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Diploma Programme
Chemistry data bookletFirst examinations 2009
4019aPrinted in the United Kingdom by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
First published March 2007Revised edition published September 2008
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Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data bookletChemistry data booklet
Contents
1. Some relevant equations 1
2. Physical constants and unit conversions 1
3. The electromagnetic spectrum 1
4. Names of the elements 2
5. The periodic table 3
6. Melting points and boiling points of the elements 4
7. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the 5 elements
8. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements 6
9. Covalent bond lengths 7
10. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K 7
11. Organic compounds—thermodynamic data 8
12. Enthalpies of combustion 9
13. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and theoretical values) 10
14. Standard electrode potentials 12
15. Strengths of organic acids and bases 13
16. Acid–base indicators 14
17. Infrared data 15
18. 1H NMR data 16
19. 2-Amino acids 17
20. Structural formulas of some medicines and drugs 19
21. Structural formulas of some biological molecules 21
22. Structural formulas of some food chemistry molecules 22
23. References 24
Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the periodic table given on page 3 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2, SLP3, HLP2 and HLP3).
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 1
1. Some relevant equations
010log =I εlcI
−
=aE
RTk Ae
ln – ln= =aEk A
RTc=f λ
=PV nRT ∆ = ∆ − ∆G H T SÖ Ö Ö
q=mcΔT E=hf
2. Physical constants and unit conversionsAvogadro’s constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
Molar volume of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1.01 × 105 Pa = 2.24 × 10–2 m3 mol–1 (= 22.4 dm3 mol–1)
Planck’s constant (h) = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 (= 4.18 J g–1 K–1)
Ionic product constant for water (Kw) = 1.00 × 10–14 at 298 K
1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa
1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 × 10–3 m3 = 1 × 103 cm3
3. The electromagnetic spectrum
10–16 10–14 10–12 10–10 10–8 10–6 10–4 10–2 100 102 104 106 108
γ rays X rays UV IR microwaves radio waves
wavelength / m
Energy
V I B G Y O R
wavelength / nm700400
1
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet2
4. Names of the elements
Element Symbol Atomic number
Element Symbol Atomic number
actiniumaluminiumamericiumantimonyargonarsenicastatinebariumberkeliumberylliumbismuthbohriumboronbrominecadmiumcaesiumcalciumcaliforniumcarbonceriumchlorinechromiumcobaltcoppercuriumdubniumdysprosiumeinsteiniumerbiumeuropiumfermiumfluorinefranciumgadoliniumgalliumgermaniumgoldhafniumhassiumheliumholmiumhydrogenindiumiodineiridiumironkryptonlanthanumlawrenciumleadlithiumlutetiummagnesiummanganesemeitnerium
AcAl
AmSbArAsAtBaBkBeBiBhBBrCdCsCaCfCCeClCrCoCuCmDbDyEsErEuFmFFrGdGaGeAuHfHsHeHoHInIIrFeKrLaLrPbLiLuMgMnMt
891395511833855697
483
1075
35485520986
581724272996
10566996863
1009
876431327972
1082
671
495377263657
103823
711225
109
mendeleviummercurymolybdenumneodymiumneonneptuniumnickelniobiumnitrogennobeliumosmiumoxygenpalladiumphosphorusplatinumplutoniumpoloniumpotassiumpraseodymiumpromethiumprotactiniumradiumradonrheniumrhodiumrubidiumrutheniumrutherfordiumsamariumscandiumseaborgiumseleniumsiliconsilversodiumstrontiumsulfurtantalumtechnetiumtelluriumterbiumthalliumthoriumthuliumtintitaniumtungstenuraniumvanadiumxenonytterbiumyttriumzinczirconium
MdHgMoNdNeNpNiNbNNoOsOPdPPtPuPoKPrPmPaRaRnReRhRbRuRfSmScSgSeSiAgNaSrSTaTcTeTbTlThTmSnTiWUVXeYbYZnZr
101804260109328417
102768
461578948419596191888675453744
1046221
1063414471138167343526581906950227492235470393040
2
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 3
5. T
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e
12
34
56
70
11 H 1.01
2 He
4.00
23 Li
6.94
4 Be
9.01
5 B10
.81
6 C12
.01
7 N14
.01
8 O 16.0
0
9 F19
.00
10 Ne
20.1
8
311 Na
22.9
9
12 Mg
24.3
1
13 Al
26.9
2
14 Si 28.0
9
15 P30
.97
16 S32
.06
17 Cl
35.4
5
18 Ar
39.9
5
419 K 39.1
0
20 Ca
40.0
8
21 Sc 44.9
6
22 Ti 47.9
0
23 V50
.94
24 Cr
52.0
0
25 Mn
54.9
4
26 Fe 55.8
5
27 Co
58.9
3
28 Ni
58.7
1
29 Cu
63.5
5
30 Zn
65.3
8
31 Ga
69.7
4
32 Ge
72.5
9
33 As
74.9
2
34 Se 78.9
6
35 Br
79.9
1
36 Kr
83.8
0
537 Rb
85.4
7
38 Sr 87.6
2
39 Y88
.91
40 Zr
91.2
2
41 Nb
92.9
1
42 Mo
95.9
4
43 Tc 98.9
1
44 Ru
101.
07
45 Rh
102.
91
46 Pd 106.
42
47 Ag
107.
87
48 Cd
112.
41
49 In11
4.82
50 Sn11
8.69
51 Sb12
1.75
52 Te12
7.60
53 I12
6.90
54 Xe
131.
30
655 C
s13
2.91
56 Ba
137.
33
57
†L
a13
8.91
72 Hf
178.
49
73 Ta18
0.95
74 W18
3.85
75 Re
186.
21
76 Os
190.
23
77 Ir19
2.22
78 Pt19
5.09
79 Au
196.
97
80 Hg
200.
59
81 Tl
204.
37
82 Pb 207.
19
83 Bi
208.
98
84 Po 210
85 At
209.
99
86 Rn
222.
02
787 Fr
223.
02
88 Ra
226.
03
8
9 ‡
Ac
227.
03
104
Rf
260
105
Db
262.
11
106
Sg26
6.12
107
Bh
264.
12
108
Hs
269.
13
109
Mt
268.
13
†
58 Ce
140.
12
59 Pr14
0.91
60 Nd
144.
24
61 Pm 144.
91
62 Sm 150.
35
63 Eu
151.
96
64 Gd
157.
25
65 Tb
158.
93
66 Dy
162.
50
67 Ho
164.
93
68 Er
167.
26
69 Tm
168.
93
70 Yb
173.
04
71 Lu
174.
97
‡90 Th
232.
04
91 Pa23
1.04
92 U23
8.03
93 Np
239.
05
94 Pu 239.
05
95 Am
243.
06
96 Cm
247.
07
97 Bk
247.
07
98 Cf
252.
08
99 Es
254.
09
100
Fm 253.
09
101
Md
257.
10
102
No
255.
09
103
Lr
257
Ato
mic
num
ber
Ele
men
tR
elat
ive
atom
ic m
ass
3
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet4
6. M
eltin
g p
oint
s an
d b
oilin
g p
oint
s of
the
elem
ents
14 H 20
1 He 4
454
Li
1615
1551 Be
3243
2573 B 2823
3925 C 5100
63 N 77
55 O 90
53 F 85
25 Ne
27
371
Na
1156
922
Mg
1380
933
Al
2740
1683 Si 2628
317 P 553
392 S 718
172
Cl
238
84 Ar
87
336 K 10
33
1112 Ca
1757
1814 Sc 3104
1933 Ti 3560
2163 V 3653
2130 Cr
2943
1517
Mn
2235
1808 Fe 3023
1768 Co
3143
1728 Ni
3003
1356 Cu
2840
693
Zn
1180
303
Ga
2676
1210 Ge
3103
1090 As
886
490
Se 958
266
Br
332
116
Kr
121
312
Rb
959
1042 Sr 1657
1795 Y 3611
2125 Zr
4650
2740 Nb
5015
2883
Mo
5833
2445 Tc 5150
2583 Ru
4173
2239 Rh
4000
1827 Pd 3243
1235 Ag
2485
594
Cd
1038
429
In 2353
505
Sn 2543
904
Sb 2023
723
Te 1263
387 I 457
161
Xe
166
302
Cs
942
998
Ba
1913
1194 La
3730
2500 Hf
4875
3269 Ta 5700
3683 W 5933
3453 Re
5900
2973 Os
5570
2683 Ir 4403
2045 Pt 4100
1337 Au
3353
234
Hg
630
577
Tl
1730
601
Pb 2013
544
Bi
1833
527
Po 1235
575
At
610
202
Rn
211
300
Fr 950
973
Ra
1413
1323 Ac
3473
Mel
ting
poin
t / K
Ele
men
tB
oilin
g po
int /
K
4
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 5
7. F
irst i
oniz
atio
n en
ergy
, ele
ctro
n af
finit
y an
d el
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity
of th
e el
emen
ts
1312
–
73
H 2.2
237
2
He
520
–
60
Li
1.0
900
Be
1.6
801
–27
B 2.0
1086
–1
22
C 2.6
1402
N 3.0
1314
–1
41
+798
O 3.4
1681
–3
28
F 4.0
208
1
Ne
496
–
53
Na
0.9
738
Mg
1.3
578
–42
Al
1.6
789
–
134
Si 1.9
1012
–
72
P 2.2
1000
–2
00+6
40
S 2.6
1251
–34
9
Cl
3.2
152
1
Ar
419
–48
K 0.8
590
–2
Ca
1.0
631
–18
Sc 1.4
658
–8
Ti 1.5
650
–
51
V 1.6
653
–64
Cr
1.7
717
Mn
1.6
759
–
15
Fe 1.8
758
–
64
Co
1.9
737
–
112
Ni
1.9
746
–
119
Cu
1.9
906
Zn
1.7
579
–41
Ga
1.8
762
–
119
Ge
2.0
947
–79
As
2.2
941
–
195
Se 2.6
1140
–32
5
Br
3.0
135
1
Kr
403
47
Rb
0.8
550
–5
Sr 1.0
616
-30
Y 1.2
660
–41
Zr
1.3
664
–86
Nb
1.6
685
–72
M
o2.
2
702
–
53
Tc 2.1
711
–
101
Ru
2.2
720
–
110
Rh
2.3
805
–
54
Pd
2.2
731
–
126
Ag
1.9
868
Cd
1.7
558
–29
In 1.8
709
–
107
Sn 2.0
834
–
101
Sb 2.1
869
–
190
Te 2.1
1008
–29
5
I 2.7
1170
Xe
376
–46
Cs
0.8
503
–14
Ba
0.9
538
–
45
La
1.1
680
Hf
1.3
761
–31
T
a 1.5
770
–79
W
1.7
760
–14
R
e 1.9
840
–
106
Os
2.2
880
–
151
Ir
2.2
870
– 2
05
Pt 2.2
890
–
223
Au
2.4
1007
Hg
1.9
589
–19
Tl
1.8
716
–35
Pb 1.8
703
–91
Bi
1.9
812
–
183
Po 2.0
–
270
At
2.2
103
7
Rn
393
–44
Fr 0.7
509
–
10
Ra
0.9
499
–3
4
Ac
1.1
Firs
t ion
izat
ion
ener
gy /
El
ectro
n af
finity
/ kJ
mol
–1
kJ m
ol–1
2nd
EA /
kJ m
ol –
1
Ele
men
t
Elec
trone
gativ
ity
5
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet6
8. A
tom
ic a
nd io
nic
radi
i of t
he e
lem
ents
30
H
154
(1–)
H
e
152
Li
68 (1
+)
112
Be
30 (2
+)
88
B
16 (3
+)
77
C
260
(4–)
70
N
171
(3–)
66
O
146
(2–)
64
F
133
(1–)
Ne
186
Na
98 (1
+)
160
Mg
65 (2
+)
143
Al
45 (3
+)
11
7
Si42
(4+)
271
(4–)
110
P
212
(3–)
104
S
190
(2–)
99
Cl
181
(1–)
Ar
231
K
133
(1+)
197
Ca
94 (2
+)
16
0
Sc
81 (3
+)
146
Ti90
(2+)
68 (4
+)
131
V
88
(2+)
125
Cr
63
(3+)
129
Mn
80 (2
+)
60 (4
+)
126
Fe76
(2+)
64
(3+)
125
Co
74 (2
+)
63 (3
+)
124
Ni
72 (2
+)
128
Cu
96 (1
+)
69 (2
+)
133
Zn
74 (2
+)
141
Ga
62 (3
+)
122
Ge
53 (4
+)
27
2 (4
–)
121
As
222
(3–)
117
Se
202
(2–)
114
Br
196
(1–)
Kr
244
Rb
148
(1+)
215
Sr
110
(2+)
18
0
Y
93 (3
+)
15
7
Zr
80 (4
+)
1
41
Nb
72 (3
+)64
(5+)
13
6
Mo
68 (4
+)
13
5
Tc65
(4+)
37 (7
+)
133
Ru
68 (3
+)62
(4+)
13
4
Rh
67 (3
+)60
(4+)
138
Pd86
(2+)
62 (4
+)
144
Ag
126
(1+)
149
Cd
97 (2
+)
166
In
81 (3
+)
162
Sn11
2 (2
+)
71 (4
+)
141
Sb
245
(3–)
137
Te
222
(2–)
133
I
219
(1–)
Xe
262
Cs
167
(1+)
217
Ba
134
(2+)
188
La
115
(3+)
1
57
Hf
76 (4
+)
143
Ta64
(5+)
72 (6
+)
137
W66
(4+)
42
(6+)
13
7
Re
63 (4
+)38
(7+)
134
Os
63 (4
+)39
(8+)
13
5
Ir68
(3+)
63 (4
+)
138
Pt80
(2+)
63 (4
+)
144
Au
137
(1+)
85
(3+)
152
Hg
127
(1+)
11
0 (2
+)
171
Tl
150
(1+)
93 (3
+)
175
Pb12
0 (2
+)
84 (4
+)
170
Bi
120
(3+)
76
(5+)
140
Po94
(4+)
67 (6
+)
140
At
62 (7
+)
Rn
270
Fr18
0 (1
+)
220
Ra
148
(2+)
188
Ac
112
(3+)
Ato
mic
ra
dius
/ 10
–12 m
Ele
men
t
Ioni
cra
dius
/ 10
–12 m
6
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 7
9. Covalent bond lengthsBond Bond length / nm Bond Bond length / nm
H–HC–CC=CC≡CC C (in benzene)Si–SiN–NN=NN≡NP–P O–OO=OS–S S=SF–FCl–ClBr–BrI–I
0.0740.1540.1340.1200.1400.235 0.1450.1200.1100.2210.1480.1210.2050.1890.1420.1990.2280.267
C–HSi–HN–HP–HO–HS–HF–HCl–HBr–HI–H
C–OC=OC–NC=NC≡NC–FC–ClC–BrC–I
Si–O
0.1080.1480.1010.1440.0960.1340.0920.1270.1410.161
0.1430.1200.1470.1300.1160.1380.1770.1940.214
0.161
10. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 KBond ΔH / kJ mol–1 Bond ΔH / kJ mol–1
H–HC–CC=CC≡CC C (benzene)Si–SiN–NN=NN≡NP–PO–OO=OS–SF–FCl–ClBr–BrI–I
436347612838505226158410945198144498266158243193151
C–HSi–HN–HP–HO–HS–HF–HCl–HBr–HI–H
C–OC=OC–NC=NC≡NC–FC–ClC–BrC–ISi–O
413318391321464364568432366298
358746286615887467346290228466
7
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet8
11. Organic compounds—thermodynamic data
Substance Formula State f∆H Ö /
kJ mol–1f∆GÖ /
kJ mol–1S Ö /
J K–1 mol–1
methaneethanepropanebutanepentanehexaneethenepropenebut-1-enecis-but-2-enetrans-but-2-eneethynepropynebuta-1,3-dienecyclohexanebenzenemethylbenzeneethylbenzenephenylethenechloromethanedichloromethanetrichloromethanebromomethaneiodomethanechloroethanebromoethanechlorobenzenemethanolethanolphenolmethanalethanalpropanonemethanoic acidethanoic acidbenzoic acidmethylamine
CH4C2H6C3H8C4H10C5H12C6H14C2H4C3H6C4H8C4H8C4H8C2H2C3H4C4H6C6H12C6H6C6H5CH3C6H5CH2CH3C6H5CHCH2CH3ClCH2Cl2CHCl3CH3BrCH3IC2H5ClC2H5BrC6H5ClCH3OHC2H5OHC6H5OHHCHOCH3CHO(CH3)2COHCOOHCH3COOHC6H5COOHCH3NH2
ggggllgggggggglllllgllglgllllsgglllsg
–75–85
–105–127–173–199
5220
0*–8
–12228187110
–1564912
–13104–82
–124–135–37–16
–137–91
11–239–277–165–109–191–248–425–485–385–23
–51–33–23–16–9–46875726663
20919415227
125111120203–57–63–71–26
13–53
94–166–175–48
–113–128–155–361–390–245
32
186230270310261296220267306301296201248279204173320255345235178202246163
240161
219160
129160
243
* (–0.4)
8
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 9
12. E
ntha
lpie
s of
com
bust
ion
The
valu
es o
f the
mol
ar e
ntha
lpy
of c
ombu
stio
n c
()
H∆
in th
e fo
llow
ing
tabl
e re
fer t
o a
tem
pera
ture
of 2
98 K
and
a p
ress
ure
of 1
.01
× 10
5 Pa
(1 a
tm).
Subs
tanc
eFo
rmul
aSt
ate
cH∆
/ k
J m
ol–1
Subs
tanc
eFo
rmul
aSt
ate
cH∆
/ k
J m
ol–1
hydr
ogen
sulfu
rca
rbon
(gra
phite
)ca
rbon
mon
oxid
em
etha
neet
hane
prop
ane
buta
nepe
ntan
ehe
xane
octa
necy
cloh
exan
eet
hene
buta
-1,3
-die
neet
hyne
benz
ene
met
hylb
enze
nena
phth
alen
ech
loro
etha
nebr
omoe
than
eio
doet
hane
(chl
orom
ethy
l)ben
zene
trich
loro
met
hane
met
hano
let
hano
l
H2
S C CO
CH
4C
2H6
C3H
8C
4H10
C5H
12C
6H14
C8H
18C
6H12
C2H
4C
4H6
C2H
2C
6H6
C6H
5CH
3C
10H
8C
2H5C
lC
2H5B
rC
2H5I
C6H
5CH
2Cl
CH
Cl 3
CH
3OH
C2H
5OH
g s s g g g g g l l l l g g g l l s g l l l l l l
–286
–297
–394
–283
–890
–156
0–2
219
–287
7–3
509
–416
3–5
470
–392
0–1
411
–254
1–1
301
–326
7–3
910
–515
6–1
413
–142
5–1
467
–370
9–4
74–7
26–1
367
prop
an-1
-ol
buta
n-1-
olcy
cloh
exan
olph
enol
etho
xyet
hane
met
hana
let
hana
lbe
nzal
dehy
depr
opan
one
pent
an-3
-one
phen
ylet
hano
nem
etha
noic
aci
det
hano
ic a
cid
benz
oic
acid
etha
nedi
oic
acid
ethy
l eth
anoa
teet
hana
mid
em
ethy
lam
ine
ethy
lam
ine
phen
ylam
ine
nitro
benz
ene
urea
gluc
ose
sucr
ose
C3H
7OH
C4H
9OH
C6H
11O
HC
6H5O
H(C
2H5)
2OH
CH
OC
H3C
HO
C6H
5CH
O(C
H3)
2CO
(C2H
5)2C
OC
H3C
OC
6H5
HC
OO
HC
H3C
OO
HC
6H5C
OO
H(C
OO
H) 2
CH
3CO
OC
2H5
CH
3CO
NH
2C
H3N
H2
C2H
5NH
2C
6H5N
H2
C6H
5NO
2C
O(N
H2)
2C
6H12
O6
C12
H22
O11
1 1 s s l g g l l l l l l s s l s g g l l s s s
–202
1–2
676
–372
7–3
053
–272
4–5
71–1
167
–352
5–1
817
–310
0–4
149
–254
–874
–322
7–2
43–2
238
–118
5–1
085
–174
0–3
393
–308
8–6
32–2
803
–564
0
9
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet10
13. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and theoretical values)
The lattice enthalpy values lattice( )∆H Ö given relate to the endothermic process for a solid crystal breaking into gaseous ions.
For example, for an alkali metal halide:
MX(s) → M+(g) + X–(g)
Experimental valuesThe data in these two tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle.
Alkali metal halides
lattice∆H Ö/ kJ mol–1
F Cl Br I
LiNaKRbCs
1049930829795759
864790720695670
820754691668647
764705650632613
Other substances lattice∆H Ö / kJ mol–1 Other substances lattice∆H Ö / kJ mol–1
CaF2BeCl2MgCl2CaCl2SrCl2BaCl2MgOCaOSrOBaO
2651303325402271217020693791340132233054
CuCl2AgFAgClAgBrAgI
2824974918905892
10
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 11
Theoretical valuesThese two tables contain lattice enthalpies calculated from electrostatic principles on the basis of a purely ionic model for the crystal.
Alkali metal halides
lattice∆H Ö / kJ mol–1
F Cl Br I
LiNaKRbCs
1030910808774744
834769701680657
788732671651632
730682632617600
Other substances lattice∆H Ö / kJ mol–1
Other substances lattice∆H Ö / kJ mol–1
CaF2MgOCaOSrOBaO
26403795341432173029
AgFAgClAgBrAgI
953910897881
11
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet12
14. Standard electrode potentials
Oxidized species Reduced species E Ö / V
Li+(aq) + e– Li(s) –3.04
K+(aq) + e– K(s) –2.93
Ca2+(aq) + 2e– Ca(s) –2.87
Na+(aq) + e– Na(s) –2.71
Mg2+(aq) + 2e– Mg(s) –2.37
Al3+(aq) + 3e– Al(s) –1.66
Mn2+(aq) + 2e– Mn(s) –1.19
H2O(l) + e– ½H2(g) + OH–(aq) –0.83
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Zn(s) –0.76
Fe2+(aq) + 2e– Fe(s) –0.45
Ni2+(aq) + 2e– Ni(s) –0.26
Sn2+(aq) + 2e– Sn(s) –0.14
Pb2+(aq) + 2e– Pb(s) –0.13
H+(aq) + e– ½H2(g) 0.00
Cu2+(aq) + e– Cu+(aq) +0.15
SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) +0.34
½O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e– 2OH–(aq) +0.40
Cu+(aq) + e– Cu(s) +0.52
½I2(s) + e– I–(aq) +0.54
Fe3+(aq) + e– Fe2+(aq) +0.77
Ag+(aq) + e– Ag(s) +0.80
½Br2(l) + e– Br–(aq) +1.07
½O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– H2O(l) +1.23
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33
½Cl2(g) + e– Cl–(aq) +1.36
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.51
½F2(g) + e– F–(aq) +2.87
12
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 13
15. Strengths of organic acids and basesThe acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pKa values, where pKa = –log10 Ka.
The dissociation constant Ka values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K.
Base strengths are given in terms of pKb values.
Carboxylic acids
Name Formula pKa
methanoicethanoicpropanoicbutanoic2-methylpropanoicpentanoic2,2-dimethylpropanoicbenzoicphenylethanoic
HCOOHCH3COOHCH3CH2COOHCH3(CH2)2COOH(CH3)2CHCOOHCH3(CH2)3COOH(CH3)3CCOOHC6H5COOHC6H5CH2COOH
3.754.764.874.834.844.835.034.204.31
Halogenated carboxylic acids
Name Formula pKa
chloroethanoicdichloroethanoictrichloroethanoicfluoroethanoicbromoethanoiciodoethanoic
CH2ClCOOHCHCl2COOHCCl3COOHCH2FCOOHCH2BrCOOHCH2ICOOH
2.871.350.662.592.903.18
Phenols
Name Formula pKa
phenol2-nitrophenol3-nitrophenol4-nitrophenol2,4-dinitrophenol2,4,6-trinitrophenol
C6H5OHO2NC6H4OHO2NC6H4OHO2NC6H4OH(O2N)2C6H3OH(O2N)3C6H2OH
9.997.238.367.154.070.42
13
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet14
Alcohols
Name Formula pKa
methanolethanol
CH3OHC2H5OH
15.515.5
Amines
Name Formula pKb
ammoniamethylamineethylaminedimethylaminetrimethylaminediethylaminetriethylaminephenylamine
NH3CH3NH2CH3CH2NH2(CH3)2NH(CH3)3N(C2H5)2NH(C2H5)3NC6H5NH2
4.753.343.353.274.203.163.259.13
16. Acid–base indicators
Indicator pKa pH range Colour change
Acid Alkali
methyl orangebromophenol bluebromocresol greenmethyl redbromothymol bluephenol redphenolphthalein
3.464.104.905.007.308.009.50
3.2–4.43.0–4.63.8–5.44.8–6.06.0–7.66.6–8.08.2–10.0
redyellowyellowredyellowyellowcolourless
yellowblueblueyellowblueredpink
14
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 15
17. Infrared dataCharacteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.
Bond Organic molecules Wavenumber / cm–1
C–I
C–Br
C–Cl
C–F
C–O
C=C
C=O
C≡C
O–H
C–H
O–H
N–H
iodoalkanes
bromoalkanes
chloroalkanes
fluoroalkanes
alcohols, esters, ethers
alkenes
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
alkynes
hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
hydrogen bonding in alcohols and phenols
primary amines
490–620
500–600
600–800
1000–1400
1050–1410
1610–1680
1700–1750
2100–2260
2500–3300
2850–3100
3200–3600
3300–3500
15
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet16
18. 1H NMR dataTypical proton chemical shift values (δ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = 0.
R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I.
These values may vary in different solvents and conditions.
Type of proton Chemical shift / ppm
CH3 0.9–1.0
CH2 R 1.3–1.4
CHR2 1.4–1.6
C
O
RO CH22.0–2.5
CR CH2
O2.2–2.7
CH3 2.5–3.5
C C H 1.8–3.1
CH2 Hal 3.5–4.4
O CH2R 3.3–3.7
C
O
R O CH23.8–4.1
C
O
R O H9.0–13.0
R O H 4.0–12.0
HC CH2 4.5–6.0
OH 4.0–12.0
H 6.9–9.0
C
O
HR9.4–10.0
16
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 17
19. 2-Amino acids
Common name Symbol Structural formulapH of isoelectric
point
alanine AlaH2N CH
CH3
COOH6.0
arginine Arg
H2N CH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C
NH
NH2
COOH
10.8
asparagine Asn
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
C
O
NH2 5.4
aspartic acid AspH2N CH
CH2
COOH
COOH2.8
cysteine CysH2N CH
CH2
COOH
SH5.1
glutamic acid GluH2N CH
CH2
COOH
CH2 COOH3.2
glutamine Gln
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
CH2 C
O
NH2 5.7
glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH 6.0
histidine His
H2N CH
CH2
N
N
COOH
H
7.6
isoleucine IleH2N CH
CHH3C
COOH
CH2 CH3 6.0
leucine Leu
H2N CH
CH2CHH3C CH3
COOH
6.0
lysine Lys
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2 9.7
17
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet18
Common name Symbol Structural formulapH of isoelectric
point
methionine MetH2N CH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
COOH
H2N CH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
COOH5.7
phenylalanine Phe
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
5.5
proline Pro HN
COOH
6.3
serine SerH2N CH
CH2
COOH
OH5.7
threonine ThrH2N CH
CH
COOH
H3C OH5.6
tryptophan Trp
H2N CH
CH2
N
COOH
H
5.9
tyrosine Tyr
H2N CH
CH2
OH
COOH
5.7
valine ValH2N CH
CH
COOH
CH3H3C6.0
18
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 19
20. Structural formulas of some medicines and drugs
COH
O
O
CH3C O
OH
NH C
O
CH3CH3C COOH
H
H2C C
CH3
H
CH3
aspirin paracetamol (acetaminophen) ibuprofen
O
OH
OH
N
H2C CH2
H3C
O
OH
O
N
H2C CH2
H3C
CH3
O
O
O
N
H2C CH2
H3C
C
CCH3
O
CH3
O
morphine codeine diamorphine (heroin)
CH2CH
CH3
NH2
HO
HO CH
OH
CH2N
CH3
H
N
N N
N
O
O
H3C
CH3
CH3
amphetamine epinephrine (adrenaline) caffeine
N
N
CH3 NO
S CH3CH3
CHO
O
HNC
R
O
N
N
H3C O
Cl
nicotine penicillin(general structure) diazepam (Valium®)
19
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet20
N
NO
O2N
H
nitrazepam (Mogadon®)
N
NH
N
N
O
H2NCH2
O
CH2H2C
OH
NH
indole
acyclovir
N
O OH3C
OO
CH3
NH
N
CH3
CN
O
CH2H3C
CH2H3C
cocaine lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
F3C
O CH2CH2
NH2+
CH3
Cl_
fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac®)
CH3
O
OH
H3CCH3
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH3
N
O
ONH
O
O
thalidomide
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
_
NH
PO O
O
H
CH2 CH2
N+ H
H3C CH3H3CO
H3CO
OCH3
CH2CH2
NH2
mescaline
PtCl
Cl
NH3
NH3
cisplatin
psilocybin
20
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 21
21. Structural formulas of some biological molecules
O
O
CH2OH
HO
H
OHH
H
OH
H
OCH2OH
H
H
OHH
OH
HOH
H
H
O
O
CH2OHH
H
OHH
HO
OH
H
OCH2 H
CH2OHH
OH H
HO
H HO
lactose sucrose
CH3
CH3
CH3
CHCH
C
CH3
CHCH
CHC
CH3
CHCH2
OH
retinol (vitamin A)
O
O
OH
OHHC
CH2HO
HO
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
HO
CH3
CH3
HC
H3C CH2CH2
CH2CH
CH3
CH3
cholesterol
HCCH
CH3
HC
H3C CH2CH2
CH2CH
CH3
CH3
CH2
HO
vitamin D
HO
CH3OH
O
CH3C
CH3
H3CO
O
CH3OH
CH3
estradiol progesterone testosterone
21
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet22
HO
HO CH
OH
CH2N
H
CH3OI
I
I
IHO CH2CH C
OH
O
NH2
epinephrine (adrenaline) thyroxine
N
HCN
C
CC
NCH
N
NH2
H
N
CN
C
CC
NCH
N
O
HH2N
HN
CN
CH
CHC
NH2
O
H
adenine guanine cytosine
N
CN
CH
CHC
O
O
H
HN
CN
CH
CC
O
O
H
H CH3
uracil thymine
22. Structural formulas of some food chemistry molecules
Natural pigmentsAnthocyanins
O
R
OH
RO
OH
O glucose
O
R
OH
RHO
OH
O glucose
+
quinoidal base (blue) flavylium cation (red)
22
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet 23
Carotenes
CH3
CHCH
C
CH3
CHCH
CHC
CH3
CHCH
CHCH
C
CH3
CHCH
CHC
CH3
CHCH
H3C
H3C CH3
CH3H3C
α-carotene
CH3
CHCH
C
CH3
CHCH
CHC
CH3
CHCH
CHCH
C
CH3
CHCH
CHC
CH3
CHCH
H3C
H3C CH3
CH3H3C
β-carotene
Porphyrins
N
HC
N
CH
NN
Fe
CH3
H3C
CH
H2C
H3C
H2CCH2
OHO
CH3
CH2H2C
HOO
CHH2C
N
HC
N
CH
NN
Mg
RHCCH2
H3C
H3CHH2C H
CH2CO
O
C20H39
CH2CH3
HC
O O
CH3
O
R=CH3 (Chlorophyll a)R=CHO (Chlorophyll b)
CH3
heme B chlorophyll
Preservatives
OH
OCH3
CCH3
CH3CH3
OH
C
CH3
CH3
CH3
OCH3
OH
CH3
C CCH3
CH3
H3C
H3CCH3
CH3
2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA)
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA)
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT)
23
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet24
Fatty acids
Fatty acid Formula
Octanoic acid CH3(CH2)6COOH
Lauric acid CH3(CH2)10COOH
Stearic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH
Oleic acid CH3(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)7COOH
Linoleic acid CH3(CH2)4(CH═CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH
Linolenic acid CH3CH2(CH═CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
23. ReferencesThe data in tables 4–16 can be found in the following three sources.
Lide, DR. 2008. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, USA. CRC Press. Copyright 2008 by CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. David R Lide. Reproduced by permission from Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, a division of Informa plc.
NVON. 2007. Binas. English Edition. Groningen, The Netherlands. Wolters–Noordhoff.
Royal Society of Chemistry. 2002. Royal Society of Chemistry Electronic Data Book CD-Rom. London, UK. Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
For tables 17 and 18, in addition to the sources above, the data were informed by the following.
Aylward, G and Findlay, T. 2002. SI Chemical Data. 5th Edition. Queensland, Australia. John Wiley & Sons.
Clugston, M and Flemming, R. 2000. Advanced Chemistry. Oxford, UK. Oxford University Press.
Morrison, RT and Boyd, RN. 1987. Organic Chemistry. 5th Edition. Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
24