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Disinfectant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,searchThis article is about antimicrobial agents. For the Macintosh antivirus software, see!isinfectant "software#.

!isinfection of a floor using disinfectant li$uid applied using a mop

Disinfectantsare substances that are applied to nonliving ob%ects to destroymicroorganismsthat are living on the ob%ects.&'(!isinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms,especially resistantbacterial spores) it is less effective than sterilisation,which is an e*treme

physical and+or chemical process that kills all types of life.&'(!isinfectants are different fromother antimicrobial agentssuch as antibiotics,which destroy microorganisms within the body,and antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living tissue. !isinfectants are alsodifferent frombiocides the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not %ustmicroorganisms. !isinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering

with the metabolism.

-anitisers are substances that simultaneously clean and disinfect.&(

/acterial endosporesare most resistant to disinfectants, but some viruses and bacteria alsopossess some tolerance.

!isinfectants are fre$uently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens, and bathrooms tokill infectious organisms.

Contents
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' 0roperties

Types

o .' 1ir disinfectants

o . 1lcohols

o .2 1ldehydes

o .3 4*idi5ing agents

o .6 0henolics

o .7 8uaternary ammonium compounds

o .9 -ilver

o . ;opper alloy surfaces

o .< 4ther

2 Measurements of effectiveness

3 =ome disinfectants

6 -ee also

7 >eferences

9 ?*ternal links

Properties

1 perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full microbiological sterilisation,without harming humans and useful forms of life, be ine*pensive, and noncorrosive.=owever, most disinfectants are also, by nature, potentially harmful "even to*ic# to humansor animals. Most modern household disinfectants contain /itre*, an e*ceptionally bittersubstance added to discourage ingestion, as a safety measure. Those that are used indoorsshould never be mi*ed with other cleaning products as chemical reactionscan occur.&citationneeded(

The choice of disinfectant to be used depends on the particular situation. -ome disinfectantshave a wide spectrum "kill many different types of microorganisms#, while others kill a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Air_disinfectantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Alcoholshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Aldehydeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Oxidizing_agentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Phenolicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Copper_alloy_surfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Measurements_of_effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Home_disinfectantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Air_disinfectantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Alcoholshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Aldehydeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Oxidizing_agentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Phenolicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Copper_alloy_surfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Measurements_of_effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Home_disinfectantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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smaller range of diseasecausing organisms but are preferred for other properties "they maybe noncorrosive, nonto*ic, or ine*pensive#.&citation needed(

There are arguments for creating or maintaining conditions that are not conducive to bacterialsurvival and multiplication, rather than attempting to kill them with chemicals. /acteria can

increase in number very $uickly, which enables them toevolverapidly. -hould some bacteriasurvive a chemical attack, they give rise to new generations composed completely of bacteriathat have resistance to the particular chemical used. @nder a sustained chemical attack, thesurviving bacteria in successive generations are increasingly resistant to the chemical used,and ultimately the chemical is rendered ineffective. For this reason, some $uestion thewisdom of impregnating cloths, cutting boardsand worktops in the home withbactericidalchemicals.&citation needed(

Types

Air disinfectants

1ir disinfectants are typically chemical substances capable of disinfecting microorganismssuspended in the air. !isinfectants are generally assumed to be limited to use on surfaces, butthat is not the case. An '


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1dditionally, highconcentration mi*tures "such as BD ethanol E 6D isopropanol# arere$uired to effectively inactivate lipidenveloped viruses "such as =AC, hepatitis /, andhepatitis ;#.&'B(&''(&'(1lcohol is, at best, only partly effective against most nonenvelopedviruses "such as hepatitis 1#, and is not effective against fungal and bacterial spores.&


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;hloramineTis antibacterial even after the chlorine has been spent, since the parentcompound is a sulfonamideantibiotic.

;hlorine dio*ideis used as an advanced disinfectant for drinking water to reducewaterborne diseases. An certain parts of the world, it has largely replaced chlorine

because it forms fewer byproducts. -odium chlorite,sodium chlorate,andpotassiumchlorateare used as precursors for generating chlorine dio*ide.

=ydrogen pero*ideis used in hospitalsto disinfect surfaces and it is used in solutionalone or in combination with other chemicals as a high level disinfectant. =ydrogen

pero*ide is sometimes mi*ed with colloidal silver.At is often preferred because itcauses far fewer allergicreactions than alternative disinfectants. 1lso used in the food

packaging industry to disinfect foil containers. 1 2D solution is also used as anantiseptic.

=ydrogen pero*ide vaporis used as amedical sterilantand as room disinfectant.=ydrogen pero*ide has the advantage that it decomposes to form o*ygen and waterthus leaving no long term residues, but hydrogen pero*ide as with most other strongo*idants is ha5ardous, and solutions are a primary irritant. The vapor is ha5ardous tothe respiratory system and eyes and conse$uently the 4-=1permissible e*posurelimit is ' ppm "< ;F> '


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by o5onation, as the o5one would decompose already in the water piping. Anstead, it isused to remove the bulk of o*idi5able matter from the water, which would producesmall amounts of organochloridesif treated with chlorine only.

0eracetic acidis a disinfectant produced by reacting hydrogen pero*ide with acetic

acid. At is broadly effective against microorganisms and is not deactivated by catalaseandpero*idase, the en5ymes that break down hydrogen pero*ide. At also breaks downto food safe and environmentally friendly residues "acetic acid and hydrogen

pero*ide#, and therefore can be used in nonrinse applications. At can be used over awide temperature range "B3BL;#, widep=range "2.B9.6#, in cleaninplace";A0#

processes, in hard waterconditions, and is not affected by protein residues.

0erformic acidis the simplest and most powerful perorganic acid. Formed from thereaction of hydrogen pero*ide and formic acid, it reacts more rapidly and powerfullythan peracetic acid before breaking down to water and carbon dio*ide.

0otassium permanganate"Mn43# is a purplishblack crystalline powder that colourseverything it touches, through a strong o*idising action. This includes stainingGstainlessG steel, which somehow limits its use and makes it necessary to use plasticor glass containers. At is used to disinfect a$uariumsand is also widely used incommunity swimming pools to disinfect ones feet before entering the pool. Typically,a large shallow basin of Mn43+water solution is kept near the pool ladder.0articipants are re$uired to step in the basin and then go into the pool. 1dditionally, itis widely used to disinfect community water ponds and wells in tropical countries, aswell as to disinfect the mouth before pulling out teeth. At can be applied to wounds indilute solution.

0otassium pero*ymonosulfate, the principal ingredient in Cirkon, is a widespectrumdisinfectant used in laboratories. Cirkonkills bacteria, viruses, and fungi. At is used asa 'D solution in water, and keeps for one week once it is made up. At is e*pensive, butvery effective, its pink colour fades as it is used up so it is possible to see at a glance ifit is still fresh.

Phenolics

0henolicsare active ingredients in some household disinfectants. They are also found in somemouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwashes.

0henolis probably the oldest known disinfectant as it was first used byister, when itwas called carbolic acid. At is rather corrosive to the skin and sometimes to*ic tosensitive people. Ampure preparations of phenol were originally made from coal tar,and these contained low concentrations of other aromatic hydrocarbonsincluding

ben5ene,which is an A1>;Nroup 'carcinogen.

o0henylphenolis often used instead ofphenol,since it is somewhat less corrosive.

;hloro*ylenolis the principal ingredient in !ettol, a household disinfectant and

antiseptic.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peracetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-in-placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_peroxymonosulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Listerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Listerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroxylenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dettolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peracetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-in-placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_peroxymonosulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Listerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroxylenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dettolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic


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=e*achloropheneis a phenolic that was once used as a germicidal additive to somehousehold products but was banned due to suspected harmful effects.

Thymol, derived from the herb thyme, is the active ingredient in some GbroadspectrumG disinfectants that bears ecological claims.

1mylmetacresolis found in -trepsils, a throat disinfectant.

1lthough not a phenol, ,3dichloroben5yl alcoholhas similar effects as phenols, butit cannot inactive viruses.

Quaternary ammonium compounds

8uaternary ammonium compounds"G$uatsG#, such asben5alkonium chloride, are a largegroup of related compounds. -ome concentrated formulations have been shown to be

effective lowlevel disinfectants. Typically, $uats do not e*hibit efficacy against difficult tokill nonenveloped viruses such as norovirus,rotavirus, orpolio virus. ewer synergous, lowalcohol formulations are highly effective broadspectrum disinfectants with $uick contacttimes "2H6 minutes# against bacteria, enveloped viruses, pathogenic fungi, andmycobacteria.=owever, the addition of alcohol or solvents to $uatbased disinfectant formulas results in the

productsK drying much more $uickly on the applied surface, which could lead to ineffective orincomplete disinfection. 8uats are biocides that also kill algae and are used as an additive inlargescale industrial water systems to minimi5e undesired biological growth.

ilver

-ilverhas antimicrobial properties, but compounds suitable for disinfection are usuallyunstable and have a limited shelflife.-ilver dihydrogen citrate"-!;# is a chelated form ofsilver that maintains its stability. -!; kills microorganisms by two modes of action: '# thesilver ion deactivates structural and metabolic membrane proteins, leading to microbial death)# the microbes view -!; as a food source, allowing the silver ion to enter the microbe.4nce inside the organism, the silver ion denatures the !1, which halts the microbeKs abilityto replicate, leading to its death. This dual action makes -!; highly and $uickly effectiveagainst a broad spectrum of microbes. -!; is nonto*ic, noncaustic, colorless, odorless, andtasteless, and does not produce to*ic fumes. -!; is nonto*ic to humans and animals: the@nited -tates ?nvironmental 0rotection 1gencyclassifies it into the lowest to*icity category

for disinfectants, category AC.1 metaanalysis of 7 studies by the ;ochrane ;ollaborationfound that, while most weresmall and of poor $uality, there was not enough evidence to support the use of silvercontaining dressings or creams, as generally these treatments did not promote wound healingor prevent wound infections. -ome evidence suggested that silver sulphadia5ine had no effecton infection, and actually slowed healing.&'(

Copper alloy surfaces

Main articles: 1ntimicrobial properties of copperand1ntimicrobial copperalloy touch

surfaces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorophenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylmetacresolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylmetacresolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-dichlorobenzyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_dihydrogen_citrate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_dihydrogen_citrate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaborationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_properties_of_copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_properties_of_copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorophenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylmetacresolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-dichlorobenzyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_dihydrogen_citrate&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaborationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_properties_of_copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces


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;opperalloy surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range ofmicroorganisms"e.g.,E. coli4'69:=9,methicillinresistantStaphylococcus aureus"M>-1#,Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influen5a 1 virus, adenovirus,and fungi#.&(&2(&3(Anaddition, e*tensive tests on ?. coli4'69:=9, methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus"M>-1#, Staphylococcus,Enterobacter aerogenes, andPseudomonas aeruginosasanctioned

by the @nited -tates ?nvironmental 0rotection 1gency"?01# using Nood aboratory0ractices found that when cleaned regularly, some 266 different copper alloy surfaces:

;ontinuously reduce bacterial contamination, achieving


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;ommon sodium bicarbonate"a=;42# has antifungal properties,&2B(and some antiviral andantibacterial properties,&2'(though those are too weak to be effective at a home environment.&2(

actic acidis a registered disinfectant. !ue to its natural and environmental profile, it has

gained importance in the market.

!easurements of effectiveness

4ne way to compare disinfectants is to compare how well they do against a knowndisinfectant and rate them accordingly. 0henol is the standard, and the corresponding ratingsystem is called the G0henol coefficientG. The disinfectant to be tested is compared with

phenol on a standard microbe "usuallySalmonella typhiorStaphylococcus aureus#.!isinfectants that are more effective than phenol have a coefficient Q '. Those that are lesseffective have a coefficient R '.

1 less specific measurement of effectiveness is the @nited -tates ?nvironmental 0rotection1gency"?01# classification into either high, intermediateor lowlevel of disinfection.&22(=ighlevel disinfection kills all organisms, e*cept high levels of bacterial spores, and iseffected with a chemical germicide cleared for marketing as a sterilant by the @.-.Food and!rug 1dministration"F!1#. Antermediatelevel disinfection kills mycobacteria, most viruses,and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a GtuberculocideG by the ?01. owleveldisinfection kills some viruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospitaldisinfectant by the ?01.&23(

"ome disinfectants

/y far the most costeffective home disinfectant is the commonly used chlorine bleach "a 6Dsolution of sodium hypochlorite#, which is effective against most commonpathogens,including difficult organisms such as tuberculosis"mycobacterium tuberculosis#,hepatitis/and ;, fungi, and antibioticresistant strains of staphylococcusand enterococcus. At even hassome disinfectant action against parasitic organisms.&26(

0ositives are that it kills the widest range of pathogens of any ine*pensive disinfectant, ise*tremely powerful against viruses and bacteria at room temperature, is commonly availableand ine*pensive, and breaks down $uickly into harmless components "primarily table salt and

o*ygen#.

egatives are that it is caustic to the skin, lungs, and eyes "especially at higherconcentrations#) like many common disinfectants, it degrades in the presence of organicsubstances) it has a strong odor) it is not effective against Giardia lambliaandCryptosporidium) and e*treme caution must be taken not to combine it with ammonia or anyacid "such as vinegar#, as this can cause no*ious gases to be formed. The best practice is notto add anything to household bleach e*cept water. !ilute bleach can be tolerated on the skinfor a period of time by most persons, as witnessed by the long e*posure to e*tremely diluteGchlorineG "actually sodium orcalcium hypochlorite# many children get in swimming pools.

To use chlorine bleach effectively, the surface or item to be disinfected must be clean. An thebathroom or when cleaning after pets, special caution must be taken to wipe up urine first,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lambliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lambliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite


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before applying chlorine, to avoid reaction with the ammonia in urine, causing to*ic gas byproducts. 1 'toB solution in water is effective simply by being wiped on and left to dry.The user should wear rubber gloves and, in tight airless spaces, goggles. Af parasiticorganisms are suspected, it should be applied at 'to' concentration, or even undiluted.?*treme caution must be taken to avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes. 0rotective

goggles and good ventilation are mandatory when applying concentrated bleach.

;ommercial bleach tends to lose strength over time, whenever the container is opened. 4ldcontainers of partially used bleach may no longer have the labeled concentration.

Where one does not want to risk the corrosive effects of bleach, alcoholbased disinfectantsare reasonably ine*pensive and $uite safe. The great drawback to them is their rapidevaporation) sometimes effective disinfection can be obtained only by immersing an ob%ect inthe alcohol.

The use of some antimicrobials such astriclosan, in particular in the uncontrolled home

environment, is controversial because it may lead to the germs becoming resistant. ;hlorinebleach and alcohol do not cause resistance because they are so completely lethal, in a verydirect physical way.&27(

ee also

!iethylene glycol a raw material for air sanitation

=and saniti5er

=ygiene

-anitation -tandard 4perating 0rocedures

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. $;leaning and disinfecting,"BBobertson 4=, /igg ?, 0uck TT,Miller /F "June '


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6. $For a review of the to*icity of propylene glycol, see: @nited -tates ?nvironmental0rotection 1gency "-eptember BB7#.eregistration eligibility decision for propylene

glycol and dipropylene glycol. (PA %)*+#+,-+,,..

7. $For a review of the to*icity of triethylene glycol, see: @nited -tates ?nvironmental

0rotection 1gency "-eptember BB6#.eregistration eligibility decision fortriethylene glycol. (PA %)*+#+,&+,,..

9. $;ommittee on >esearch -tandards "May ' "June BB#.

GThe virucidal spectrum of a high concentration alcohol mi*tureG. &he Journal of"ospital %nfection&'"#: ''H6. doi:'B.'B62+%hin.BB.'''.0MA!'Betrieved B'B'''.

'3. $GThe @rth TechnologyG. >etrieved B'B'''. G@rthM?! has been proven to kill

;lostridium !ifficile ";.!iff# spores on hard, nonporous surfaces, in a surprisinglyuser friendly formula.G

'6. $Weber !J, /arbee -, -obsey M!, >utala W1 "!ecember '


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'. $GCiro* Technologies AncG. Ciro*tech.com. >etrieved B''''B.

'ail ews fromG. rail.co. >etrieved B''''B.

9. $http:++construpages.com.ve+nl+noticianl.phpidnoticiaX2B2VlanguageXen

. $G0> '' ;hilean -ubway Anstalls 1ntimicrobial ;opperG"0!F#. >etrieved B''''B.


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22. $tpub.com Q ?C?- 4F !A-AF?;TA4>etrieved on Feb '3, B'B

23. $cdc.gov Q -terili5ation or !isinfection of Medical !evices!ate last modified:1ugust B, BB. ;ontent source: !ivision of =ealthcare 8uality 0romotion "!=80#

26. $EP!$s egistered Sterili,ers( &uberculocides( and !ntimicrobial Products !gainst"%-/( and "epatitis * and "epatitis C -iruses."4btained January 3, BB7#

27. $G1ntimicrobial 0roducts: Who eeds Them Washington To*ics ;oalitionG.Wato*ics.org. '


14/19

=e*amidine

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhexanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorophenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policresulenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroxylenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphenylolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenticlorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofuranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofuralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycoletherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diiodohydroxypropanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dequaliniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorquinaldolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyquinolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clioquinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhexanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorophenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policresulenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroxylenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphenylolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenticlorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofuranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrofuralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycoletherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diiodohydroxypropanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dequaliniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorquinaldolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyquinolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clioquinolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride


15/19

/en5ethonium chloride

;etrimonium"bromide+chloride#

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16/19

?osin

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17/19

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18/19

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19/19

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