disaster management 2007

7/29/2019 Disaster Management 2007

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Principles of DisasterManagement


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Learn the Lingo

Emergency - an exceptional event that exceeds thecapacity of normal resources and organization tocope with it but does not deplete local resources.

Four Levels Heart attack in a public arena

Incidents - can be handled by a single municipality

Major incidents - requires mutual-aid response, regional, orinter-jurisdictional resources

National or international disaster - requires nationalgovernment involvement


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Learn the Lingo

Disasters - same as a catastrophe

Definition is limited due to the diversity of

variables involved

E.g. assets of victims

Disasters cannot take place independent of

human impact


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Types of Disasters

Natural

Geological

Earthquakes

Meteorological

Tornados, ice storms,

drought

Oceanographic

Hurricanes, tsunamis

Hydrological

Flooding

Biological

Wildfire, Insect infestationMay 5: Greensburg, Kan., city officials say a

deadly tornado damaged about 95 percent

of the town.


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Types of Disasters

Technological

Hazardous materials and

processes

Hazardous materials and

processes

Dangerous processes

Structure failure

Devices and machines

Explosives, trains, aircraft

Installations and plants

Dams, mines, power plants

Chernobyl Nuclear Station


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Types of Disasters

Social

Terrorism

Bombings,

hostage,shootings

Crowds

Riots,

demonstrations

May 6, Youths riot in France following conservative

presidential election victory


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Learn the Lingo

Hazard Natural, technological, or social phenomenon that

threatens human life, and is usually a reoccurring event

Vulnerability Susceptibility to loss, damage, destruction, or casualty

from potential disasters

Risk

The probability and frequency of a hazard occurring Involves human life and assets

Completely hypothetical

Constantly evolving

Assets change constantly


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Overview of DisasterManagement

Disaster management

is the management of

risk so that societies

can live withenvironmental and

technical hazards and

deal with disasters that

they cause

(Waugh, 2000).Downtown Biloxi, Mississippi

Post Hurricane Katrina


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History of Disaster Managementin the U.S.

Mixed organization

Military

Private

Bureaucracy Government officials

(local, State, and

Federal)

Based on ad hoclegislation and piecemeal

approaches (Sick care) Hurricane Andrew 1992


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Disaster Management prior toWWI

The first modern government emergencymanagement efforts focused on fire hazards: 1803 - New Hampshire town fire

First example of federal response to a disaster

The Great Chicago Fire of 1871

Boston fire of 1872

Prior to WWI government programs to address

hazards and respond to disasters were unknown Salvation Army and Red Cross provided the

majority of disaster response


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The Cold War and Civil Defense

Focus was on nuclear war and fallout

Limited environmental mitigation

Natural disasters:

1954 - Hurricane Hazel 1955 - Hurricane Diane

1957 - Hurricane Audrey

1962 - Ash Wednesday Storm - $300 million in

damages 1965 - Hurricane Betsy

Response to disasters: Ad hoc with little to no prevention


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National Focus: 1970s

Over 100 federal agencies involved in disaster

management.

All-hazards approach was created

Major Disaster:

Three Mile Island Power Plant

Identified the lack of preparedness and the role of the federal

governments response to disasters

Creation of FEMA

Consolidated emergency preparedness, mitigation, and

response activities into one federal organization


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FEMA in Chaos1980s - 1990s

FEMA lacked leadership,

funding, and

Congressional support

Local officials did notunderstand the disaster

response system

Disasters:

1989 - Loma Prieta

Earthquake

1992 - Hurricane Andrew

and Hurricane Iniki Hurricane Andrew, 1992


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FEMAs Revival: 1993-2001

All-hazards

approach

implemented

Effectively respondedto:

1993 - Midwest floods

1995 - Oklahoma City

bombing

More than 50,000 homes were damaged or

destroyed in nine Midwest states.

Photo courtesy of FEMA.


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The Threat of Terrorism:2001 to Present

September 11, 2001

Creation of DHS

Reorganization of

departments and disaster

management

Focus is on national

security

Expansion of Disaster

Management field inacademic institutions

Disaster Events:

2005 - Hurricane Katrina

WTC Attack


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Principles of Disaster Management

All-Hazards Approach


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Mitigation = Prevention

Sustained action to reduce or eliminate risk

to people and property from hazards and

their effects (Bullock & Haddow, 2006)

The examination of long-term solutions to

reduce risk

Mitigation programs are most successful at

the local level


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Mitigation Process

Gather Information

Data collection

Diversify input

Examine historical events

Assess Vulnerability in relation to hazards

Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA)

Produce policy, protocols, and codes


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Mitigation Tools

Hazard Identification

mapping

HVA

Design and construction Building codes

Land-use planning

Flood plain management

Incentives Grants

Insurance National Flood

Insurance Plan

Structural Controls Levee

Education Public (self-

responsibility) Early warning systems

Tornado sirens


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Indian Ocean TsunamiDecember 26, 2004

Indonesia post Tsunami


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Planning = Prevention

The leadership, training, readiness,

exercise support, technical and financial

assistance to strengthen citizens,

communities, state, local, tribal

governments and professional emergency

workers as they prepare for disasters,

mitigate the effects of disasters, respond tocommunity needs after a disaster, and

launch effective recovery efforts - FEMA


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Planning Approach

Systematic approach (continued cycle):

Identify type of disasters, threats, jurisdictions, or any

other entity

Assess current vulnerability and level of preparedness Exercise, train, and test plans

Key Elements:

Plans, protocols, and policies must be adaptable

Volunteer organizations and general public must be

involved in exercises and training


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Exercise and Test the Plan


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Implement Practice Drills withPublic


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Response

Prior to, during and postdisaster event

Begins with Alerts orEarly Warnings

Mitigation Phase I:

Policies, procedures,and protocols thatdirects response andrecovery activities

Evacuation

Evacuation Centers Hotels, Schools..

Medical care,food, clothing,communication

9/11 Response


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Potential Responders

Local first responders and volunteers are the initial SAR team

Action is usually dictated by established protocols

Government

Local, Regional, and National

Role is defined by policy, political environment, and available resources

NGOs and PVOs

Volunteer organizations that operate independently, with focused missionsand limited resources

Role is defined by local, regional, and national policies and law

International Organizations (IOs)

Organizations with an international presence and influence but notindependent from government influence

Vast resources available


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Search and Rescue

Survival rates fallexponentially within24 hours after impact

Mutual aids andfederal governmentassistance may takedays to respond

Initial SAR and firstresponding is theresponsibility of thelocal community

C i i i h K


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Communication is the Key toSAR Success

Incident Command Systems (ICS)

Central IC and Field IC - delegates

responsibilities as needed

Five major Management Systems of ICS

Command Section

Operations

Planning Logistics

Finance

T t f SAR


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Two types of SAR:Urban and Rural

Phases of SAR

Systematic Search

Aerial

Ground andunderground based

Advanced search -trained dogs, sensingdevices..

Location of victims Extraction or recovery

Stabilization andtransport


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Creating a SAR Full-Scale Unit

Leader (2)

Search Team - manager (2), dog handler (4),technical search specialist (2)

Rescue Team - manager (2), rescue-squad officer(4), rescuers (20)

Medical Team - doctors (2), paramedics or nurses(4)

Technical Team - manager (2), heavy equipmentand rigging specialists (2), hazardous-materialsspecialist (2), communications specialist (2),logistics specialist (2), documentation specialist

(2)


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Major Challenges with SAR

Safety

Secondary disasters

Convergence

Media, spectators,

volunteers, first

responders

The vast majority of

SAR volunteers are

untrained

H i K t i


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Hurricane KatrinaSearch and Rescue


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Recovery

Recovery involves decisions and

actions relative to rebuilding homes,

replacing property, resumingemployment, restoring businesses, and

permanently rebuilding infrastructure

(Bullock & Haddow)


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Recovery Phase

Mitigation II (long-

term solutions)

Review and make

policies on zoning,early-warning systems,

structural codes,

insurance

Rebuild or Relocate?


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Recovery Phase

Crisis Counseling

Legal Assistance

Employment Assistance

Housing Programs Business Assistance Programs

Health and Medical Services

Programs for Economic Recovery Construction

Mitig ti


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MitigationStage II

Disaster Management in


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Disaster Management inDeveloping Countries

The greatest incidence of natural disasters

occurs within developing countries, with 90

percent of disaster related injuries and

deaths are sustained in countries with per-

capita income levels that are below $760

per year (UNICEF)


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The Developing World

Accident of

Geography

Many developing

countries are in

regions prone to

severe hazards

Poverty is a major

cause of

vulnerability

Disaster Management in


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Disaster Management inDeveloping Countries

All-hazards

approach

Prevention is the key:

Cross-culturalcommunications and

education

Structural mitigation

Create Maps

Create a Plan

Bamboo house is reinforced against a typhoon


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Making it Practical

Just like in medicine

prevention is the key.

Healthcare

professionals need tobe involved in all

elements of disaster

management.

disaster management 2007

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