our bilateral trade and investment in the energy sector accounts for a large part

40"Mongolian National Security Concept" UB 2010 http://www.nsc.gov.mn/?q=node/119

41B.Indra "China's neighboring countries in the geo-economic policy challenge," Strategic Studies UB, p 22


27/49

of mineral coal. China rock three-quarters of its energy and raw materials, including most of

the coal is extracted, the world's largest coal consumer.42

This strategic partnership on the basis of the development of medium and long-term

programs of the two entities in accordance with market principles, technologies andstrengthening economic cooperation, to the extent possible for the coal industry and coal

chemical industry, and create favorable conditions for enterprises to cooperate actively

financing has agreed to provide support.

2010 BP, the world energy statistics on coal reserves in the United States, Russia, China,

Australia, India, coal producer in China produced 3.05 billion tons of coal in 2009, of the

world's coal used 45.89 percent of the country alone. In addition to rich coal reserves of

China, the world's largest coal producer and consumer.43

Figure 4 Chinese energy sources in 2011

Source: http://www.news.bjx.com.cn/html/20121030/398080-2.shtml

According to the above, although China's coal-rich, high-quality coking coal reserves less.

Thus, imports of high-quality coking coal and densely populated southern seaport andtransport of coal in the state is paying close attention. In 2011, the Mongolian coking coal

exports to China in May 2012, the Mongolian coking coal is exported large quantities.

Considering the type of coal, thermal coal exported to China from Mongolia, 45.72 thousand

tons and 1.2 million tons of coking coal, lignite 43.51 thousand ton.44 Looking at it both

42http://www.worldcoal.org/.../-statistics/

43http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/coal/as/cj/p0005.htm#Companies

44"China's energy demand, Mongolian - Chinese relations in the mining sector" strategy UB Science Magazine, p

14, 2013


28/49

Mongolia and China coal reserves and resources and to strengthen cooperation in mutual

cooperation is necessary in order to recover.

1. The Parties related entities Tavantolgoi and Oyutolgoi mutually beneficial cooperation will

continue to actively carry out the project.

2. Mongolian mining in the deep processing products and value-added products through

national support industrial development, the Chinese side. The two sides entities in

accordance with market principles Mongolian Sainshand industrial park development and

management, enterprise actively cooperate in such investments.

3. The Parties shall further intensify the cooperation in the petroleum sector. Tamsag and

strengthen cooperation Zuunbayan oil project. Create favorable conditions for theimplementation of projects related to sustainable Mongolian steppe. His Mongolian

enterprises in China to help build an oil refinery in the promotion and mutual enterprises in

China and Mongolia mutual benefit and win-win on the basis of market principles to increase

the amount of oil products were in favor of the study.

China now the world's fourth largest oil producer since 1993, and began to import oil

provides about 20 percent of the energy consumption of oil, of which supplies imported

produce to take sides. Huge oil to meet demand from China, the world's largest oil producer,

using the resources available within the terrestrial currently 85 percent of domestic oil

production and 15 percent is extracted from the sea. Mongolian and Chinese oil supplies.

China's investment in Petro china, Dunshyen Oil Co., the two companies make direct oil

sector of oil extracted and dominated China and Mongolian oil production has been

increasing year by year.

So far, the oil exploration activity continues for more than 10 years to detect, but the

economic benefits of reserves, production, mining and oil operations that fail to invest a

significant amount compared to other metals, can be time-consuming and are at high risk

related to the specific activities of the industry. Commodity prices have increased compared

to the previous year, the oil companies' exploration and production is increasing interest in

investing activities. On the other hand, China's rapid economic and conduct a new energy

policy in order to ensure the safety of the oil industry has a large influence on the

development of our country.


29/49

Petro china in 2006 for $ 80 million investment in the oil and Sheng Petroleum Co.

Zuunbayan and White elsiin by the exploitation of the oil deposits in the total planned

investment of US $ 52 million.45

Currently 88 Petro china Co., Sheng Petroleum Co.

83 of 163 Mongolian 46 scope of Tamsag oil operations in the future as increase our

revenues to the state budget, the national specialized personnel readiness, technology

development, and the development of infrastructure in remote eastern region of our country

a major for their cooperation in promoting the need to create favorable conditions for

development and implementation of projects related to sustainability.

Six. Trade Cooperation

1. The Parties shall, increasing trade volume and improve trade structure. Cars, machinery,

light industry and consumer goods increased trade.

2. The Parties, Mongolian and Chinese enterprises and institutions on the other side of the

international tender organized enable them to participate on an equal basis.

3. The two state enterprises and institutions on the other party's organizing exhibitions and

trade fairs provide support and assistance to participate. Chinese Mongolian enterprises and

institutions Eurasian international exhibitions held in China and Northeast Asia Trade and

Investment Expo, Western China International Exhibition, the All-China Import and Export

Fair, Mongolian, Chinese, Russian Trade and Economic Forum be invited to participate

actively in the future. Mongolian and Chinese Economic Forum, the Mongolian side

expressed active in China for the consideration of the proposal to create a mechanism.

4. Each customs, quality inspection, including corporate communications, enable

collaboration, food safety and animal and plant quarantine and strengthened cooperation

mechanisms.

5. Bilateral trade and economic cooperation, the role of the business sector, to enable further

two sides agreed. The parties in their enterprises to conduct trade associations active in

establishing peer support and provide assistance to deal with any problems.

45S.Enkhtsetseg "Mongolian -Chinese cooperation in the oil sector," Mongolian Chinese relations in Century

UB, 2010, p 122, 12446

Same


30/49

Mongolian Chinese trade turnover in 2012 was US $ 5921.2 million in the Mongolian foreign

trade accounted for 53.2% (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Foreign trade turnover by country (in million)Country 2

2010 2011 2012

All 4023.

6108.6 11415.9 11123

China 1932.

3437.2 6463.7 5921.2

Russia 8

1129.4 1721 1927

USA 1

164.9 541.4 539.5

Canada 1

163.9 219.1 214.5

Japan 1

199.2 501.2 507.2

Other 8

1014 1969.5 2013.

China is our largest trading partner, Mongolian - Chinese trade and economic co-operation

to expand the scope and level of economic relations between the two sides in 2006 with the

goal of improving "Mongolian and Chinese trade and economic cooperation in the medium-

term program," agreeing to establish a unified Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping, the

program was signed during the official visit to our country.

This program mines and minerals, geology, infrastructure, fuel, energy, agriculture,

environmental protection, tourism, and 15 are provided to support the development of

cooperation in key areas. Two sides to increase trade turnover and reduce non-tariff barrier

and create favorable conditions for trade and agricultural product quality and food safety, a

mineral used to open, large-scale mining projects, mining products to develop and produce

the final product depth, road and rail infrastructure in synergies key objectives have been

successfully implemented. And the development of trade and economic relations betweenthe two countries was approved in 1994 "in Mongolian Foreign Policy Perspectives," a

positive impact on the document, Mongolian foreign policy for the development of good-

neighborly relations with Russia and China leading the trend, as stated.

Mongolian and Chinese economic relations in terms and conditions will have plenty of

opportunities. Member countries of the World Trade Organization, the country pursues

political system, regardless of market direction. Following China's rapid economic growth

and development of raw materials, energy demand, which is constantly growing needs ofMongolian copper and gold mineral and energy resources of oil, coal supply with materials


31/49

available to trade cooperation in favor of the development of our bilateral cooperation are

affected.

Trade Cooperation, adopted in 2011, under the 6th Mongolian joint statement on strategic

partnership between China and the economy, deepen trade cooperation, mutual benefit andwin cooperation with sustainable development and cooperation to advance the development

of Mongolian , Chinese strategic partnership for a long announced that term can be47 the

driving force and economic development support strategic investments to improve the

structure of bilateral trade on the basis of mutual trade and investment is essential to

maintain sustainable growth.

In addition, the strategic partnership in the field of trade and economy, medium and long-

term investment program of economic and trade cooperation with the minerals and energycooperation is proposed for the development of road transport and financial cooperation,

environmental protection, ruraleconomic cooperation and cross-border regional cooperation

and cooperation in other sectors, such as the construction sector parties on further deepen

the process of cooperation tions involved in the program are supported to work with.

On the basis of its economic development strategy for China to improve the structure of

bilateral trade and investment between maintaining stable growth of trade and economic

cooperation pursuing a medium-term program of economic, trade, scientific and

technological cooperation commission, mining energy cooperation Commission and other

cooperation mechanisms of bilateral trade and economic cooperation agreement orderly

development of cooperation between two countries is given special importance.

2.3. Social, humanitarian and a strategic partnership in the areas of regional

cooperation

China Mongolian culture in 1951, the two countries since the establishment of the multi-

sector cooperation and cultural exchanges so far have been organized. In 1994, "China,

Mongolia, and cultural co-operation agreement" in the field of education between the two

countries in 2006-2010,48 "joint action plan" and "Mongolian government and cultural

exchanges between the Government of the Republic of China, 2010-2013 implementation

47"Mongolian joint statement on strategic partnership between China" Ulaanbaatar, 2011

48N.Ulaan-Star "Chinese and Mongolian tells you about the state of bilateral relations," Strategic Studies UB,

200842 p 70


32/49

plan"49 documents have played an important role in the development of the cooperation

established.

Cooperation in education within the Chinese government to spend the academic year 2008-

2009, 220 students profession improving, Inner Mongolian funded by the Government of thePeople's 592 students were studying in China between the two countries cooperate in the

field of education in the plan for 2006-2010 . Strategic partnerships, medium and long-term

humanitarian exchange program for deepening and enhancing the friendly relations between

the citizens and partnership that strengthens the foundations of society and the further

development of this relationship include people and will play a major role in relations

between the two countries China, when the battery level of development in Mongolia.

Mongolian train students in China, the country's economic and social development not onlyhelpful but also useful for the expansion of relations between the two countries. In addition to

intensify the work of Chinese Studies of the Chinese and Mongolian education is important

to prepare for the implementation of youth cooperation between the two countries. This

cultural days in various exhibitions and film work on alternating days continually being

developed as the capital and cultural center opening match between the two countries

restored traditional humanitarian relations have expanded significantly. As part of this

country to the establishment of a strategic partnership, a joint statement:

active part in university campus in Mongolia and intangible cultural heritage conservation,

the Chinese side expressed readiness to strengthen cooperation with Mongolia Confucius

Institute, Mongolian continued support activities in the Chinese Cultural Center Mongolia

Party expressed.50

Mongolian People's Republic of China in the last ten years, the science and technology

sector with an active program to combat desertification in Mongolia through technology

centers, food plants species have been involved in the projects. Chinese Prime Minister Wen

Jiabao of the State Council in 2010, during an official visit in Mongolian culture, education

and humanitarian relations, cooperation and youth exchange mechanisms discussed in the

next five years, 300 young people expressed focusing on a visit to China, Chinese

Government scholarship to study at least 1,000, and the number of students pursuing a

49"Mongolian foreign policy activities: bilateral relations," Mongolian foreign policy

blue book 2007-2011UB, 2011, p 2950

"A joint statement on the strategic partnership between China" China Today, CR, 2012, 1 (6)


33/49

bachelor's degree in as shall be not less than 200 reported.51 And children and youth to

strengthen bilateral exchange relationship is of strategic importance for the future

development of the two countries pursuing mutual visits of representatives of young people,

thus it is important to create a mechanism for extending its scope.

Strategic partnership between the two countries, adopted in 2011, not 2013 joint declaration

on cooperation with strategic partnerships, medium and long-term cooperation between the

parties included in the program, scientific and technological cooperation, and Mongolian ,

Chinese Academy of Sciences within the Joint Committee on Cooperation in the Field

bilateral scientific and technological cooperation between the two countries to advance and

considered China's experience of the Mongolian using science and technology to change

the system, science, technology and innovation to work together to create a new system of

thought.

Mongolian establishment of the first science park in strategic planning and advising the

Chinese high-tech enterprises and science in the service sector, Mongolian activities aimed

believed that our two countries. Mongolian - Chinese strategic partnership to strengthen the

social foundations of mutual understanding and friendly approach to the humanitarian sector

to increase communication and exchange of people between the two countries have

deepened and intensified importance day by day.

In this regard, the tourism industry is developing rapidly and tourism is one of the key sectors

of the economy. Tourism tourism in the region is part of natural wonders and historical

monuments and social infrastructure based on the advantages of tourism development has

been followed to develop its own distinguishing features and services field.52

According to the current state of the Mongolian tourism sector relative difference in

developing tourism in China, despite the growing number of tourists and of building the

infrastructure for the development of China's tourism industry is fully updated. In contrast,

relatively weak infrastructure and inadequate transport capacity and location of vehicle travel

and study experience of our neighboring country, the country has a comparative advantage,

primarily to expand the frontier of tourism is important to accelerate the improvement of

infrastructure . Therefore, the development of the region, involving local communities and

51"Chinese State Council Premier Wen Jiabao visited Mongolian "

http://www.olloo.mn/m/modules.phpname=News&file=article&sid=1172070

5252 http: //www.touristinfocenter.mn/cate11_more.aspx? ItemID = 9


34/49

tourism and tourism education and training, propaganda and training staff preparation and

supply a complete lack of sufficient human resources to improve immediately. This strategic

partnership between the Mongolian and China on the development of medium and long-

term programs:

The parties further deepen cooperation in tourism and travel, the people of eachother's economy through tourism, culture, scenic, historic sites, and promote the mutually

recognize the tradition of national and international tourism sector and to establish

cooperation between the institutions to support and assistance to promoted tourism event

held on the other side show people to travel between the two countries to advance

provides.53

Tourism sector of the economy is very important for efficient, create jobs and raise GDP.

Because of our work with the tourism sector in both countries to invest in mutual learning

from China's experience in this field create a favorable investment environment to promote

the development of tourism investment cooperation between the two countries is essential to

the necessary cuts. Thus, trade between the two countries, cultural, humanitarian and

tourism relations and cooperation is expanding day by day. The future of this relationship to

a new stage of cooperation enhance economic development opportunities in the country

and, in doing so remote a link between the infrastructure of the country to make a major

construction joint is where it is important to make a substantial investment.

Was carried out between the Mongolian and Chinese relations is not mentioned among the

branches throughout the two countries' cooperation in international and regional industry.

Strategic partnerships, medium and long-term program, the fifth paragraph international and

regional cooperation in the sector of the priorities in international and regional affairs

coordination, collaboration, and developing countries.

Many provided to protect the interests of the country and regional affairs of mutual trust and

strengthen cooperation, it is important to resolve the dispute through negotiations between

our two countries, but the principle of a fair, democratic and rational international political

and economic order known for co-creating the procedure.

53"Mongolia - People's Republic of China to develop the strategic partnership between the

medium and long-term program, "UB 2013http://www.mfa.gov.mn/index.php?opinion=com
http://www.mfa.gov.mn/index.php?opinion=comhttp://www.mfa.gov.mn/index.php?opinion=comhttp://www.mfa.gov.mn/index.php?opinion=comhttp://www.mfa.gov.mn/index.php?opinion=com


35/49

In 2011, China adopted a joint statement, the establishment of strategic partnership

Mongolian State in Northeast Asia and East Asia cooperation, actively participated and

expressed support to join APEC regional peace and stability make an important contribution

to the Chinese side that the height of the Mongolian steppe assess the six-party talks as

early as possible to restore the two countries are supported.

Mongolian State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) for the first observer to

participate actively in the activities of the organization is important. Thus, Mongolian , China

to strengthen cooperation within the SCO to strengthen cooperation with other members of

the SCO are Mongolian ready to perform an active role in the development of the SCO.


36/49

CHAPTER 3

Analysis of the strategic partnership between Mongolia and China

3.1. Mongolian Chinese strategic partnership in the field of political relations and

feature

Chinese President Hu Jintao in the Mongolian government in 2003 between the two

countries during the visit of "good-neighborly and mutually trusted partnership" Commonly

agreed to develop a joint statement was issued today the two countries established a

strategic partnership in 2011, was a historical event. Furthermore, the head of the

Mongolian government N.Altankhuyag 10 on July 22, 2013 between the two countries madean official visit to China "strategic partnerships, medium and long-term program," signed

nikhoyor continuing to strengthen and deepen the strategic partnership and cooperation in

all areas of planning and development stages of advancing and regions around the world

have the first opportunity to advance sustainable development to safeguard peace in the

country. China Mongolian exchange relationship with a strategic partnership between the

two countries further expanding bilateral relations increasingly close cooperation thickness in

addition to positive outlook.

Priority to establish a strategic partnership with the public sector and on the basis of our two

countries to strengthen cooperation to strengthen political mutual trust and mutual respect

for the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity and respect for each other's

interests and attention problems respect for the right to equal treatment is needed. Friendly

relations with the people of the two countries, and has played a leading role in the

development of cooperation in all political parties, it is worth noting that. Therefore mutual

visits of heads of state and officials from the two countries, and is essential for the

sustainable development of the cooperation talks.

In March 2013, the Chinese government consists of the newly elected president of the

Mongolian desert, DP re-elected as president of China, Mongolia, two new events in the

process of communication and public relations and cooperation history is considered to be

the best is still.54

54D.Sharkhuu "China's reform and open policy gap and Mongolian - Chinese strategic partnership,"

International Relations, UB Research Quarterly Journal of Research, 2014, 30 p


37/49

And management of the two countries in political, special committees, friendship groups and

agencies to strengthen cooperation and foreign affairs ministries to strengthen exchanges

and cooperation in all areas of the strategic partnership to support the statement announced

by the program and on the basis of bilateral friendly relations The most important subject

which people actively create conditions favorable for traveling consular cooperation betweenthe forward and the other citizens and legal entities in their own countries, to protect the

legitimate security interests of keeping agreed. Strategic partnership relations has emerged

as a new branch defense, law enforcement and non-traditional security.

In the framework of the partnership program, defense high-level visits between the two

countries, and keep the frequency of meetings, Mongolian and Chinese defense and

security consultative meeting to strengthen mechanisms to improve and enhance mutual

trust to

diplom english

Documents