diplomacy of africa

8/3/2019 Diplomacy of Africa

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DIPLOMACY OF AFRICA


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COTED'IVOIRE


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BACKGROUND

It is a country in West Africa which is commonly known inEnglish as Ivory Coast.

Prior to its colonization by Europeans, it is home to severalstates including Gyamaan, the Kong Empire and Baoule.

Independence day: AUGUST 7, 1960

It was ruled by Flix Houphout-Boigny, from 1960 to 1993.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny


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It maintained close political and economic association withits West African neighbours, while at the same timemaintaining close ties to the West, especially to France.

Since the end of Houphout-Boigny's rule, Cte d'Ivoire hasexperienced one coup dtat, in 1999, and a civil war,which broke out in 2002.

A political agreement between the government and therebels brought a return to peace.

It is a republic with a strong executive power invested inthe President. Its de jure capital isYamoussoukro and thebiggest city is the port city ofAbidjan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire


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The official language is French, although many of the locallanguages are widely used,including Baoul, Dioula, Dan, Anyin and CebaaraSenufo. The main religions are Islam, Christianity(primarily Roman Catholic) and various indigenousreligions.

Through production of coffee and cocoa, the country wasan economic powerhouse during the 1960s and 1970s inWest Africa. However, Cte d'Ivoire went through aneconomic crisis in the 1980s, leading to the country's

period of political and social turmoil. The 21st centuryIvoirian economy is largely market-based and reliesheavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash cropproduction being dominant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoul%C3%A9_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioula_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioula_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoul%C3%A9_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language


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POLITICS

Its government takes place in a framework of a presidential republic,whereby the President of Cte d'Ivoire is both head of

state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

Executive Branch

-exercised by the government.

- Cte d'Ivoire's 1959 constitution provides for strong presidencywithin the framework of a separation of powers. The executive ispersonified in the president, elected for a five-year term. Thepresident is commander in chief of the armed forces, may negotiateand ratify certain treaties, and may submit a bill to anational referendum or to the National Assembly. According to theconstitution, the President of the National Assembly assumes thepresidency in the event of a vacancy, and he completes the

remainder of the deceased president's term. The cabinet is selectedby and is responsible to the president. Changes are being proposedto some of these provisions, to extend term of office to 7 years,establish a senate, and make president of the senate interimsuccessor to the president.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system


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Legislative Branch:

-vested in both the government and theparliament

- The National Assembly (Assemble Nationale)

has 225 members, elected for a five year term insingle-seat constituencies. It passes onlegislation typically introduced by the presidentalthough it also can introduce legislation. Cte

d'Ivoire is a one party dominant state withthe Ivorian People's Front in power.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_party_dominant_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivorian_People's_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivorian_People's_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_party_dominant_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoire


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Judicial Branch

- The judicial system culminates in the Supreme Court.The High Court of Justice is competent to try

government officials for major offenses. The SupremeCourt or Cour Supreme consists of four chambers:Judicial Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber forfinancial cases, Constitutional Chamber for judicialreview cases, and Administrative Chamber for civil cases;

there is no legal limit to the number of members.

Administrative Divisions:

- For administrative purposes, Cte d'Ivoire is divided

into 58 departments, each headed bya prefect appointed by the central government. Thereare 196 communes, each headed by an elected mayor,plus the city ofAbidjan with ten mayors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_(subnational_entity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(subnational_entity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(subnational_entity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_(subnational_entity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court


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International Organizations Affiliated with:

ACP- Lome Convention

AfDB-African Development BankECA-United Nation Economic Commissions

ECOWAS-Economic Community of West African States

Entente-Conseil de I'Entente

FAO-Food and Agriculture OrganizationFZ

G-24

G-77

IAEA-International Atomic and Energy Agency

IBRD-International Bank for Reorganization and Development

ICAO-International civil aviation organization

ICCt-International Criminal Court(signatory)

ICRM-International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Ententehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Ententehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)


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IDA-International Development Association

IDB-Islamic Development Bank

IFAD-International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFC-International Finance CorporationIFRCS

ILO-International Labor Organization

IMF-International Monetary Fund

IMO-International Maritime OrganizationInterpol

IOC

IOM-International Organizatin for Migration

ISOITU

ITUC

MONUC

NAM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Association


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OAU

OIC

OPCW

UNCTAD

UNESCO

UN

UNHCR

UNIDO

UPU

WADB(regional)

WAEMU

WCO

WFTU -WorldFederation of Trade Unions

WHO-World Health Organization

WIPO-World Intellectural Property Organization

WMO-World Meteorological Organization

WToO-World Tourism Organization

WTrO-World Trade Organization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity


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FOREIGN POLICY/RELATIONS

Throughout the Cold War, Cte d'Ivoire's foreign policy was generallyfavorable toward the West. In particular, Flix Houphout-

Boigny kept relations with France that was among the closestbetween any African country and a former colonial power. Thecountry became a member of the United Nations at independence in1960 and participates in most of its specialized agencies. It is also anassociate member of the European Union. In general, President

Bdi initiated and maintained relations with many countries of theEuropean Union and Asia. Cte d'Ivoire maintains a wide variety ofdiplomatic contacts.

Houphout-Boigny was one of the first African leaders to establish ties

with Israel. In 1973, first Ethiopia, then the Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU), broke ties with Israel as an act of solidarity with Arabmembers of the OAU. Virtually all of Africa followed suit includingCte d'Ivoire. However, it was one of the first to re-establishrelations with Israel in 1986.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War


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Cte d'Ivoire also sought change in South Africa through dialogue, andits newly-named ambassador was among the first to be accreditedto post-apartheid South Africa. Cte d'Ivoire's foreign relationssuffered following the December 1999 coup that brought President

Guei to power. Many foreign institutions (including the IMF)withheld foreign aid.

Most of the western international community, as well as the OAU,considered the October 2000 elections to have been seriously

flawed. Foreign donor institutions which halted aid pending a returnto civilian rule have largely continued their freeze. The London Clubhas also not expressed a willingness to revisit the issue of debtrescheduling. The electoral shifts in the country therefore continueto mar foreign relations.

Regional and international assistance, however, helped to end theconflict in 2002, and to bring about the establishment of a powersharing government in 2003. The cooperative stance augurs well forCte d'Ivoire's foreign relations.


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Regional Relations:

The Ivorian government has historically played animportant and constructive role in Africa. PresidentHouphout-Boigny was active in the mediation of regionaldisputes, most notably in Liberia and Angola. Cte d'Ivoire is amember of the newly created OAU conflict resolutionmechanism. In 1996-97 Cte d'Ivoire sent a medical unit toparticipate in regional peacekeeping in Liberia, its firstpeacekeeping effort.

Cte d'Ivoire is a member of the Organization of African

Unity (OAU), the West African Economic and Monetary Union(UEMOA), the African Mauritian Common Organization(OCAM), the Council of Entente Communaute FinanciereAfricaine (CFA), the Economic Community of West AfricanStates (ECOWAS), the Nonaggression and DefenseAgreement (ANAD), INTELSAT, the Nonaligned Movement,

the African Regional Satellite Organization (RASCOM), theInter-African Coffee Organizations (IACO), the InternationalCocoa Organization (ICCO), the Alliance of Cocoa Producers,African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries (ACP), and theAssociation of Coffee Producing Countries (ACPC). Cted'Ivoire also belongs to the European Investment Bank (EIB)

and the African Development Bank.


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Bilateral Relations

>Ghana

In 1989, after fifteen years of no progress, the Ghana-Cte

d'Ivoire border redemarcation commission finally agreed onthe definition of the 640-kilometer border between the twocountries. The PNDC thereafter worked to improvethetransportation and communication links with both Cted'Ivoire and Togo, despite problems with both countries.

By 1992 Ghana's relations with Cte d'Ivoire were relativelygood. Hopes for lasting improvement in Ghana's relations withits western neighbor, however, were quickly dashed followingsome ugly incidents in late 1993 and early 1994. They beganon November 1, 1993, with the return of sports fans to Cte

d'Ivoire following a championship soccer match in Kumasi,Ghana, that had resulted in the elimination of Cte d'Ivoirefrom competition. Ghanaian immigrants in Cte d'Ivoire wereviolently attacked, and as many as forty or more Ghanaianswere killed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation


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>France

Despite electoral wrangling, Cte d'Ivoire continues to maintainextremely close relations with France. President Houphout-Boigny,who was a minister in the French colonial government prior toindependence, insisted that the connection be maintained.

President Chirac visited Cte d'Ivoire soon after his election in 1995,followed by the French secretary of state and the ministers offoreign affairs and defense. Examples of Franco-Ivorian cooperationare numerous.

French is Cte d'Ivoire's official language. Ivorian security isenhanced by a brigade of French marines stationed in Abidjan. Some

20,000 French expatriates continue to make their home in Cted'Ivoire, and the country's currency, the CFA franc, is tied to theFrench franc. France maintains a military base at Port Bout and hasassisted in the restructuring of the Ivorian armed forces. France wasthe first country to recognize the victory of President Gbagbo in theOctober 2000 elections. France was also instrumental in the militaryefforts in the country during the 2002-2003 civil conflict. In February

2009, the French government decided to withdraw half of the 1800French troops currently stationed in Cte d'Ivoire; the Frenchpresident saying "The security risk in Cte d'Ivoire has abated andwaiting for elections whose timing remains uncertain no longer justifiesthe maintenance of a full military presence".


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>India

The bilateral relations between the Republic of India andthe Republic of Cte d'Ivoire have considerably expanded in recentyears as India seeks to develop an extensive commercial and

strategic partnership in the West African region . TheIndian diplomatic mission in Abidjan was opened in 1979. Cted'Ivoire opened its resident mission in New Delhi in September2004.[1] Both nations are currently fostering efforts to increase trade,investments and economic cooperation.

>USA

Cte d'Ivoire's relationship with the U.S. was cordial, if less intimatethan its ties with its former colonizer France

>Russia

Russia works on UN missions to help the people of Cte d'Ivoire. Thehelp is sometimes done from the Russian embassy in Abidjan, but isalso done from the embassy in Accra, Ghana. From these point ofview, Russia regarded the outcome of the extraordinary summit heldin Dakar, Senegal, of the Economic Community for West African

States.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra,_Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar,_Senegalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar,_Senegalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra,_Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_India


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BURUNDI


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BACKGROUND

It is a landlocked country in the Great Lakes region ofEastern Africa borderedby Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo to the west. Its size is just under 28,000 km with an

estimated population of over 10,000,000. Its capital is Bujumbura. Although thecountry is landlocked, much of the southwestern border is adjacent to LakeTanganyika.

TheTwa, Tutsi, and Hutu peoples have occupied Burundi since the country'sformation five centuries ago. Burundi was ruled as a kingdom by the Tutsi for

over two hundred years. However, at the beginning of the twentiethcentury, Germany and Belgium occupied the region, and Burundi and Rwandabecame a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi.

Political unrest occurred throughout the region because of social differencesbetween the Tutsi and Hutu, provoking civil war in Burundi throughout themiddle twentieth century. Presently, Burundi is governed as a presidentialrepresentative democratic republic.

Burundi is one of the ten poorest countries in the world. It has one of the lowest percapita GDP of any nation in the world.[5] Burundi has a low gross domesticproduct largely due to civil wars, corruption, poor access to education, and theeffects of HIV/AIDS[citation needed]. Burundi is densely populated, withsubstantial emigration. Cobalt and copper are among Burundi's naturalresources. Some of Burundi's main exports include coffee and sugar.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlockedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumburahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumburahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked


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POLITICS/GOVERNMENT

Its politics takes place in a framework of atransitional presidentialrepresentative democraticrepublic,

whereby the President of Burundi is both head ofstate and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

Political Landscape after the Civil Wat

The political landscape of Burundi has been dominated inrecent years by the civil war and a long peace process andmove to democracy. The current President of Burundi is PierreNkurunziza, a former rebel leader of the HutuNational Councilfor the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense ofDemocracy who was elected unopposed as the new President

of Burundi by the parliament on 19 August 2005. Nkurunzizawas the first president chosen through democratic meanssince the start of the civil war in 1993 and was sworn in on 26August, replacing transitional president Domitien Ndayizeye.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacebuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunzizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunzizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi_elections,_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_and_heads_of_state_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_and_heads_of_state_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitien_Ndayizeyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitien_Ndayizeyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitien_Ndayizeyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitien_Ndayizeyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_and_heads_of_state_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_and_heads_of_state_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi_elections,_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy-Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunzizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nkurunzizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacebuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system


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Executive Branch

- The president is elected by the people. He nominatestwo vice-presidents, who form together with the Council

of Ministers the executive branch.

Legislative Branch

- The National Assembly (Assemble nationale) has 118

members, elected for a five year term by proportionalrepresentation with a 2% barrier. The Senate (Snat) has49 members, elected for a five year term by electoralcolleges of communal councilors. Extra seats in bothchambers can be added to ensure that ethnic and gender

quotas are met. Burundi has a multi-party system, withtwo or three strong parties and a third party that iselectorally successful. Parties are usually based on ethnicbackground.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Burundian_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Burundian_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Burundian_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Burundian_Government


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Administrative Divisions

-It has 17 provinces: Bubanza, BujumburaMairie, Bujumbura,

Rural, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza,Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rutana and Ruyigi.

International Organizations Affiliated with:-It is member ofACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL,ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,

IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubanza_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Mairie_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Mairie_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Rural_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Rural_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bururi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cankuzo_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibitoke_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitega_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuzi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayanza_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirundo_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makamba_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muramvya_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyinga_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwaro_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutana_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruyigi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruyigi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutana_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwaro_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyinga_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muramvya_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makamba_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirundo_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayanza_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuzi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitega_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibitoke_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cankuzo_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bururi_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Rural_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Rural_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Mairie_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura_Mairie_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubanza_Province


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Burundi's relations with its neighbours have often been affected bysecurity concerns. Hundreds of thousands of

Burundian refugees have at various times crossed toneighboring Rwanda,Tanzania, and theDemocratic Republic of theCongo. Hundreds of thousands of Burundians are in neighboringcountries as a result of the ongoing civil war. Most of them, morethan 340,000 since 1993, are in Tanzania. Some Burundian rebelgroups have used neighboring countries as bases for insurgentactivities. The 1993 embargo placed on Burundi by regional stateshurt diplomatic relations with its neighbors; relations have improvedsince the 1999 suspension of these sanctions.

Burundi is a member of various international and regionalorganizations, including the United Nations, the African Union,the African Development Bank and the Francophonie. Burundi isalso a member of theInternational Criminal Court with a BilateralImmunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as coveredunder Article 98). The Swedish Minister for Integration and GenderEquality, Nyamko Sabuni, was born in Burundi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophoniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Integration_and_Gender_Equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Integration_and_Gender_Equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamko_Sabunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamko_Sabunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Integration_and_Gender_Equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Integration_and_Gender_Equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophoniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi


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Bilateral Relations

>Rwanda

Burundi and Rwanda dispute sections of border on the Akanyaru/Kanyaru and

the Kagera/Nyabarongo rivers, which have changed course since the 1960s, when theboundary was delimited; cross-border conflicts among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnicgroups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forcespersist in the Great Lakes region.

>USA

BurundiUnited States relations are the international relationsbetween Burundi and the United States. Official U.S. Government goalsin Burundi are "to help the people of Burundi realize a just and lasting peace basedupon democratic principles and sustainable economic development." The UnitedStates encourages political stability, ongoing democratic reforms, political openness,respect for human rights, and economic development in Burundi. In the long term,the United States seeks to strengthen the process of internal reconciliation anddemocratization within all the states of the region to promote a stable, democraticcommunity of nations that will work toward mutual social, economic, and securityinterests on the continent.

The United States supported the Arusha peace process, providing financial supportthrough its assessed contributions to a UN peacekeeping force established in 2004.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akanyaru&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanyaru&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyabarongo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arushahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arushahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyabarongo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanyaru&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akanyaru&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda


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UGANDA


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BACKGROUND

The Ugandans were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago. These groupsbrought and developed ironworking skills and new ideas of social and politicalorganization. The Empire of Kitara which covered most of the great lakes area,

from Lake Albert, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, to Lake Kyoga. Its leadershipheadquarters were mainly in what became Ankole, believed to have been run bythe Bachwezi in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They represented theearliest forms of formal organization, followed by the kingdom ofBunyoro-Kitara, and in later centuries, Buganda and Ankole .

As several other territories and chiefdoms were integrated, the final protectoratecalled Uganda took shape in 1914. From 1900 to 1920, a sleepingsickness epidemic killed more than 250,000 people,about two-thirds of thepopulation in the affected lake-shore areas.

Uganda gained independence from Britain in 1962, maintainingits Commonwealth membership. The first post-independence election, held in1962, was won by an alliance between the Uganda People's Congress (UPC)

and Kabaka Yekka (KY). UPC and KY formed the first post-independencegovernment with Milton Obote as executive Prime Minister, the BugandaKabaka (King)Edward Muteesa II holding the largely ceremonial position ofPresident and William Wilberforce Nadiope, the Kyabazinga (paramount chief)ofBusoga, as Vice President.
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In 1966, following a power struggle between the Obote-led government and KingMuteesa, the UPC-dominated Parliament changed the constitution andremoved the ceremonial president and vice president. In 1967, a newconstitution proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional

kingdoms. Without first calling elections, Obote was declared the executivePresident.

Obote was deposed from office in 1971 when Idi Aminseized power. Amin ruled thecountry with the military for the next eight years.Amin's rule cost an estimated300,000 Ugandans' lives.He forcibly removed the entrepreneurial SouthAsian minority from Uganda.The Ugandan economy was devastated.

Amin's reign was ended after the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1979 in which Tanzanian

forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda. This led to the return of Obote,who was deposed once more in 1985 by GeneralTito Okello. Okello ruled for sixmonths until he was deposed after the so called "bush war" by the NationalResistance Army (NRA) operating under the leadership of the currentpresident,Yoweri Museveni, and various rebel groups, including the FederalDemocratic Movement of Andrew Kayiira, and another belonging to JohnNkwaanga.

Museveni has been in power since 1986. In the mid to late 1990s, he was laudedby the West as part of a new generation of African leaders.[17] His presidency hasincluded involvement in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)and other conflicts in the Great Lakes region, as well as the civil war againstthe Lord's Resistance Army, which has been guilty of numerous crimes againsthumanity including child slavery and mass murder. Conflict in northern Ugandahas killed thousands and displaced millions.
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POLITICS/GOVERNMENT

Ugandais a presidentialrepublic, in which the President of Uganda isboth head of state and head of government; there is a multi-partysystem. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislativepoweris vested in both the government and the National Assembly. Thesystem is based on a democratic parliamentary system with universalsuffrage for all citizens over 18 years ofage. In a measure ostensiblydesigned to reduce sectarian violence, political parties were restricted intheir activities from 1986. In the non-party "Movement" system

instituted by the current presidentYoweri Museveni, political partiescontinued to exist but could not campaign in elections or fieldcandidates directly (although electoral candidates could belong topolitical parties). A constitutional referendum cancelled this 19-year banon multi-party politics in July 2005.

The presidential elections were held in February 2006. Museveni ran againstseveral candidates, of whom the most prominent was the exiled

Dr. Kizza Besigye. Museveni was declared the winner. Besigye allegedfraud, and rejected the result. The Supreme Court of Uganda ruled thatthe election was marred by intimidation, violence, voterdisenfranchisement, and other irregularities. However, the Court voted4-3 to uphold the results of the election.

h
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Executive Branch

-The head of state in Uganda is the President, who is elected by a popular vote toa five-year term. This is currentlyYoweri Museveni, who is also the head ofthe armed forces. The previous presidential elections were in February 2006 andin the election of February 2011 Museveni was elected with 68% of the vote. The

cabinet is appointed by the president from among the elected legislators.The prime minister, currentlyApolo Nsibambi, assists the president in thesupervision of the cabinet.

-TheCabinet of Uganda, according to the Constitution of Uganda, "shall consistof the President, the Vice Presidentand such number of Ministers as may appear tothe President to be reasonably necessary for the efficient running of the State.

Legislative Branch

-The National Assembly has 332 members. 215 members are elected directly -via universal adult suffrage - in single-seat constituencies. In addition, each ofUganda's 79 (soon to be 80) districts elects a Woman Representative via a directvote, and 25 MPs are selected from so-called "special interest" groups via acomplicated regional electoral college system. These special interest MPsinclude ten representatives of the UPDF (Uganda's Armed Forces), 5 youthrepresentatives, 5 representatives of people with disabilities and 5 representingworkers. Uganda's Parliamentary elections were held in March 2006, and thenext will be contested in 2011.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Musevenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Musevenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defense_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_Nsibambihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_Nsibambihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defense_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Musevenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state


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Judicial Branch

-The Ugandan judiciary operates as an independent branch of governmentand consists of magistrate's courts, high courts, courts of appeal, and theSupreme Court. Judges for the High Court are appointed by the president;Judges for the Court of Appeal are appointed by the president and approved

by the legislature.

-The Ugandan constitution was adopted on October 8, 1995 by the interim,284-member Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draftconstitution that had been proposed in May 1993. Uganda's legal systemsince 1995 has been based on English common law and African customarylaw (customary law is in effect only when it does not conflict with statutory

law). Law enforcement policy is decided by the Police Council, with a specialforce in charge of suppressing cattle theft. The system acceptscompulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction, with reservations.

International Organizations Affiliated with:

-ACP, AfDB, C, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,WHO, WIPO,WMO, WToO, WTrO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattle_theft&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_(Lom%C3%A9_Convention)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattle_theft&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda


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Ministries of Uganda

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of Justice & Constitutional AffairsMinistry of Public Service

Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Economic Development[1]

Ministry of Education and Sports

Ministry of Local Government

Ministry of Health

Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications

Ministry of Internal Affairs

Ministry of Water and Environment

Ministry of Gender, Labour & Social DevelopmentMinistry of Energy and Minerals

Ministry of Defense

Ministry of Agriculture, Animal, Husbandry and Fisheries
http://www.mofa.go.ug/http://www.justice.go.ug/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance,_Planning_and_Economic_Development_(Uganda)http://www.finance.go.ug/http://www.education.go.ug/http://www.molg.go.ug/http://www.health.go.ug/http://www.mglsd.go.ug/http://www.energyandminerals.go.ug/http://www.defenceuganda.mil.ug/http://www.agriculture.go.ug/http://www.agriculture.go.ug/http://www.defenceuganda.mil.ug/http://www.energyandminerals.go.ug/http://www.mglsd.go.ug/http://www.health.go.ug/http://www.molg.go.ug/http://www.education.go.ug/http://www.finance.go.ug/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance,_Planning_and_Economic_Development_(Uganda)http://www.justice.go.ug/http://www.mofa.go.ug/http://www.mofa.go.ug/


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Uganda is landlocked and depends on foreign imports for most of itsconsumer goods and energy requirements. Even before independence,maintaining an open trade route to the Indian Ocean was the primaryforeign policy objective ofall governments. For this reason, once therailroad from Mombasa to Kampala was completed early in theprotectorate period, relations with Kenya became the government'smost significant foreign concern. During much of the period of Britishrule, the most worrying foreign issue for politically conscious Ugandanswas the possibility that Kenyan white settlers would gain control over allof East Africa. During the 1950s, nationalism gained the upper hand in

the four East African territories, the achievement of closer relationsamong the four also became an important foreign policy objective.Later, however, economic differences eroded initiatives towardfederation and eventually led to hostilities between Uganda and Kenyain the 1980s that would have been unimaginable two decades earlier.After independence, political issues erupting into violence withinUganda or its neighbors also caused serious strains in their bilateral

relations, frequently involving rebels, refugees, and even militaryincursions. Because of its former colonial rule, Britain maintained a closeand special relationship with Uganda. But over time, this role slowlydiminished as Uganda cultivated new links with other industrializedcountries. And, despite its protestations of nonalignment, Ugandaremained far more closely linked, both economically and politically, tothe capitalist than to the socialist bloc.
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AMINUgandan foreign policy objectives changed considerably after Idi Amin's coup d'tat in 1971. Forthe first decade after independence, policymakers had emphasized cooperation with Uganda'sneighbors and the superpowers, participation in international organizations, and nonalignment inorder to protect the state's sovereignty and support the African bloc as much as possible without

losing opportunities for expanding trade or gaining assistance for development. When Aminseized power, he followed a far more aggressive, though unpredictable, foreign policy. Ugandathreatened its neighbors both verbally and militarily. The gratuitous verbal attacks that Aminlaunched on foreign powers served mainly to isolate Uganda.

The NRM government introduced new radical foreign policy objectives when it first came topower and consequently brought new complications into Uganda's foreign relations. At theoutset, President Musevenienthusiastically supported international and especially African

cooperation but conditioned it on an ideological evaluation of whether or not other regimes wereracist, dictatorial, or corrupt, or violated human rights. On this basis, shortly after taking powerthe government went to great lengths to enter trade agreements with other developing countriesbased on barter rather than cash, in order to publicize Uganda's autonomy, even though most ofits exports continued to consist of coffee purchased by the United States or by European states,and most of its imports came from Europe. In response, Uganda's neighbors were suspicious ofMuseveni's radical pronouncements and felt that he was attacking their rule through hisdenunciations of their human rights policies. They also avoided close ties to Uganda because theysuspected that the NRM government, having come to power through a guerrilla struggle, mightassist dissidents intending to overthrow them.

The Ugandan government generally seeks good relations with other nations without referenceto ideological orientation. Relations with Rwanda, Congo and Sudan have sometimes beenstrained because of security concerns. PresidentYoweri Museveni has been active in attempts toimplement a peace agreement with Burundi and has supported peace initiatives in Sudanand Somalia.

l l l
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Bilateral Relations

>Democratic Republic of the Congo

On December 19, 2005, the International Court of Justice foundagainst Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo,for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.

A rebel group operating in western Uganda and eastern DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, near the Rwenzori Mountains, the Allied Democratic

Forces, emerged as a localized threat in 1996 and inflicted substantialsuffering on the population in the area. It has largely been defeated by theUPDF and the areas secured.

>Denmark

Denmark

Uganda relations are foreign relationsbetween Denmark and Uganda. Denmark has an embassy in Kampala, andUganda has an embassy in Copenhagen. Diplomatic relations wereestablished on 1 April 1968. On 12 November 1971, Denmark and Ugandasigned a treaty on a Danish Government loan to Uganda.Bilateral relationsbetween Denmark and Uganda are described as strong.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice


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>Israel

Ugandas relations with Israel remain uneasily strained due to the 1976capturing of a French airliner hijacked by the Palestinian LiberationOrganization in an airport in the now-famous city.

>Kenya

From 1961 to 1965 the two states, along with Tanzania, were united in theEast African Common Services Organization, a common market with a loosefederal structure.

>Libya

In the past, neighbors were concerned about Uganda's relationshipwith Libya, which had supplied military equipment and barteredfuel toUganda.

>North Korea

In addition to its friendly ties to Western nations, Uganda has maintainedties with North Korea.

>Russia
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>Russia

RussiaUganda relations (Russian: -) is the bilateralforeign relations between the twocountries, Russia and Uganda. Russia has an embassy in KampalaandUganda has an embassy in Moscow.

The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Uganda onOctober 11-12, 1962. In 1964, the USSR and Uganda signed a tradeagreement and an agreement on economic and technicalcooperation, which provided for a loan of 14 million rubles toUganda.

>SudanUganda's has strained relations with Sudan because of allegedSudanese support for the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). The LRAseeks to overthrow the Uganda government and has inflicted brutalviolence on the population in northern Uganda,including rape, kidnapping, torture, and murder. In 2002 Uganda and

Sudan reestablished diplomatic ties and signed a protocolpermitting the Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF) to entersouthern Sudan and engage the LRA. The protocol must be renewedperiodically, and has lapsed at least twice since it was signed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Uganda_in_Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Uganda_in_Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Uganda_in_Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Uganda_in_Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Uganda_in_Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Uganda_in_Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language


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>USA

Although U.S.-Ugandan relations were strained during the rule ofIdi Amin in the 1970s, relationsimproved after Amin's fall. In mid-1979, the United States reopened its embassy inKampala. Relationswith successor governments were cordial, although Obote and his administration rejected strong U.S.criticism of Uganda's human rights situation.

Bilateral relations between the United States and Uganda have been good since Museveni assumed

power, and the United States has welcomed his efforts to end human rights abuses and to pursueeconomic reform. Uganda is a strong supporter of the Global War on Terror. The United States is helpingUganda achieve export-led economic growth through the African Growth and Opportunity Act andprovides a significant amount of development assistance. At the same time, the United States isconcerned about continuing human rights problems and the pace of progress toward the establishmentof genuine political pluralism.

U.S. development assistance in Uganda has the overall goal of reducing mass poverty. Most U.S. programassistance is focused in the areas of health, education, and agriculture. Both theU.S. Agency forInternational Development (USAID) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have major programs tofight the HIV/AIDSpandemic. Other programs promote trade and investment, curb environmental

degradation, encourage the peaceful resolution of local and international conflicts, and promote honestand open government. The United States also provides large amounts ofhumanitarian assistance topopulations without access to adequate food supplies because of conflict, drought and other factors.

U.S.Peace Corps Volunteers are active in primary teacher training and HIV/AIDS programs.The Department of State carries out cultural exchange programs, brings Fulbright lecturers andresearchers to Uganda, and sponsors U.S. study and tour programs for a wide variety of officials fromgovernment, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. Through Ambassador's Self-HelpFund, local groups in poor areas receive assistance for small projects with a high level of communityinvolvement.

U.S.-Ugandan relations also benefit from significant contributions to health care, nutrition, education,and park systems from U.S. missionaries, non-governmental organizations, private universities, HIV/AIDSresearchers, and wildlife organizations. Expatriate Ugandans living in the U.S. also promote stronger linksbetween the two countries.

The U.S. maintains an embassy in Kampala, Uganda.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musevenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musevenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin


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CURRENT ISSUES COMMON TO THE

THREE COUNRTRIES

The common current issues between these countries are those pertaining toenvironmental matters:

Cote DIvoire

Deforestation (most of the country's forests - once the largest in West Africa - have been heavilylogged); water pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents.

Burundi

Soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands;

deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel);

habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Uganda

Draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soilerosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; widespread poaching


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Thank you very

much...

-Mamintal MIKO R. Adiong III

diplomacy of africa

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